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^iLlBPtARY OF CONGRESS. I 

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]^||.,ap..I^..^oparisM|„ I 



I UNITED STATES OP AMERICA.? 



3 ^ f r/c 



HANDBOOK 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

AND 

Guide to Emigration; 

GIVING THE LATEST AND MOST COMPLETE STATISTICS 



THE GOVERNMENT, ARMY, NAVY, DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS, FINANCE, 
REVENUE, TARIFF, LAND SALES, HOMESTEAD AND NATURALIZA- 
TION LAWS, DEBT, POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, AND 
EACH STATE AND CONSIDERABLE CITY, AGRICULTURAL 
CONDITION, AREA FOR CULTIVATION, FOREIGN COINS 
AND THEIR VALUE, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 
POSTAGES AND LABOR TABLES, EDUCATION 
AND RAILWAYS, ETC., ETC., 

FURNISHING ALL THE NECESSARY INFORMATION CONCERNING 
THE COUNTRY, 



THE SETTLER, TBE BOSIISS MAN, 
TBE MERCHANT, TBE FARIER, THE IIIPORTER&TBE PROFESSIONAL MAN. 



COMPILED BY 

L. P. BROCKETT, M. D., 

GEOGBAPBICAL AND STATISTICAL EDITOR OF JOHNSTON'S CTCLOPiEDIA. 



POPYRIGHTED, 1879. 

^■•-.i^^-.>a ^7 

1S79. ^. ,,,-?• ' 



NEW TORE: 
GAYLORD WATSON, PUBLISHER, 16 BEEKMAN STREET. 

1879. 



PEEFAOE. 



The MANUAii ■which is now offered to purchasers in a new dress, has 
been published for the last seven years, solely as an accompaniment to 
"Watson's New Kailroad Map of the United States, and has never been 
offered to the general trade, though often sought for. The Publisher has 
at length determined to comply with the demand for its more general 
circulation, and at the same time adapt it to a new class of customers, 
those who are seeking homes for themselves in our country, and especially 
in the West and South. 

In order to render it more worthy of the large patronage which it is 
certain to command, the publisher has obtained the services of an eminent 
Statistician, and while retaining all those Facts and Statistics which have 
proved so valuable in former editions, correcting them up to date, so as to 
make it more acceptable than before to all those who have hitherto been 
interested in it, he has added all the necessary information in regard to the 
landed States and Territories, to enable any intending settler to decide 
which is the best region for him to select, how he may get there most 
comfortably and economically, what steps he must take to secure a perfect 
title to his lands, and what are in each case the best crops for him to raise, 
or the best business to pursue. 

No Manual or Treatise of ten or twenty times the cost of this, has ever 
contained a quarter of the information here offered, for the intending set- 
tler, or for the enterprising mechanic or working man, who desires to make 
himseK a new home beyond the Mississippi ; and as every pains has been 
taken to make it perfectly accurate, and neither publisher, editor or any one 
else concerned has any axes to grind, or any pet project or speculation to 
promote in or by this work, it may be received as standard authority in all 
the matters of which it treats. 

THE PUBLISHER. 



CONTENTS. 



New York and Beooklyn Bridge Frontispiece. 

Page 

Title 1 

Publisher's Preface 3 

Contents 5 

The General Government; — President — Vice-President — State Department... 7 

Diplomatic Officers 8 

Foreign Legations in the United States 9 

Treasury Department ; 10 

War Department 11 

Navy Department 12 

Department of the Interior -. 13 

Post Office Dei^artment 13 

Department of Justice 14 

The Judiciary ll 

Department of Agriculture— Government Printing Office — Department of 

Education 1<J 

U. S. Mint and Branches 16 

Legislative Branch of the Government — Congressional Districts 17 

Presidents under the Federal Constitution — Vice-Presidents — Chief-Jus- 
tices of the Supreme Court— Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. 18 

Apportionment of Representatives 19 

Expense of Maintaining the Government 19 

Valuation of Property, etc., in the United States 20 

The Public Debt of the United States 21 

National Debt, March 1, 1879— Liabilities 22 

Public Debt at its Maximum — Coin and Currency Values 23 

Keduction of the National Debt from March, 18G9, to March, 1879 24 

Debt of each Administration 24 

Paper Money of the United States 25 

Gold and Silver Coins — Petroleum Production^Territorial Governments 26 

Banks and Banking in the United Stales 27 

States and Savings Banks in the United States 28 

States and Savings Banks Returns 29 

Legal Interest in the States and Territories 30 

Business Failures in the United States 31 

Bates of Postage 32 

Railroad System of the United States 36 

Difference in Time — Large Cities of the World .- 37 

Imports and Exports 38 

Silk Manufacture and Importation of Silk Goods 39 



Vi. CONTHNTS. 

PAGE 

Educational 40 

Religious Statistics 46 

The Census— Census of the United States, taken in 1870 47 

Population of all the Cities of the United States 48 

Order of the States, in point of Population, at several periods 50 

Order of Territories 50 

Population of States by Races— Comparative Increase of Population 51 

Area of the United States 52 

The Individual States of the Union 53 

Immigration 55 

New Naturalization Law 57 

Presidential Vote 60 

History of the Presidential Election and Inauguration 66 

Declaration of Independence 71 

Constitution of the United States 73 

Agricultural Statistics 88 

Indian Corn — Wheat — Oats 89 

Barley — Rye — Buckwheat — Potatoes SS 

Hay— Cotton— Tobacco 90 

Rice, Sugar and Molasses 92 

Live Stock 93 

Weight of a Bushel 94 

The Labor Question 96 

Average Weekly Wages 100 

Average Price of Commodities 105 

Advice to those seeking New Homes 106 

Homestead for Soldiers 119 

Internal Revenue 120 

Stamp Duties 122 

The Finance Bill.. . : 124 

Custom House Fees 125 

Tariff of the United States 126 

The Little Tariff Law 141 

Historical Chronology 146 , 

Police Statistics in Various Cities 162 

The Queou and Royal Family of England 166 

Foreign Nations 1C7 

Commerce with Great Britain 168 

British America 171 

Exports and Imports 175 

Carrying Trade of the Dominion 175 

Postal Facilities and Post-Offices, etc 176. 



THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 

ITS PKINCIPAL DEPARTMENTS, OFFICERS OF THE CABINET, THE ARMY AND NAVY, 

AND THEIR SUBORDINATES — DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS — OUR MINISTERS AND 

CONSULS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, AND THEIRS TO THIS COUNTRY. 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 

PKESIDENT. 

Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. Term expires March 4, 1881. 

The President is chosen by Electors, who are elected by the Peo- 
ple, each State having as many as it has Senators and Representa- 
tives in Congress. He holds office four years; is Commander-in- 
Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States; has power to 
grant pardons and reprieves for offenses against the United States; 
makes treaties, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; 
nominates, and, with the consent of the Senate, appoints, all Cabinet, 
Diplomatic, Judicial and Executive officers; has power to convene 
Congress, or the Senate only ; communicates with Congress by mes- 
sage at every session; receives all Foreign Ministers; takes care that 
the laws are faithfully executed, and the public business transacted. 

Salary $50,000 a year. 

VICE-PKESIDENT. 

William A. Wheeler, of New York. Term expires March 4, 1881. 
Is chosen by the Electors at the same time, and in the same 
manner as the President; is President of the Senate, and has the 
casting vote therein. In case of the death, resignation, disability or 
removal of the President, his powers and duties devolve upon the 
Vice-President for the residue of his term. In cases of vacancy, 
where the Vice-President succeeds to the Presidential office, the 
President of the Senate becomes ex-officio Vice-President. Salary 
$10,000 a year. 

THE STATE DEPAETMENT. 

Preserves the public archives, records, laws, documents and trea- 
ties, and supervises their publication; conducts all business and cor- 
respondence arising out of Foreign Relations ; makes out and records 
passports, commissions, etc. 

Department Officers^. 

Salary. 

Secretary of State - Wm. M. Evarts, of New York $8,000 

Assistant Secretary —Fred. W. Seward, of New York 3, 500 

Second Assistant Secretary -Wm. Hunter, of Rhode Island 3,500 

Third " " —Charles Payson, ot Miss 3,600 



Diplomatic Officers. 



CO UNTRY. 

Great Britain 

do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 

East Indies 

Australia 

Canada 

Kuasia 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

France 

do 



do 

do 

do 

do 

Spain 

do 

do 

Cuba 

Portugal 

do 

do 

Belgium 

do 

do 

Netherlands 

do 

do 

Denmark 

do .. : 

Sweden Jn ^ or way 

do do 
Germany 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Saxony 

Bremen 

Hamburg 

Bavaria 

Wurtemburg 

Baden 

Austria-Hungary. . 

do 

do 

do 

•Switzerland 

do 

do 

Italy 

do 



d« 

do 

do 

Turkey 

do 

do 

do 

Egypt 

Greece 

Barbary State.s 

Liberia 

Muscat 

Madasascar 

Japan 

do • . . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Slam 

China 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

d* 

do 

do 

Hawaiian Islnnds. . 

do do 

Hiivli 

8a 11 D< 
Mixic, 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Cen. Am. Statci. 



inlngo. 



John Welsh 

Wni. J. Hoppin 

Ehnuan S. Nadal 

Adam Badeau 

Stephen b. Packard. . . 

S. F. Cooper 

James M. Donnan 

A, C. Litchfield 

Oliver M. Spencer 

John Q. Smith 

EdYVfin W. Stoughton.. 

Wickman Hoffman 

Wm. H. Edwards 

S. P. Young 

L. E. Over 

A. Wilkins 

Edward F. Noyes 

R. R. Uitt 

Henry Vignaud 

Lucius Fairchild 

John A.. Bridgeland 

John B. Ouuld 

James Ru.-.sell Lowell., 

Dwi-htT. Reed 

Alfred X. Duli'ie , 

Henry C. Hall 

Benjamin Moran 

Henry W. Diman 

William Stuvo 

Wni. Cassius (ioodloe.. . 

J(jlin W ilsoii 

James li. Weaver 

James Birncy 

John F. Winter 

David Eckstein 

M. J. Cramer 

Henry B. Ryder 

Johnli. Stevens 

E. L. Oppenheim 

Auurew D. V\ uite 

H. Sidney Everett 

Chapman Coleman 

H. Kreismaiin 

Alfred E. Lee 

Juhn II. Steuart 

Wilson King 

John M. Wilson 

(!. Henry Horstman 

Jos. S. Potter 

Edward M. Smith 

John A. KiissoM 

John )•'. Dehiplaine 

P. Sidiiej- Post 

A. W. Thaj'er 

Nicholas Fi.sh 

John A. Campbell 

J. E.Montgomery 

George P. Marsh 

George W. Wurtz 

Charles McMillan 

John F. Hazleton 

B. Odell Duncan 

Horace Maynard 

G. Harris Heap 

A. A. Ciarguilio 

Frank S. DeHaas 

John T. Edgar 

Elbert K I'lirnani 

J. Meredilh Kc-ad 

V. A. MalUiews 

John II. Sou til 

Wm. H. Hiiihorne 

William W. Robin.son. . . 

John A. Bingham 

Durham W. Stevens 

David Thompson 

1. 11. Haws 

T. B. Van Buren 

W. P. Maiigum 

N.J. Ne witter 

David B. Sickles 

George F. Seward 

Chestiir Holcombe 

Vacant 

Joseph J. Hender.son... 

(Miarles P. Lincoln 

Wm. A. Conalie 

J. C. S.Colby 

M. M. Delano 

R. M. Johnston 

E. C. Lord 

E. T. Shepnard 

James M. (;omly 

James Scott 

John M. Langston 

Paul Jones 

John W Foster 

Danii'l S. Richardson... 

AugustusJ. Cassard 

Justin E. 1 olbnrn 

Warner P. Sutton 

8. T. Trowbridge 

George Williamson 



Mini.ster 

Secretary Legation. 

2d Sec. Legation 

Consul General 

Consul 

do 

do ...;;; 

Consul-General 

Consul 

Consul.General 

Minister 

Secretary Legation. 

Consul-General 

Consul 

Consul 

Consul 

Minister 

Secretary Legation. 

Asst. Secretary 

Consul-General 

Consul 

do 

Minister 

Secretary Legation. 

Consul 

Consul-General 

('harge d'Afifairs 

Consul 

Consular A^ent 

Minister Resident... 
Consul 

do 

Minister Resident. . . 
Consul 

do 

Charge d'Affairs 

Consul 

Minister Resident... 

Consul 

Minister 

Secretary Legation. 

Asst. Secretary 

Consul General 

Consul-General 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Minister 

Secretary Legation. 
Consul-General 

do 

Charge d'Affairs 

Consul 

do 

Minister 

Secretary Legation. 

Consul-General 

Consul 

do 

MinisterResident. . . 
Sec. Leg. & C. Gen'I 

Interpn-ter 

Consul... 

Consul 

Agent A Con.-Gcn'l 

Charge d'Affairs 

Consul 

Min. & Consul-Gen... 

Consul 

Consul 

Minister 

Secretary Legation.. 

Interpreter 

Consul 

Consul-General 

do 

do 

do 

Minister Resident.. . 
Secretary Legation, . 

ConswltJeneral 

Consul 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do ■ 

Mini.iter 

Consul 

Minister Res. & C. G. 

Consul 

Minister 

Secretary Legation. . 

Consul 

Consul-Goneral 

Consul 

Consul 

Minister 



FOREIGN KESID'NCE \ 



Lon.ion 

do 

do 

do 

Liverpool 

Glasgow 

Belfast .. 

Calcutta 

Melbourne 

Montreal 

St. Petersburg. 

do 

do 

Moscow 

Odessa 

Cronstadt 

Paris 

do 

do 

do 

Havre 

Marseilles 

Madrid 

do 

Cadiz 

Havana 

Lisbon 

do 

Oporto 

Brussels 

do 

Antwerp 

The Hague 

Rotterdam 

Am.sterdam 

Copenhagen. . . . 

do 

Stockholm 

Gottenburg 

Berlin 

do 

do 

do ^ 

Frankfort 

Leipsic 

liremen 

Hamburg 

Munich 

Stuttgart, 

Manheim 

Vienna 

do 

do 

Trieste 

Berne 

Basle 

(ieneva 

Rome 

do 

do 

Genoa 

Naples 

Constantinople. 

do 

do 

Jerusalem 

Beirut 

Cairo 

Athens 

Tangier 

Monrovia 

Zanzibar 

Tamatave 

Yeddo 

do 

do 

Ilakodadl 

Kanagnwa 

Nagasaki 

Osaka 

Bangkok 

Peking 

do 

Shanghai 

Amoy 

Canton 

Chi Foo 

Chin Kieng 

FooChoo ,. 

Han Kow 

Ning Po 

Tien Tsin 

Honolulu 

do 

Port an Prince.. 

SI. Pomingo 

Mexico 

do 

Tamjiico 

M'Xieo 

Mataraoras 

Vera Cruz 

Guatemala.. 



D'qdomntic Officers. ~ (Jontiuueu. 



Guatemala 

Colombia 

do 

Venezuela 

do 

Ecnador 

Brazil 

do 

do 

do 

Argentine Conf. . . . 

do do ... 

Paraguay & tJrn'y 

do 

Chili 

do 

Peru 

do 

Bolivia 

Costa Rica 

Friendly Islands.. 

Honduras 

Salvador 

Society Islands . . . 



T. Francis Medina. . . 

Ernest Dichman 

James Tliorinjrton... 

John Baker 

James C. Eckert 

I'hanor M. Eder 

Henry W. Hilliard.. 

John C. White 

Thomas Adanuson... 
Joseph W. Strvker... 
Thomas O. Osiiorn... 

Edward L. Baker 

John C. Caldwell..., 
Frederick Crocker . . 
Thomas A. Osburn.. 

Vacant 

Isaac P. Christiancy 
Robert T, Clavton... 

S. Newton Pettis 

Arthur Morrell . 

Thomas 31. Dawson.. 
George A. K. Morris. 

Clarence C. Ford 

Dorrance Atwater. . . 



OFFICE. 


FOREIG.N nttSin'NCE 


SALABT 




Guatemala 




Minister Resident... 


7,.'J00 




Aspinwall 


3,ooe 

7 500 






Laguayra 

Guayaquil 

Bio de Janeiro.. . 

do do 

do do 

Pernamliuco 

Buenos Ayres. ... 

do do 

Montevideo, L'r'y. 

do do 


1,500 
1,200 
12 00(1 


do 




Secretary Legation. . 
Consul General 


1,800 
0,000 
2 000 




7 500 




3 000 


Charge de Affaires. . 


5,00U 
2,000 




10,000 


Consul 


Valparaiso 

Lima 

Callao .. . 


3,000 




10,000 




3 00(J 




La Paz 


5,000 






3 0<M 


do 


Apia 

Amapala 

La Union 

Tahiti 


3,000 
3 000 


do 


do 

do 


2,500 
3.000 



FOREIGX LEGATIONS 12v^ THE UNITED STATES. 



Argentine Kepcblic 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Chili 

China 



Costa Bica. 
Denmark. . 
Francs 



Germanv 

Great Britain. 



Guatemala, Salta- ( 
DOR& Honduras, . i 



Hawaii, 
Hayti . . 



Italy . 
Japan. 



Netherlands.. 

NiCARAOUA 



Senor Don Manuel R. Garcia 

Senor Don Julio Perrie 

Senor Don Episanio Portela 

Vacant 

Chevalier Ernest von Tavera. . . . ....... . . 

Mr. E.Biuhdorn 

Mr. Maurice Delfosse 

Mr. Leon Von den Bossche . • 

Councillor A. P. de Carvalho Borges 

Mr. Benjamin Franklin Torreao de Barros 

Mr. Joaquin Nabuco . ... 

Captain Arthur Silveira da Motta '.'.. 

Senor Don Ignacio Zeiiteno 

Senor Don E. V. Zanartu 

Chen Lan Pin .' 

Mr. Yung Wing 

Yung Tsang Siaug 

David W. Bartlett '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Senor Doctor Santiago Perez 

Senor Roberto R. de Narvaez 

Don G. Espinosa 

Senor Don Manuel M. Peralta 

Mr. J. H. de Hogermann-Lindencrone 

Mr. MaxOutrey ... 

-Mr. Millonde la Vertville ...\..\[. [[...... 

Mr. Franeois de Corcella . 

M. le Capitaine Anfrye 

Mr. Paul Dejardin 

.Mr. Kuril von Schlozer 

Baron Max von Tliielmann 

Mr. P. W. Buddecke 

The Right Hon. Sir Edward Thornton, K. C. B. 

\ ictor Arthur Wellington Drummond, Esq 

Rear Admiral William Gore Jones B. N 
Hon. Power H. le Poer Trench ... 

Mr. Frank C. Lascelles 

Mr. Francis C. E. Denys .' ."..'. 

Char.es Fox Frederick Adam, Esq. ............. 

Senor Don Vicente Dardou 

Senor Don J. Saborio 

M r, Elisha H. Allen '.'..'" 

Mr. Stephen Preston 

Mr. Charles A. Preston 

Baron Albert Blanc 

Count B.Litta '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Jushie Yoshida Kivonari 

Shoroklu Yoshida Djiro ...'. 

Mr. Asada Ya.sunori 

Mr. Seinoske Tashiro ".. ] 

Senor Don Manuel M. de Zamacona 

Senor Don Jose Y. de Cuellar 

Senor Dun Cayetano Romero... 

Mr.dePestel \\[ 

Senor Doc tor Don Adam Cardenas. ....'..'....' 

Senor Don Joaquin Elizondo 

Dr. Benjamin Ace val 

Senor Don Jose S. Second 



E. E. and M. P. 

.Sec. of Leg., Ch. d'Aff. a<f i«(. 

Attache. 

E. E. and M. P. 

Sec. of Leg., Ch. d'Atr. aHint. 

2d Sec. of Legation. 

E. E. and M. P. 

Councillor of Legation. 

E. E. and M. P. 

Secretary of Legation. 

Attache. 

Naval Attache. 

E. E. and M. P. 

Attache. 

E. E. andM. P. 

Assistant E. E-andM. P. 

Secretary of Legation. 

Secretarv of Legation. 

Minister 'Re.sident. 

Secretary of Legation. 

Attache. 

Minister Resident. 

Minister Resident. 

E, E. and M. P. 

Secretary ofLegation. 

Secretary of Legation. 

Military Attache. 

Consul Chancellor. 

E. E. and M. P. 

Secretary of Legation. 

Chancellor cif Legation. 

E. E. and M. P. 

Secretary of Legation. 

Naval Attache. 

Second Secretary. 

Second Secretary. 

Third Secretary. 

Attache. 

E. E. and M, P. 

Secretarv of Legation. 
E. E.aiiilM. P. 
.Minister Resident, 
Secretary of Xjcgation. 
E. E. and M. P. 
Secretarv of Legation, 
E. E. and M. P. 
Secretary of Legation. 
Attache. 
Attache. 
E. E. and M. P. 
Secretary of Legation, 
Second Secretary, 
Minister Resident. 
E. E. and M. P, 
Secretary of Legation, 
E. E. 4nd M. P. 
Secretary of Legation, 



10 



THE GENERAL GOVERNMEKT. 

Foreign Legations in the United States — Continu&L 



Portugal 

Russia 



Sweden and Norway 

Turkey 

Venezuela 



Vacant 

Senor Don Ernesto Aservi 

Don Eduardo Villena 

Viscount dasNogneiras 

Mr. Nicholas Shishkiu 

Mr. Gregoirede Wilhimov 

Mr. George Bakluneteff 

Vacant 

•Senor Don Jose Brunetti 

.Senor Don Francisco Soliveres 

Senor Don Jose de Soto 

Senor Dun Luis Polo de Bernabe.. 

Senor Dun l^arlos Erenchum 

Senur Dun Tonias de Rueda 

Scnur<'ul. Dun Teudoro Bermudez. 

Com. Scn.ir Don Juan Montajo 

Count Curl Leweuliaupt 

Mr. 0. de Bildt 

(irct'oire Aristarchi Bey 

"altazzi Effendi 

Senor Don Juan B. Dalla Costa 

Senor Don Andres S. Ibarra 



E. E. and M. V. 
Secretary of Legation. 
Secretary ot Legation. 
E. E. and M. P. 
E. E. and M. P. 
First Secretary. 
Second Secretary. 
E. E. and M. P. 
1st Sec. & Ch. d'Aff. aJ 
Second Secretary. 
Second Secretary. 
Third Secretary. 
Attache. 
Attache. 

Military Attache. 
Naval AttHChe. 
E. E. and M. P. 
Secretary of Legation. 
E. E. and M. P. 
Secretary of Legation. 
E E, and M. P. 
Secretary of Legation. 



THE TREASITRr DEPAETMEI^T 

Receives and has charge of all moneys paid into the United States 
Treasury, has general supervision of the fiscal transactions of the 
Government, the collection of revenue, the auditing and payment of 
accounts, and other disbursements ; supervises the execution of the 
laws relating to Commerce and Navigation of the United States, the 
Revenues and Currency, the Coast Survey, the Mint and Coinage, 
the Light-House Establishment, the construction of Marine Hos- 
pitals, Custom-Houses, &c. The First Comptroller prescribes the 
mode of keeping and rendering accounts for the civil and diplomatic 
service, and the public land. To him the First, Fifth, and Sixth 
Auditors report. The Second Comptroller prescribes the mode of 
keeping and rendering accounts for the Army, Navy, and Indian 
Departments, and to him the Second, Third, and Fourth Auditors 
report. The First Auditor adjusts the accounts of the customs, 
revenue, civil service and private acts of Congress, The Second 
Auditor adjusts accounts relating to pay, clothing and recruiting of 
the army, the arsenals, armories and ordnance, and the Indian De- 
partment. The Third Auditor adjusts accounts for army subsis- 
tence, fortifications, military academy and roads, quartermaster's 
department and military claims. The Fourth Auditor adjusts the 
navy accounts, the Fifth diplomatic, and the Sixth postal affairs. 

Department Officers. ?,^x>xvi^^. 

Secretary of the Treasury— John Shebman, of Ohio S?*,000 

AsBistant Secretary— John B. Iluvvley, of Illinois ^j'-^^^ 

<' Henry F. French, of Massachusetts "i'^OO 

Supervi.sin^,' Architoct James G. Kill, <>f :Massachu8ctt8 4,o00 

Treasurer of United States -James GilfiUan, of Connecticut 6,000 



THE GEXEJiAL OOVERSMEXT. 



11 



Department Officers — Cordinued. 

Salary. 

Assistant Treasurer of United States — ^Albert U. Wynan, of Nebraska 3,600 

Solicitor— Kenneth Rayner, of Mississippi 3,000 

Superintendent of Lite Saving Station— Sumner I. Kimball, of Maine 4,000 

Superintendent Coast Survey— (J. V. Patterson, of CaUloruia 6,000 

Cashier— J. W. ^^ helpky, uf Kew York 4_500 

Director of tne Mint - 4^500 

Register of the ireasury- Glenni W. Scoheld. of Pennsylvania 4^000 

Comptroller '-'t the Currency — John J. Knox, of New York 5,000 

Corhmissioner of Internal Revenue — Green B. Raum, of Illinoib 6,000 

Bureau of Statistics— Joseph Nimmo, Jr., of New York 2,400 

Bureau of Engraving and Printing- O. H. Irish, of Nebraska 4,500 

First Comptroller— Albert G. Purler, of Indiana. 5,000 

Second Comptroller — William W. Upton, of New Hampshire 5,000 

Commissioner of Customs — Henry C Johnson, ( f Pennsylvania 4,000 

1st Auditor — Robert M. Reynolds, of Alabama 3,600 

2d Auditor— Ezra B. French, of RLxine 3,600 

3d Auditor — Horace Austin, of Maine 3,600 

4th Auditor— Stephen J. W. Tabor, of Iowa 3,600 

5th Auditor — Jacob H. Ela, of New Hampshire 3,600 

6th Auditor— J. M. McGrew, of Ohio 3,000 

THE WAR DEPAKTMEXT 

Has charge of business growing out of military affairs, keeps the 
records of the army, issues commissions, directs the movement of 
troops, superintends their payment, stores, clothing, arms and equip- 
ments and ordnance, constructs fortifications, and conducts works 
of military engineering, and river and harbor improvements. 

Department Officers. 

Salary 

Secretarv of "War— Geo. W. McCraet, of Iowa $8,000 

Chief Clerk—H. T. Crosby, of Pennsylvania 2,500 

Inspector General- Brevet Major General Randolph B. Marcy, of Mass. . . . 

Judge Advocate General — Colonel Joseph McKee Dunn, of Indiana 

Adjutant General — Brevet Major General E. D. Townsend, of D. C 

Quarter Master General — Brevet Major General M. C. Meigs, of Penn 

Commissary General — Brigadier General Robert Macfeely, of Penn 

Surgeon General — Brevet Major General Joseph K. Barnes, of Penn 

Paymaster General — Brevet Brigadier General Benjamin Alvord, of Yt.... 
Chief of Bureau of Engineers — Brevet Major Gen. A. A- Humphreys, of D. C. 

Chief of Ordnance Bureau— Brigadier General S. V. Benet, of Florida 

Signal Officer- Brevet-Major General Albert J. Myer, of New York 

• 
General Officers ot Regular Army. 



SAME AND KASK. 



General. 

Wm. T.Sherman 

Lieutenant-General. 
Philip H. Sheridan... 

M ajor- Genera Is. 
Winfielfl S. Hancock, 

John M. Schotield 

Irwin McDowell 



Brigadier- Generals. 

Oliver 0. Howard 

Alfred H. Terr V 

Edward O.C.Ord 

Christopher C. Augur 
George Crook 



ENTRY INTO APPOIXTEU 
6EKVICE. FROM. 



July 1, 1840 Ohio 

July 1, 1853 Ohio 

July 1, 1844 Penna. 
July 1, 18;i7|Califomia. 
July 1. 183t^ Ohio. 

July 1, 18,'«4 Maine. 



Ian. 15, 186 J 
July 1, ISiO 
July 1, 1P4:; 
July 1. lej. 



Coun. 
Maryland. 
N'ew Yoi I; 
Ohio. 



John i'ope ! JnV 1, 1S42 niinoia. 



XA.ME AND RANK. 



KXTKY INTO AITOINTED 
I SERVICE. I KI;uJI. 



lietired List. 1 
Major-Generals. | 

Joseph Hooker 'jnly 1, 1837 California. 

S. P. Heiuizelman.. .. {July 1, IfJC Penna. 

Thomas J. Wood jjuly l, 1845 Kt-iituckv. 

John C. Rohinson Oct. 27, :e3<t New York. 



Daniel E. Sickles.... 
Samuel S. Carroll. . . 

Richard W. Johnson. 
James B. Ricketts- - 
EliLoni; 



Nov.29, 1862 Nt-w York. 
July 1. 1856 Dist. Col. 

July 1 1849 1 Kentucky. 
July 1, 1839 New York 
Jun.27, lb56 Kentucky. 



12 '^'^^ GENEBAL GOVERNMENT. 

Military Geographical Divisions and Departments. 

1. Division 3/ the Missouri. — Departments of Dakota, of tlie Missouri, of the Platte, and of 
Texas ; headquarters at Chicago, Illinois. 

S. Division of the Atlantic. — The Kew England States, the States of New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware. Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, "Wisconsin, 
Indiana, and the District of Columbia ; headquarters at New Tork City. 

."5. Division of the Paci/ic.— Departments of California, of the Columbia, and of Arizona ; head 
quarters at San Francisco, California. 

4. Division of the 6'ow^/i.— Departments of the South and of the Gulf; headquarters at Louis- 

viile, Kentucky. 

5. Department of the Missouri. — The States of Missouri, Kansas and Illinois, and the Territo- 

ries of Colorado and New Mexico, and Camp Supply, Indian Territory; headquarters at 
Fort l,eavenworth, Kansas. 

6. Department of the Platte. — The States of Iowa and Nebraska, and the Territories of DtaJi 

and Wyoming ; headquarters at Omaha, Nebraska. 

7. Department of Dakota. — The State of Minnesota, and the Territories of Dakota and Mon- 

tana ; headquarters at St. Paul, Minnesota. 

8. Department of Oalifornia.—lhe State of Nevada, the post of Fort Hall, Idaho Territory, 

and so much of the State of California as lies north of a line from the north-west corner 
of Arizona Territory to Point Conception, California ; headquarters at San Francisco, 
California. 

9. Department of the Oolumbia.— The Stat« of Oregon, and the Territories of Washington, 

Idaho, excepting Fort Hall, and Alaska ; headquarters at Portland, Oregon. 
Ze. Department of Arizona. -The Territory of Arizona, and so much of the State of California 
as lies south of a line from the north-west corner of Arizona Territory to Point Concep- 
tion, California; headquarters at Proscott, Arizona Territory. 

14. Depart7n-ent of the South. — The States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
' 3xcept the Gulf posts from Pensacola Harbor to Fort Jeflerson and Key West, inclusive), 
Alabama, including the posts in Mobile Bay, Tennessee and Kentucky ; headquarters at 
Louisville, Kentucky. 

12. Department of Texas.— The State of Texas and the Indian Territory, excepting Camp Sup- 

j)ly ; headquarters at San Antonio, Texas. 

13. Department of the Gulf— The States of Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi, and the Gulf 

posts as far eastward as, and embracing. Fort Jefferson and Key West, Florida, exclud- 
ing the ports UX Mobile Bay ; heailqnartcra at New Orleans. Louisiana. 

THE NAVY DEPAKTMENT 

Has charge of the Naval Establishment and all business connected 
therewith, issues Naval Commissions, instructions and orders, super- 
vises the enlistment and discharge of seamen, the Marine Corps, the 
construction of Na^^ Yards and Docks, the construction and equip- 
ment of Vessels, the purchase of provisions, stores, clothing and ord- 
nance, the conduct of Purveys and hydrographical operations. 

Department Officers. 

'■ Salary. 

Secretary of the Navy— Richaud W. Thompson, of Indiana 8,000 

Chief Clerk -^ John W. Hogg, of District of Cohinibia 2.500 

Superintendent of Naval Observatory— Eear-Admiral John Rodgers 

Hvdrographic Otiice— Captain S. K. Franklin 

Superintendent National Almanac— Prof. Simon Newcomb 

Commander of Marine Corps— Colonel C. G. McCawley 

Chief Signal Officer — Commodore John C. Beaumont 

Chitsf of Bureau of Yards and Docks— Commodore 11. L. Law 

Civil Engineer -W. P. S. Sanger • ■ ■ ■ ■ • 

Chief of Navy I^ureau— Commodore W. D. \V hiting 

Chief of Bureau of Ordnance— Commodore Wm. M. Jefifers. 

Chief of Bureau of Provisions and Chithing- P. M. General G. F. Cutter. . 
Chief of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery— Surgfon-Gon. J. W. TaylOT...- 
Chief of Bureau of Construction and Repairs— Naval Constructor J. W. iLasby 
Chief of Bnn-au of Erpiipment and Recruiting Commodore Earl English.. 
Chief of Buroau of Stetim Engineering— Chief Engineer W. H. Shock 



THE GENERAL GOVERXMENT. 

Officers of the ISavy. 



la 



NAME AND RANK. 



Admiral. 
David D. Porter.. 



Vice-Admiral. 
Stephen C. Rowan . 



Rear- Admirals. 
Active List. 

John Rodgers 

Wm.E. Le Roy 

J. R. M. MuUany 

C. R. P. Rodgers 

Stephen D. Trenchard 
Thos. H. Patterson. . . 

John C. Howell . 

Edward T. Nichols... 
Robert H. "Wymau . . . 
George B. Balch 



STATE 
FUO.M. 



Ohio., 



Maryland 
New York 
New York 
N. Jersey 

Penn 

Louisiana 

Penn 

Geori^ia.. 
N. H.. ... 
Alabama. 



ENTRY INTO 
SERVICE. 



Feb. 



lS-29 



Feh. 1, lt*2t)C 



April 18. 
Jan. 11, 
Jan. T, 
Oct. 5, 
Oct. 23, 
April 5. 
June 5, 
Dec. 14, 
March 11, 
Dec. 30, 



18281 
183' 

1833 
1834 
1831 
133t. 
183(i 
1837 
1837 



NAME AND RANK. 



Comnhodores. 
Active List. 

Thoiiiaa H. Stevens.. 

Foxhall A. Parker 

John M. B. Clitz 

.\nttrew Bryson 

Di.ualdMcN. Fairfa.x, 

James H. Spotts 

T. AV. A. Nicholson. . . 

H. Cooper 

J. C. Beaumont 

J. C. Febiger 

Pierce Crosby 

r. B. Creighton 

\. K. Hughes 

U. R. Calhoun 

(J has. H. Baldwin 

R. W. Shnfeldt 

A.C.Rhind 

G. M. Ransom 

W. E.Hopkins 

Thomas Patterson . . . 

Wm. N. Jeffers 

Edward Simpson 

Wm. G. Temple 

Samuel B Cajter 



STATE 
FROM. 



Conn 

Virf;iDia. 
Michigan 
New York 

N. C 

Kentucky 
New York 
NewYork 

Penn 

Ohio 

Penn 

NewYork 

NewYork 

Missouri 

NewYork 

NewYork 

NewYork 

NewYork 

Vermont . 

NewYork 

N. Jersev 

NewYork 

Vermont. 

Tenn .... 



ENTRY INTO 
SF.RVICE.^ • 



Dec. 14, 
Mar. hll, 
April i-i, 
Dec. 1, 



Aug. 12, 
Aug. 2, 
Feb. 10, 
Aug. 4, 
March 1, 
Sept. 4, 
June 5, 
Feb. 10, 
Oct. 20, 
April 1, 
April 24. 
May 11, 
Sept. 3, 
July 2,";, 
Nov. 13, 
March 2, 
Sept. ■2'>, 
Feb. 11, 
April 18, 
Feb. 14, 



183C 
183T 
1837 
1837 
1^37 
1837 
1838 
183T 
1838 
1838 
183* 
1838 
1838 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1838 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1840 
1840 
1840 
1840 



THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Has charge of the survey, management, sales and grants of Public 
Lands, the examination of Pension and Bounty Land claims, the 
management of Indian aifairs, the examination of Inventions and 
award of Patents, the collection of Statistics, the distribution of 
Seeds, Plants, etc., the taking of Censuses, the management of Gov- 
ernment mines, the erection of Public Buildings, and the construc- 
tion of wagon roads to the Pacific. 

Department Officers. 

Salary. 

Secretary of the Interior — Carl Schubz, of Missouri $8,000 

Assistant Secretary— Charles F. Gorham, of Mich 3,500 

General Land Office— James A. Williamson, of Iowa, Commissioner 4,000 

Indian Office— Ezra A. Hayt, of New York, Commissioner 4,500 

Pension Office — John A. Bentley, of Wiaconsin, " 3,600 

Patent Office— Halbert E. Paine, " " 4,500 

Bureau of Education— John Eaton, of Tenn., " 3,000 

Census Office— Francis A. Walker, Conn. , Superintendent 



THE PaST OFFICE DEPARTMENT 

Has charge of the Postal System, the establishment and discon- 
tinuance of Post Offices, appointment of Postmasters, the contracts 
for carrying the mails, the Dead Letter Office, maintains an inspec- 
tion to prevent frauds, mail depredations, etc. 



14 THE GENERAL GOVERSMENT. 

Beparlmeni Officers. 

Postmaster-General — David M. Key, of Tennessee $S,000 

Appointment Office— 1st Assistant P. M. General, Jas. M. Tyner, Ind 3.500 

Contract Office— 2d Assistant P. M. General, Thomas A. Brady, Indiana 3,500 

Finance Office— 3d Assistant P. M. General, Abraham D. Ilazen, Penn 3,500 

Superintendent of Money Order System— C. F. McDonald, of Mass 3,000 

Superintendent of Foreign Mails— J. H. Blackfan, of New Jersey 3,000 

Superintendent of Free Delivery— R. W. Gurley, of Louisiana 3,000 

Superintendent of Dead Letter Office— E. J. Dallas, of Kansas 3, COO 

General Superintendent R. R. Mail Service— W. B. Thompson, of Ohio 3,000 

Auditor Railroad Accounts — Theophilus French 2,000 

Superintendent of Bank Agency— Dudley W. Rhodes, of Ohio 3,000 

Topographer — W. F. Nicholson, of D . C 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

The Attorney-General, who is the head of this department, is the 
legal adviser of the President and heads of departments, examines 
titles, applications for pardons, and judicial and legal appointments, 
conducts and argues suits in which Government is concerned, etc. 

Department Cheers. 

Salarj'. 

Attorney-General- Chaeles Devens, of Mass $8,000 

Assistant Attorney-General— Edwin B. Smith, of Maine 5,000 

do do Thomas Simons, of New York 5,000 

Solicitor-General— Samuel F. Phillips, of North Carolina 7,000 

Assistant Att'y-Geueral for Department of Interior— E. M. Marble, of Mich. . 5,000 

do do P. O. Department— Alfred A. Freeman, of Tenn 4,000 

Solicitor of Internal Revenue— C. Chesley, of New Hampshire 4,500 

Solicitor of the Treasury — Kenneth Raynor, of N. Carolina 4,500 

Assistant Solicitor of Treasury — Joseph H. Robinson 3,000 

Examiner of Claims for State Department— H. O'Connor, of Iowa 3,500 

Law Clerk and Examiner of Titles- A. J. Bentley, of Ohio 2.700 

Chief Clerk— George C. Wing, of Ohio 2,200 

THE JUDICIARY. 

Supreme Court of the United States. 
Appointed. 

1874. — MoBEisoN R. Waite, of Ohio.. .Chief Justice. 

1872.— ^Vard Hunt, of New York, Asso. Jus. 

1858.— Nathan Clifford, Portland, Maine, do 

1862.— Noah H. Swayne, Columbus, Ohio, do 

18G2.— Samuel F. Miller, Keokuk, Iowa, do 

1863.— Stephen J. Field, California, do 

1870. — Joseph P. Bradlej', New Jersey, do 

1870.— William Strong, Pennsylvania, do 

1877.— John M. Harlan, Kentucky do 

The Court holds one general term, annually, at Washington, D. 
C, commencing on the first Monday in December. 



Age. 


Salary. 


63 


$10,500 


68 


10,000 


75 


10,000 


74 


10,000 


G3 


10,000 


G2 


10,000 


G6 


10,000 


70 


10,000 


64 


10,000 



D. Wesley Middletou, of Washington, Clerk 

William T. Otto, of Washington, D. C, Reporter. 
John G. Nicolay, of Illinois, Marshal 



THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 15 

CircuU Judges of the United htates. 

Salary. 
FiEST CiBCurr.— (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Bhode Island) 

— John Lowell, of Boston, Mass $6,000 

Second Ciecutt.— (Vermont, Connecticut, Northern New York, Southern 

New York, and Eastern New York)— Samuel Blatchford, New York 6,000 

Thied Cikcuit.— (New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania, Western Pennsylvania, 

Delaware)— William McKennon, of Pennsylvania 6,000 

FouETH CiRCxnr.— (Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and 

South Carolina)— Hugh L. Bond, Maryland 6,000 

Fifth Ciecuit.— (Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, 

Colorado, Misssouri, and Nebraska)— Wm. B. Woods, of Alabama 6,000 

Sixth Ciecuit.— (Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Teunesee)— John Baxter, 

of Tennr <?see 6,000 

Seventh Clb^ -. — (Lidiana, Illinois and Wisconsin) — Thomas Drummond, 

of IlHnois 6,000 

Eighth Ciecuit. — (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas)— John 

F. Dillon, of Iowa 6,000 

Ninth Ciecuit. — (California, Oregon and Nevada) — Lorenzo Sawyer, of 

California 6,000 

District Cou..s. — Judges. (States.) 
Alabama, N. D., M. D. and S. D.^ — John Bruce, of Montgomery, Ala. Aekansas, 
W. D.— I. C. Parker, of Fort Smith, Ark.; E. D., H. C. Caldwell, of Little Rock, 
Ark. Caltfoenia — Ogden Hoffman, of San Francisco. Coloeado — Moses Hallet 
of Denver. Connecticut — Nathaniel Shipman, of Hartford. Delawaee — Ed- 
ward G. Bradford, of Wilmington. Floeida, N, D. — Thomas Settle, of Jackson- 
ville; S. D., James W. Locke, of Key West. Geoegia, N. D. and S. D.— John 
Erskine, of Atlanta. Illinois, N. D. — Henry W. Blodgett; S. D., Samuel H. 
Treat, Jr. Indiana — Walter Q. Gresham. Iowa — James M. Love, Kansas— 
Cassius G. Foster. Kentucky — Bland Ballard. Louisiana — Edward C. Billings. 
Maine — Edw. Fox. Maetland— Wm. F. Giles. Massachusetts— Thos. L. Nelson. 
Michigan, E. D.— H. B. Brown; W. D., S. L. Withey. Minnesota— R. R. Nel- 
son. Mississippi, N. D. andS. D.— Robert A. Hill. Missouei, E. D.— Samuel 
Treat; W. D., Arnold Krekel. Nebeaska — Elmer S. Dundy. Nevada — Edgar 
W. HiUyer. New Hampshiee — Daniel Clark. New Jeeset — John T. Nixon. 
NewYoek, N. D.— W. J. WaUace; S. D., W. G. Choate ; E. D., Charles L. 
Benedict. Noeth C.\eolina, E D. — George W. Brooks; W. D., Robert P. 
Dick. Ohio, N. D.— Martin Welker ; S. D., Philip B. Swing. Oeegon— Matthew 

P. Deadj-. Pennsylvania, E. D. ; "W. D., W. W. Ketcham. Rhode 

Island — John P. Knowles. South Cakolina — George S. Bryan. Tennessee, E. 
D. and M. D.— Conally F. Trigg; W. D., E. S. Hammond. Texas, E. D.— Amos 
Morrill; W. D., T. H. Duval. Veemont— Hoyt H. Wheeler. Vieginia, E. D.— 
Robert W. Hughes ; W. D. , Alexander Rives. West Vieginia — John J. Jackson. 
Wisconsin, E. D. — Charles E. Dyer; W. D., Romanza Bunn. Of these District 
Judges, two (Cal. andCol.), receive $5,000 each; one (La.), $4,500; nine (Md., 
Mass., N. J., N. Y. 3, Perm. 2, and W. D. Ohio), $4,000 each; all the remainder 
$3,500 each. 

District Courts. — Jvdges. (Territories). 

Aeizona — C. G. W. French. Dakota — Peter C. Shannon, Idaho— M. E. Hol- 
lister. Montana — D. S. Wade. New Mexico — L. Bradford Prince. Utah— 



16 THK GENERAL 60VERNMEN1. 

Michael Schaeifer. Washington— J. R. L-wis. Wyoming — Joseph W. Fisher. 
DisTBicT OF Columbia — David K. Cartter, Chief Justice, $4,500; William 
Humphreys, Abram B. Olin, Andrew Wiley, Arthur McArthur, Associates, $4,000 
each. 

Court of Claims. 

Salary. 

C. D. Drake, Missouri, Chief Justice $4,500 

J. C. Bancroft Davis, New York 4,500 

Wm. H. Hunt, Louisiana .- 4, 500 

Charles C. Nott, New York 4,500 

William A. Richardson 4, 500 

Archibald Hopkins, Clerk 3,000 

John Randolph, Assistant Clerk 2,000 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Salary. 

Commissioner of Agriculture — Wm. G. Le Due, of Minnesota $3,000 

Chief Clerk— E. A. Carman, of New Jersey 1,800 

Statistician— C. Worthington, of Maryland 2,000 

Entomologist— J. W. Potter 2,000 

Chemist — Peter Cottier, of Vermont 2,000 

Superintendent of Botanical Gardens — Wm. Saunders, of Pennsylvania. . . . 

Superintendent of Seed Room — A. Glass , of Dist. of Columbia 

Botanist — G. Vasey, of Illinois 

Librarian — E. H. Stevens, of Louisiana 

Disbursing Clerk — B. F. Fuller, of Illinois 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

Salary. 

Congressional Printer — J. D. Defrees, of Indiana 3,600 

Chief Clerk— A. F, Childs, of Dist. Columbia 



DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. 

Salary. 

Commissioner of Education — Gen. John Eaton, Jr., of Term $3,000 

Chief Clerk— Charles Warren 1,800 

Translator— Herman Jacobson 



UNITED STATES MINT AND BRANCHES. 

Salary. 

A. Landon Snowden, Superintendent Philadelphia 

Thomas C . Acton, do New York 

Henry L. Dodge, do Sau Francisco, Cal 

Henry S. Foots, do New Orleans, La 

James Crawford, do Carson City, Nev 

Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer Charlotte, N.C 

Herman Silver, do Denver, Col 

Wm. Penn Prescott, do Carson City, Nev 

Albert Walters, do Boise City, Idaho 

Charles Rumley, do Helena, Montana 

Benjamin F. Flanders, Treasurer, New Orleans, La 



TSIl GENERAL OOVERNMENT l7 



THE LEQISLATIT^ BRANCH OF THE GOVtriNVflW I. 

The National Legislature consists of a Senate of two ni«nibers fm*n 
each State, making the full Senate now consist of seventy-four members, 
and a House of Representatives, now having two hundred and forty-five 
members. The Senators are chosen by the Legislatures of their several 
States, for a term of six years, either by concurrent vote or l)y joint ballot, 
as the St^te may prescribe. The members of the House of Representa- 
tives are usually elected by a plurality vote in districts of each State, 
whose bounds are prescribed by the Legislature, for the term of two years. 
In a few Instances they have been elected at large : i. e., by the plurality 
vote of the entire State. 

The Constitution requires nine yeai-s' citizenship to qualify for admia- 
sion to the Senate, and seven years to the House of Representatives. 
An act approved July 26, 1866, requires the Legislature of each State 
which shall be chosen next preceding the expiration of any Senatorial 
term, on the second Tuesday after its first meeting, to elect a successor, 
each House nominating viva voce, and then convening in Joint Assembly 
to compare nominations. In case of agreement, such persen shall be 
declared duly elected ; and if they do not agree, then Im-lloting to continue 
from flay to day at 12 M. during the session until choice has been made. 
Vacmicies are to be filled in like manner. The members of each 
House receive a salary of $5,000 per annum, and actual mileage at 
twenty cents per mile. For each day's absence, except when caused 
by sickness, $8 per diem is deducted from the salary. The Speaker 
of the House of Representatives receives $10,000. 



CONGKESSTONAL DISTKICTS. 

The House @f Representatives of the United Statets is composed of 
Qiembers elected by Districts. The number apportioned to the State« has 
varied at each decennial census, as shown by the followmg Table : 

Gensus. When ApportioiK^d. Whole Ko. Eep. Ratio, One to 

By Constitution 65 

1790 April 14, 1792 105 :«,00tt 

l&OO Jan. H, 1802 141 ai.OOO 

1810 Dec. 21, 1811 181 .tS.OOd 

lfJ20 March?, 1822 212 4O,(iO0 

laSO May22, 1832 240 4fi,:o0 

1840 June25, 1842 223 70,6a0 

law July30, 1852 233 Vi.ifa 

I860 April-. 1861 242 l'J7.000 

1870 Dec- 1871 , 281 142,0W 

By adding members for fractions of the ratio, and the admission of Colorado, the nuiui>.w 
of £epresentatives has been brought up to 293. 



18 



THE GENERAL GOVEIiyMENT 



Presidents under the Federal Constttut'Kni. 



Names. 



luaugurated. 



1. Q*orge Washington, of Virgiuia . . 

2. J\)\\n Adams, ot Massachusetts . . . 

3. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia 

4. James Madison, of Virginia 

5. Jameg Monroe, of Virginia 

6. John Quiocy Adams, of Mass 

7. Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee . . 

8. Martin Van Buren, of New York 

9. 'William Henry Harrison, of Ohio 

10. John Tyler, of Virginia, Tice-Pres 
ident, succeeded President Harri 
son, who died April 4. 1841 

11. James K. Polk, of Tennessee 

12. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana . . . 

13. Millard Fillmore, of N. T., Vice- 
President, succeeded Pres. Taylor, 
•irho died July 9, 1850 

14. Franklin Pierce, of N. Hampshire 

15. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania 

16. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois 

17. Andrew Johnson, Vice- President, 
succeeded President Lincobi, who 
was assassinated April 14, 1865 . . . 

18- Ulysses S. Grant, of lUiuois 

19. Piiitherford B. Hayes, of Ohio 



April30,1769 
Mar. 4—1797 
Mar. 4—1801 
]SIar. 4—1809 
Mar. 4—1817 
Mar. 4—1825 
Mar. 4—1829 
Mar. 4—1837 
Mar. 4—1841 



Apr. 4—1841 
Mar. 4—1845 
Mar. 4—1849 



July 9—1850 
Mar. 4—1853 
Mar. 4—1857 
Mar. 4—1861 



I A;;e al i i'ears 
Born. Inaugu- in 

ration, office. 



Died. 



1732 
1735 
1743 
1751 
1759 
1767 
1767 
1782 
1773 



1790 
1795 
17c4 



1800 
1804 
1791 
1»:09 



Apr. 15-1865 1808 

Mar. 4— iBCy 1822 

' Mar. 4-1877 1822 

Vice-Presklen ts. 



Dec. 14, 
Julv 4— 
July 4- 
June 28, 
July 4- 
Feb. 23. 
June 6— 
July 24, 
April 4, 



1799 
1826 
■1 826 
1836 
1831 
1^48 
-1845 
lc62 
1841 



Jan. 17, 1862 
June 15, 1849 
July 9—1850 



Mar. 6—1874 
Oct. 8—1869 
June 1—1869 
April 15, 1865 



July 31,1875 



Aa» 

»t 

Death 



56 
67 



Names. 



John Adams, of Massachusetts 

Thomas Jetier.wn. of Virginia 

Aaron Burr, of New York 

George Clinton, of New York 

Elbridge Gerry, of Ma.ssachiisetts 

Daniel D. Tomjikins, of New York .. 
John C. Calhiiun, of South Carolina.. 

Martin Van Buren, of New York 

Kichard M. Johnson, of Kentucky ... 

John Tyli'r, of Virginia 

(iioriic'M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania .. 

Millard Fillmcre, of New York 

William K. King, of Alabama 

John ('. Ibiikiniiclge, of Kentucky 

Hannibal Hamlin, of JSIaine 

Anddew John.son, of Tennessee 

Schuyler Colfax^ of Indiana 

Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts 

AVilliani A. Wheeler, of New York. 



Inaugurated. 



1789 


1735 


1797 


1743 


1801 


1756 


1805 


1739 


1813 


1744 


1817 


1744 


1825 


1782 


1833 


1782 


1837 


1780 


1841 


1790 


1845 


1792 


1849 


1800 


1853 


1786 


1857 


1821 


1861 


1809 


1865 


1808 


1869 


1823 


1873 


1812 


1877 





1826 
1826 
1836 
1812 
1814 
1825 
1850 
1862 
1850 
1862 
1865 
1874 
1863 
1875 

lr75 

1373 



Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 



John Jay 

John Rut ledge ... 
Oliver Ellsworth. 
Joliu Marshall ... 
Tioger B. Taney. . 
Salmon P. Chase . 



New York 

South (Carolina. . 

Connecticut 

Virginia 

^Maryland 

Ohio 



Term of 
Service. 



MoiTi sou R. Wait© I Ohio. 



1789—1795 
1795—1795 
1796—1801 
ItiOl— 1836 
183G— 1864 
l!^i;4— 1873 
1874-.... 



1745 
1739 
1752 
1755 
1777 
1808 
1825 



Died. 



1829 
1800 
1807 
1836 
1864 
1873 



Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 



Najie. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Bom. 


Died. 


.Jolin Uutli-dL'e 


Soutli (Carolina 

Massa<hu8etts 

Pennsylvania 


17,-i()_1791 
17C9— 1810 
1789—1798 
1789—1796 
1789—1789 
1790—1799 
17itl_1793 
1793—1806 


1739 
1733 
1742 
1732 
1745 
1750 
17:i2 
1743 


1800 




1810 




1798 




1800 


Robert 11. Harrison 


Maryland 

North Carolina 


1790 


Jami'H Iri'dell 


1799 


TbonijiH John.son 


1819 


William Patterson 


New Jersey 


1606 




, ., - 



THE GEKERAL GOYEJtKMEKT 



19 



Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the U. S. (Continued.) 



SaiDuel Chase 

Bushrod Washington. . 

Alfred Moore 

William Johnston 

Brockholst Livingston 

Thomas Todd 

Joseph Story 

Oabriel Duval , 

Smith Thompson 

Robert Trimble 

John McLean 

Henry Baldwin 

James M. Wayne 

PhUip H. Barbour 

John Catron 

John McKinley 

Peter V. Daniel 

Samuel Nelson 

Levi Woodbury 

Robert C. Grier 

Benjamin R. Curtis 

James A. Campbell 

Nathan Clifford 

Noah H. Swayne 

Samuel F. Miller 

David Davis 

Stephen J. Field 

AVilliam Strong 

Joseph P. Bradley 

Ward Hunt 

John M. Harlan , 



State. 



Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina. . . 
South Carolina. . . 

New York 

Kentucky 

Massachusetts . . . 

Maryland 

New' York 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . . . 

Georgia , , . 

Tirgiuia 

Tennessee , ... 

Alabama 

Virginia 

New Y'ork 

New Hampshire .. 

Pennsylvania 

Massachusetts 

Alabama . . . , 

Maine 

Ohio 

Iowa 

Illinois 

California 

Pennsylvania 

New -Tfr.qey 

New York 

Kentucky 



Term of 
Service. 



1796—1811 
1798- 1H29 
1799—1804 
180-1—1834 
1806-1823 
1807—1826 
1811—1845 
1811—1835 
1823—1845 
1826—1829 
1829—1861 
1830—1846 
1835—1867 
1836—1841 
1837—1865 
1837—1852 
1841—1860 
ISiS— 1851 
1845—1851 
1846—1870 
1851—1857 
1853— 185G 

1858— 

1862—.... 

1862— 

1862—1877 

186:3— 

1870—.... 
1 870 

187a—. . . . 

1877—.... 



Bom. 



1741 
1759 
1755 
1771 
1757 
1765 
1779 
1751 
1767 
1776 
1785 
1779 
1786 
1779 
1786 

1785 
1792 
1790 
1794 
1809 
1802 
1803 
1805 
1816 
1815 
1817 
I-J09 
1813 
1811 
1814 



Died. 



1811 
1829 
1810 
1634 
1823 
1826 
1845 
1844 
1845 
1829 
1861 
1846 
1867 
1841 
1865 
1852 
1860 
1863 
1851 
1879 



APPOETTONMEIST OF EKPRESENTATITES. 

By Act Dec. 14, 1871, under census of 1870. 



Alabama 8 

Arkansas 4 

California 4 

Connecticut 4 

Delaware 1 

Florida 2 

Georgia 9 

Illinois 19 

Indiana 13 

Iowa 9 



Kansas 3 

Kentucky 10 

Louisiana 6 

Maine 5 

Maryland 6 

Massachusetts 11 

Michigan 9 

Minnesota 3 

Mississippi ,,, 6 

Missoun IS 



Nebraska 1 

Nevada i 

New Hampshire . . 3 

New Jersey 7 

New York 33 

North Carolina 8 

Ohio 20 

Oregon 1 

Pennsylvania 27 



Rhode Island 2 

South Carolina 5 

Tennessee lO 

Texa-s 6 

Virginia 9 

Vermont 3 

West Virginia 3 

Wisconsin 8 

Colorado, 1 

Total 293 



The ratio of apportionment is about 142,000 inhabitants for a 
Member of Congress, though allowance is made for fractions in 
excess of one-half. 



Expense of maintaining the government, not including the inter- 
est on the bonds, for each year from 18G1 to 1878 : 

June 30, 1862 $570,841,700 25 

1863 714,709,995 58 

1864 865,234,087 bG 

1865 1,290,312.982 41 

1866 1,141,072,666 09 

" 1867 346,729,1-24 33 

1868 377,340,284 00 

1869 321,490,597 75 

1870 309,653,560 75 



June 30, 1871 $292,177,188 25 

1872 270,559,695 91 

1373 262,254,216 97 

1874 302,633,873 76 

1875 268,447,543 76 

1876 258,459,797 10 

1877 238,660,0118 93 

1878 236,964,326 80 

1879 



20 



y'AIjUATIO.y OF PROPERTY Z.V THE XTNITED STATES /V 1:370 



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THE PVBLIO DEBl. 21 

PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SEPTEMBER 1, 1879. 

Debt bearing Interest. 

Bonds at 6 per cent $283,681,350 00 

Bonds at 5 percent 508,440,350 00 

Bonds at 4I2 per cent 250,000,000 00 

Bonds at 4 per cent 736,398, 800 00 

Refunding Certificates 4,396,500 00 

Navy Pension Fund 14,000, 000 00 



Principal 81,796,917,000 00 

Interest 17,469,972 46 

Debt on ivhich Interest has ceased since Maturity. 

Principal $41,140,910 26 

Interest 1,830,567 25 

Debt bearing no Interest. 

Old Demand and Legal-Tender Notes , . $346, 742,441 00 

Certificates of Deposit 35,175,000 00 

Fractional Currency 15,762,004 96 

Gold and Silver Certificates 18,410,550 00 



Principal $416,090,055 96 

Unclaimed Interest 7,927 03 

Total Debt. 

Principal $2,254,147,966 22 

Interest 19,314,466 74 

Total $2,273,462,432 96 

Cash in Treasurtj. 
Total Cash in Treasury, at date $243,696,228 40 

Debt less Cash in the Treasury, December 1, 1875 $2,117,917,132 57 

Debt less Cash in Treasury, December 1, 1876 2,089,336,099 42 

Debt less Cash in Treasury, December, 1, 1877 2,040,027,065 94 

Debt less Cash in Treasury, December 1, 1878 2,027,414,325 79 

Debt less Cash in Treasury, September 1, 1879 2,029,766,204 56 

Bonds to Pax;ific Raihcay Companies, Literes t payable in Lawful 31oney 

Principal outstanding $64,623,512 00 

Interest accrued aud not yet ])aid 646,235 12 

Interest paid by the United States 43,712,450 58 

Interest repaid by Transportation of Mails, etc 12,710,188 61 

Balance of Interest paid by the United States 30,002,261 97 



22 



THE rVBLIO DEBT. 

THE PUBLIC DEBT— MARCb 1, 1879. 



THE LOANS MADE BY GOVERNMENT NOT YET KEDEEMED. 
1, — Debt hearing Interest on Coin. 



TITLE OF LOAX. 



Loan of June 14, 1858 

Loan of Jan. 1, 1861 (Act of? 

June 2-2. 1860 5 

Loan of Feb. 8, 1861(188r8).. 
Oregon War Debt, July 1, ) 

1861 (Act of March 2 1861) 5 
L'n July 17&Ang. 5, '61('81V) 
Loan of 1863, dated June 15, I 

1864 (1881'8), 3d issue 5 

Ten-Forties of 1864 



Five-Twenties of 1867 * 

Five-Twenties of 1868 

Fuu'd L'n 1881, issued under \ 

Act8jlyl4,'70&Jan.20.'71 5 

Fun'dL'n 1891, Act8"70&'71. 

Fund'dL'n of 1907, same Acts. 



Anio'nt 
Issued 
in Mil- 
lions. 



20,000 
7,022 

18,415 

1,091 

189,327 

75,000 

194,567 

379,506 
42,540 

508,440 

250,000 



When Redeemable. 



After Jan. 1, 1874 

C After Jan.1,1871 &be- ? 

i fore Jan. 1, 1881 3 

Payable Jan. 1 , 1881 

Payable July 1, 1881 .... 
Payable Jan. & July.. 188X 
Pay'ble after June 30, 1831 
C After ]^rarch 1, 1874, & \ 
\ Payable Mch 1, 1904. ) 

After July 1, 1872 ] 

After July 1,1873 i 

After May 1, 1881 

After Sept. 1, 1891 

After July 1, 1907 



Aggregate of Debt 2,014.271,900 24,603,567 00 



2.— Debt bearing Merest in Currency or lawful money. 



Amount 
Outstand- 
ing. 



260,000 



18,415,000 

945,000 

189,321,350 

75,000,000 

194,566,300 
161,857,600 

508,440,350 

250,000,000 
40t),900,000 



Accrued 

Interest to- 

Date. 



3,250 00 



184,150 00 

9,450 00 

1,893,213 50 

750,000 Oft 

4,864,157 50 
5,612,472 75 

2,118,501 46 

937,. 500 00 
8,220,567 25 



TITLE OF LOAN. 



Navy Pension Fund 

PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANIES LOANS. 
Con<?i7)0)m/— Half interest now and all the principal and 

interest eventually to be paid by Companies- 
Central Pacific 

Kansas Pacific 

Union Pacific 

Central Branch of Union Pacific 

"Western Pacific 

Sioux City and Pacific 



Totals $64,623,512 



Principal 
Outstanding. 



Interest 

Accrued & 

not vet 

Paid. 



$14,000,000 



25,88.5,120 
6,303,000 

27.236,512 
1,600,000 
1,970., 560 
1,628,320 



$210,000 



646,235 



|646,2:J5 



Balance of 
In f St paid by 
Uuit'd States 



41.773,745 0» 



841,773,745 00 



There had been also to March 1, 1879, $10,658,076 of interest paid by trans- 
portation of mails, «fec. These loans are to run 30 years from date of their issue. 

3. — Debt on which the Interest has ceased since maturity. 





PrCt 


Principal. 


Interest. 


Total. 


Called Bonds not yet Surrendered May 1, 1979 


6 


67,429,110 


1,203,641 


68,629,755 



4. — Debt bearing no Interest. 






TITLE OF DEBT. 


Principal. 


Remarks. 


Old Demand and Legal Tender Notes 


$346,742,941 
46,100,000 

1,5,986,412 

19,087,680 






J More tlinii half of this is probably 
' destroyed by lire or otherwise. 
Ani'nt diminished since reilenipt'n. 









* ll(rl()n' Miiy 1, 1S7'.I, all the Kivc-Twcnlics, ninountinn to $1.602..'V'<7,.H.'>(), were funded into the 5, 4,'-, and 
4 per cent. Loans, the Loan of .June 14, 18W anil all the Ten-Kortiis of 1804, amounting' together to 
$194,826,300, were culled in, and by July 10, all would be refunded in Kour per cents. 



THE PUBLIO DEBT. 



23 



PUBLIC DEBT AT ITS MAXIMUM— CURRENCY AT ITS COIN VALUE. 



The public debt reached its maximum on August 31, ISGo, wheu it amounted to 
$2,845,907,626, composed as follows: 

Funded debt $1,109,568,192 



Matured debt 

Temi)orary loans 

Certificates of debt 

Five per cent, legal-tender notes 

Compound-interest legal-tender notes . 

Seven-thirty notes 

United States notes, (legal tenders).. . . 

Fractional Currency 

Suspended reqaisitions uncalled for. . . 



1. 

107, 

85, 

33, 

217, 

830, 

433, 

26, 



503,020 
148.713 
093,000 
954,230 
024,160 
000,000 
160,569 
344,742 
111,000 



Total $2,845,907,626 

Of these obligatioms $684,138,959 were a legal-tender in the jiayment of all 
debts, public and private, except customs, duties and interest on the public debt. 

The amount of legal-tender notes, demand notes, fractional currency, and national 
currency, and national bank notes, outstanding on August 31, 1865, and annually 
thereafter, from January 1, 1866, to January 1, 1878, and the amounts outstanding 
November 1, 1878, are shown by the following table, together with the currency 
price of gold, and the gold price of currency, at each date : 







United States Issue. 


Note.s of na- 




i, ^ 


' 2 




e. 








tional banks 

including 
Gold Notes. 


Aggregate. 


§144 25 


5 9 


Da< 


Legal-tender 
Notes. 


Old 
Demand 
Notes. 


Fractional 
CuiTcncy. 




ATig. 3] 


, 1865 


$432,757,604 


$402,965 


§26,344,742 


§176,213,955 


§635,719.266 


869 32 


Jan. 


1, 1866 


425,839,319 


392 070 


26,000,420 


208,588,419 


750,620.228 


144 50 


69 20 


Jan. 


, 1867 


380,276,160 


221,682 


28,732,812 


299,846,206 


709,076,860 


133 00 


75 18 


Jan. 


, 1868 


356,000,000 


159,127 


31,597,583 


299,747,569 


687,504,279 


133 25 


75 64 


Jan. ] 


, 1869 


355,892.975 


128,098 


34,215,715 


299,629,322 


689.866,110 


135 00 


74 07 


Jan. 


, 1870 


356,000,000 


113,098 


39.762,664 


299.904,029 


695.779,791 


120 00 


83 33 


Jan. 


, 1871 


356,000,000 


101,086 


39,995,089 


206,307,672 


702,403,847 


110 75 


90 29 


Jan. 


, 1872 


357,500,000 


92,801 


40,767,877 


328,465,431 


726,826,109 


109 50 


91 32 


Jan. 


, 1873 


358,557,907 


84,387 


45,722,061 


344,582,812 


748,947,167 


112 00 


89 28 


Jan. 


, 1874 


378,401,702 


79,637 


48,544,792 


350,848,236 


777,874,367 


110 25 


90 70 


Jan. 


, 1875 


3g2,0;.0,000 


72,317 


46,390,598 


3.54,128,250 


7^2,591,165 


112 50 


68 89 


Jan. 


1, 1876 


371,827,220 


69,042 


44,147.072 


346,479,756 


702,523,600 


112 75 


88 69 


Jan. 


, 1877 


366,055.084 


65,462 


26,348,206 


321,595,606 


714,064,358 


107 00 


93 46 


Jan. 


, 1878 


349,943,776 


63,532 


17,764,109 


321,672,505 


689,443,922 


102 87 


97 21 


Nov. 


, 1878 


346,681,016 


62,065 


16,211,193 


322,460,715 


08.-),414.989 


100 25 


99 75 



24 



THE PUBLIC DEBT. 



BEDUCTION OF THE NATIONAL DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
from March 1, 1869, to March 1, 1879. 





Debt of the 




Debt of the 




Debt of the 




United States, 




United States, 




United States, 


DATES- 


less cash in tlie 




less cash in the 




. less cash in the 




Treasury. 




Treasury. 




Treasury. 


1809 




1873 




1877 




Mar. 1 . . 


2,525,403,260 


Mar. 1 . 


2,157,380,700 


Mar. 1 . 


2,083,781,143 


June 1 . . 


2,505,412,613 


June 1 . 


2,149,963,873 


June 1 . 


2,003,377,342 


Sept. 1 . . 


2,475,962,501 


Sept. 1 . 


2,140,095,305 


Sept. 1 . 


2,055,409,779 


Dec, 1 . . 


2,453,559,735 


Dec. 1. 


2,150,862,053 


Dec. 1. 


2,040,027,066 


1870 




1874 




1878 




Mar. 1 . . 


2,438,328,477 


Mar. 1 . 


2,154,880,066 


Mar. 1 . 


2,042,037,129 


June 1 . . 


2,400,562,371 


June 1 . 


2,145,268,438 


June 1 . 


2,035,780,841 


Sept.l.. 
Dec 1 . . 


2,355,921,150 


Sept. 1 . 


2,140,178,614 


Sept. 1 . 


2,029,105,020 


2,334,308,494 


Dec. 1. 


2,138,938,334 


Dec. 1. 


2,027,414,320 


1871 




1875 




1879 




Mar. 1 . . 


2,320,708,846 


Mar. 1 . 


2,137,315,989 


Mar. 1. 


2,020,207,541 


June 1 . . 


2,299,134,184 


June 1 . 


2,130,119,975 


June 1 . 




Sept. 1 . . 


2,274,122,560 


Sept. 1 . 


2,125,808,789 


Sept. 1 . 




Dec. 1 . . 


2,248,251,367 


Dec. 1. 


2,117,917,132 


Dec. 1. 




1872 




1876 




1880 




Mar. 1 . . 


2,225,813,497 


Mar. 1 . 


2,114,960,306 


Mar. 1 . 




June 1 . . 


2,193,517.378 


July 1. 


2,099,439,344 


June 1 . 




Sept. 1 . . 


2,177,322,020 


Sept. 1 . 


2,095,181,941 


Sepfl. 




Dec. 1 . . 


2,100.568.030 


D'-c. 1. 


2,089.330 099 


Dw 1. 





DEBT OF EACH ADMINISTRATION. 

Washington's First Term 1793 „ $80,352,636 

do Second Term 1797 82,064,479 

John Adam's 1801 82,038,050 

Jefferson's First Term .... 

do Second Term. . . 
Madison's First Term 

do Second Term . . . 
Monroe's First Term 

do Second Term . . . 
John Quincy Adams..... 

Jackson's First Term 1833 

Interest 1836 



1805 82,312,150 

1809 57,023,192 

1813 59,962,82? 

1817 123,491,965 

1821 89,987,427 

1825 83,788,432 

1829 59,421,413 

7,001,022 
291,089 



Jackson's Second Term 1837 1,895,312 

VanBuren 1841 6,488,784 

Tyler 1845 17,093,794 

Polk 1849 64,704,693 

Fillmore 1853 67,340,t;20 

Pierce 1857 29,000,387 

Buchanan 1861 90,867,828 

Lincoln 1865 2,682,593.026 

Johnson January 1 1866 2,810,310,3.57 

Jolmsoii March 4 1H69 2,491,399.904 

Grant ..March 1 1871 2,320,708,846 

do March 1 1S72 2,225,813,497 

do March 4 1873 2,157,380,700 

do March 1 1876 2,114,9(i0,306 

do March 4 1H77 2,08S,781,143 

Hayes March 4 1878 2,042,037,129 

do . . March 1 1879 2,026,207,541 



THE PVBLIO DEBT. 



25 



PAPER MONEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The amount of Legal Tender notes, Demand Notes, Fractional Currency, and 
National Bank Notes outstanding on August 31, 18(55, and annually thereafter, from 
January 1, 1866, to January 1, 1879, and the amounts outstanding November 1, 
1878, are shown by the following table, together with the currency price of gold 
and the gold price of currency at each date, prepared by the Comptroller of the 
Currency : 





United States Issues. Notes of 




1-6 

5-5 


e of 
■ene.v 


Date. 


Legal - Ten- 
der iJotes. 


Olfi Dfi iBanks, in- 

Notes 1 '^^I'reucy. Gold Notes. 

i 


Aggregate. 


li 

OS 


Aug31,1865 

Jan. 1 1806 

Jan. 1.1867 

Jan. 1, 1868 

Jan. 1, 1869 

Jan. 1, 1870 

Jan.1,1871 

Jan.1,1872 

Jan. 1,1873 

Jan. 1,1874 

Jan. 1, 1875 

Jan. 1, 1876 

Jan. 1.1877 

Jan. 1,1878 

Nov.l. 1878 

Jan. 1,1879 


$432,757,604 
425,839,319 
380,276,160 
356,000,000 
355,892,975 
356,000,000 
356,000,000 
357,500,000 
358,557,907 
378,401,702 
382,000,000 
371,827,220 
366,055,064 
349,943,776 
346,681,016 
346.681,016 


?402,955 
392,070 
221,682 
159,127 
128,098 
113,098 
101,086 
92,801 
84,387 
79,637 
72.317 
69,642 
65,462 
63,532 
62,065 
62,035 


*-26,344,742 $176,213,955 
26,000,420 298,588,419 
28,732,812! 299,840,206 
31,597,583: 299,747,569 
34,215,7151 299.629,.322 
39,762,6641 299,904,029 
39,995,089| 306,307.672 
40,767.8771 328,465,431 
45,722,061 344,582,812 
48,544.792' 350.848,236 
46,390,598 354,128,250 
44,147,072 346,479,756 
26,348,206 321,595,606 
17,764,109 321,672,505 
10.211,193 322,460,715 
16,108,155 319,652,121 


$635,719,206 
750,820,228 
709,076,860 
687,504,279 
689,866,110 
695,779,791 
702,403,847 
726.820,109 
748,947,167 
777,874 367 
782,.591,165 
762,523,690 
714,064,358 
689,443,922 
68.5,414,989 
682,503,327 


$144 25 
144 50 
133 00 
133 25 
135 00 
120 00 
110 75 

109 50 
112 00 

110 25 
112 50 
112 75 
107 00 
102 87 
100 25 
100 00 


$69 32 
69 20 
75 18 
75 04 
74 07 
83 33 

90 29 

91 32 

89 28 

90 70 
88 89 
88 69 
93 46 
97 21 

-99 75 
100 00 



From the organization of the U. S. Government to the 30th day 
of June, 1861, that day being the close of the fiscal year, the U. S. 
Government had called into its Treasury from the people the follow- 
ing sums from the following sources : 

Customs Revenues $1,575,152,579 92 

Land Disposed of 175,817,961 00 

Taxes and other Receipts 95,305,322 56 



Total Ordinary Revenue from 1789 to 1861 1,846,275,863 46 

Total Expenditure, same period 1,453, 790, 786 00 



Excess Revenue 



)2,485,077 48 



The following sums have been paid out as interest on Bonds for 
the past 15 years for the fiscal years ending : 

June 30, 1861 86,112,296 18 i June 30, 1870 



1862 13,190,324 45! '• 1871. 

1863 24,729,846 611 " 1872. 

1864 53,685,42109,1 " 1873. 

1865 132,987,350 25 i " 1874. 

1866 133,067,741 69 I " 1875. 

1867 135,034,01104 1 " 1876. 

1868 140,424,045 00 1 " 1877. 

1869 130,6i^4,242 8oi " 1878. 



129, 
125, 
117, 
140, 
107, 
103, 
100, 
97, 
•102, 



,235,498 
,576,565 
357 839 
947,583 
119,815 
093,544 
243,271 
124,511 
500,874 



00 
93 
72 
27 
21 
57 
23 
58 
65 



» This apparent increase isdue to the payment of tliree raoiuhs interest on the called bonds, interest 
being paid also on the 4 ij and 4 per cent, bonds Irom the time ol i)iircliasc. The next two vcars will 
show a large reduction. 



26 GOLD AND SILYEK COINS.— I'ETnOLEUM.— TERRITORIAL OOVERNITTS. 



GOLD AND SILVER COINS. 



Country. 



Monetary Unit. 



Standard. 



Yaliie 
iiiTJ.S. 
LMoii'n 



Florin 

Franc 

Dollar 

Milreis of 1,000 reis. 

Dollar 

Peso 

Dollar 

Peso 

Crown 

Dollar 

Pound, 100 Piasters. 

Franc. 

Pound Sterling 

Drachma 

Mark ::iGold... 

Yen jGold 

Rupee of 16 Annas.. Silver 

Lira 

Dollar 



Austria 

Belgium.. . 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Brit.Poss.N.Am 

Bogota 

CentralAmerica 

Chili 

Denmark 

Ecuador 

Esypt 

France 

( Jreat Britain . 

Greece 

GeTniiin Empire 
Japan ... 

India 

Italy 

Liberia. . . 

Mexico jDoUar, 

Netherlands 1 Florin 

Norway iCiown jGold 

Pern Dollar Silver 

Portugal IMilreis of 1,000 reis Gold.. 

Russia iRoubleof lOOCopecs Silver. 



Gold&Silv'r 
GoldifcSilv'r 

Gold 

Gold 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold 

Gold&Silvr 

Gold 

Gold&Silv'r 



Standard Coins. 



Gold&Silv'r 

Gold 

Silver.. . . . 
Gold&Silv'i 



Sandwichlsl'ds. ^Dollar., 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tripoli 

Turkey 

U.S. ofColombia 



Peseta of lOOCentm's 

Crown 

Franc 

Mahhnbof 20 piast'rs 

Piaster 

Peso 



Gold.. 
Gold&Silvr 

Gold 

Gold&Silv'r 

Silver 

Gold 

Silver 



1.19.3 
0.9().5 
0.54.5 
1.00.0 
0.96.5 
0.93.5 
0.91.2 
0.26 8 
0.93.5 
4.97.4 
0.19.3 
4.86.65 
0.19.3 
0.23.8 
0.99.7 
0.44.4 
0.19.3 
1.00.0 
1.01.5 
0.38.5 
0,26.8 
93.5 
1.08.0 
0.74.8 
1.00.0 
0.19.3 
0.26.8 
19.3 
0.84.4 
0.04.3 
0.93.5 



8 Guldens or 20 f. Gold, f3.85.89. 

^. 10, and 20 FrHiics. 

Escudo, half Eoli^c.r, and Bolivar. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

Dollar. 

Condor, Doubloon and Escudo. 

10 and 20 Crowns. 

Dollar. 

5, 10, 25 and 50 Piasters. 

5, 10 aTid 20 Francs. 

Half Sovereign and Sovereign. 

5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Drachmas. 

5, 10 and 20 Marks. 

1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 Ten. 

5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Lire. 

Peso or Dollar, 5, 10, 25 & 50 Centaoo. 
Florin ; Ten Guldens, Gold, $4.01.09. 
10 and 20 Crowns. 

2, 5, and 10 Milreis. 
Quarter, Half and One Rouble. 

5, 10. 20. 50 and 100 Pesetas. 
10 and 20 Ciowns. 
5, 10 and 20 Francs. 

25, 50, 190. 250 and 500 Piasters. 



PETROLEUM PRODUCTION. 

Petroleum, crude and refined. Its production east of the Mississippi, and the 
amount exported in each of the last eight calendar years. 



Years. 


Production. 


Exportation. 




Quantities, 


Values. 






Gallons. 




1871 


20S. 58 1,600 


*149,892,691 


*$36,894,810 


1872 


250,243,200 


"145,171,593 


'34,058,390 


1873 


394,850,400 


*187,815,187 


'42,050,756 


1874 


432,104,400 


•247,806,483 


*41,24r).815 


1874 


6M.Je30toD.3a 


130,106,005 


17,072,677 


1875 


350,320 920 


238,548,312 


31.734,093 


187(5 


36(),0H3,400 


263,453,296 


49,045,040 


1877 


r)02,4r)i),200 


361,887,225 


.'')7, 539. 87 3 


1878 


619.007.004 


349,346,253 


41.022.007 


Totals. 


3,224,250,124 


2,074,027,097 


$351,163,461 



* Fiscal Tears. After 1874, 
the Amounts iuid Values are 
for Caleiftlar Tears. 

1874 was a year of excep- 
tionally huge )ir(p(lu(tion, and 
the exports nuiiased in ])ro- 
portion. but leaving out that 
year, and there has been a 
.steady, and foi' tlu> most part, 
rapiii increase, both in the pro- 
duction and export of Petro- 
leum. 



TElilMTOinAL GOVERNMENTS. 



Territories. 


Capitals. 

Tucson 

.Sitka 

Yanoton 

Wasliinu'lou. 
Koisc (;itv,.. 
Tuhlciiuah.. 


GOVEKNOHS. 


Tcrriiorics. 


Capitals. 


Governors. 


Ari/.nnn 

AliiNkit 

Diikotii 

Dist. (-..I'lpin 

IllHllO 

Indinn . . . 


Gen. J. C. FKMiiont. 
BriK'.Gen.J. ('. Davis. 
William A. Ilowanl. 
('(iniiiussidMi'rs. 
MnsdM BraiM.iii. 
1,1'wi.s Dowiiinn. 


.Moiitaiin 

.\iw .Mexico... 

Itah 

Wasliiiiiltoli.... 
Wyoming 


Helena 

Santa Kc 

Salt Lake City. 

Olynipia 

Cheyenne 


Benj. F. Potts. 
Gen. Lew Wallace. 
Geo. N Emerv. 
ElishH V. Kerry. 
JohnW. Heyt. 



The Governors of the organized Territories receive a salary of ?2,600 each. 



BAKES AXD SANKiyO. 



27 



BANKS AND BANKING IN THE U. S. 

NATIONAL BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

TaJile, by States and geographical divisions, of the number of hanks organized, closed 
and closing, and i)i operation, with their capital, bonds on d^]>osit, and circidaiion 
issued, redeemed and outstanding on the \st day of November, 1878. 



States and Terri- 


Banks. 


Capital. 


Bonds. 


Circulation. 


tories. 


Organ 
izcd. 


Il.Li- 
.inici- 
atic.n 


in 
Oper- 
atinn. 


Capital 
Paid in. 


Bonds on 
Deposit 


Issued. 


Redeemed. 


Outstand- 
ing. 




74 

47 
50 
242 
62 
86 


2 
1 
3 
5 
1 
4 


72 
46 

47 

237 

61 

82 


$10,660,000 

5,740,000 

8,533,000 

95,407,000 

20,009,800 

25,504,620 


$9,626,2:0 
5,769,000 
7,662,500 
72,221,950 
14 254,400 
20,323,700 


|20,538..580 $11,738,656 


S8,799 924 


New Hampshire... 


12,118,075 
18,979,000 
166,473,645 
35,026,715 
47,555,410 


6,923,328 
11,627,166 
102,777.080 
21,976,505 
29,564,017 


5,194,747 
7,352,434 


Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 


63,696,.-65 
13,0,50.210 
17,991,393 


Totals, E. States.. 


561 


16 


545 


165,854,420 


129,857,800 


300,692,025 


184,606,7.52 


116,065,273 


Xew Tork 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


340 
71 

257 
14 
34 


CO 

2 

22 

2 


280 
69 

235 
14 
32 


90,689,691 
13,858,350 
55,909,840 
1,763,985 
12,865,010 


55,766,300 

12,626,350 

46,677,650 

1,549,200 

7,821,000 


169,862,715 
29,531,520 

109,208,135 

3,432,665 

22,314,450 


118.990,888 
18,172,195 
66,960,h3D 
2,000,605 
14,614,276 


50,871,827 

11,3.59,325 

4v:,247,305 

1,432,060 




7,700,174 






Totals, M. States. 


716 


86 


630 


175,086,876 


124,440,500 


334,349,485 220,738,794 


113,610,691 


Distr't of Columbia 


11 

29 
20 
15 
12 
17 

2 
11 

2 
11 
12 

3 
55 
32 
43 


4 
11 
5 

"5 
1 

1 

2 
4 

1 
1 
7 
7 
21 


7 
18 
15 
15 
12 
12 

1 
10 


1,507,000 
3,285,000 
1,756,000 
2,551,000 
2,851,100 
2,041,000 
50,000 
1,658,000 


1,155,000 
2,529,850 
1.458,000 
1,764,000 
1,490,000 
1,925,000 
50,000 
1,621,000 


3,549,600 

7,226,270 

4,941,430 

3,986,200 

3,580.,325 

4,817,790 

59,500 

2,999,130 

66,000 

6,557,760 

1,686,420 

531,900 

18,039.495 
6,400,280 

10,947,335 


2,450,001 
4,865,578 
3,393,022 
2,272,720 
2,230,960 
2,891.381 

15,700 
1,511,142 

65,389 
4.533.224 
1 149,415 
280,307 
9,812 155 
3,832,947 
8,602,943 


1,090,599 
2,360,692 


"West Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 


1,548,408 
1,713,480 
1,349,365 
1,926,409 




43,800 


Alabama 


1.478,988 
611 




7 
11 

48 
25 
22 


3,475,000 
1,100,000 
206,000 
9,936,500 
3,080,300 
7,175,000 


1,820,000 
680,000 
205,000 
8,546,350 
2.754,500 
2,000,000 


2,024,536 


Texas 


537,005 




251,593 




8,227,340 




2,567,333 




2,344,432 






Totals, So. States. 


275 


70 


205 


40,670,900 


27,998,700 


75,380,475 


47,915,884 


27,464,591 


Ohio 


196 
115 

165 
90 
56 
99 
39 
27 
12 


34 

21 
26 
11 
18 
23 

8 
16 

2 


162 
94 

139 
79 
38 
76 
31 
U 
10 


26,986,900 
15,026,530 
17,194,600 
9,514,500 
3,315,000 
5,927,000 
4,968,700 
800,000 
1,000,000 


23,157.2.50 

12,918,-500 

9,988,500 

6,27-5,750 

2,094,500 

4,557,000 

2,679,400 

740,000 

844,000 


.56,231,270 

34,542.755 

33,,574.905 

16.2.53,190 

7,16,5,660 

12,427,740 

7,124,600 

2,813,680 

1,853,,340 


34,845.147 

22,144.156 

23.6.59.677 

10.255,860 

4,878.370 

8.038.221 

4,502,396 

1,891,161 

1,112,106 


21,-386.123 
12,398..599 




9,915,228 




5,997,330 




2,287,290 




4,389,519 




2,622,264 




922,519 




741,234 






Totals, W. States 


799 


159 


640 


84,733,230 


63.254,900 


171.987,200 


111.327,094 


60,660,106 




1 
1 
18 
4 
1 
6 
2 
2 
3 
1 


1 

5 
3 

"3 








131,700 
487,000 
1.611,920 
614,930 
197,740 
.544,420 
116,360 
591,070 
155, .530 
45,000 


128,.587 
263,100 
868,639 
545,874 
115,739 
297,871 

62,.360 
325,510 

56,530 


3 113 




1 

13 

1 
1 
3 
2 
2 
3 
1 


250.000 
1,23.5,000 
200,000 
100,000 
350 000 
125 000 
300,000 
175.000 
150,000 


2.'-.0,000 
823.000 

50,000 
100,000 
280,000 

60.000 
300.000 
110.0(10 

50,010 


223,900 




743,281 


Utah 


69,056 




82,001 




246,549 




54,000 


New Mexico 

Dakota 


265,560 
99,000 


Washington 


45 000 


... 






Totals,Pac.St.&T'r8 


39 


12 


27 


2,885,000 


2,023,000 


4,495,670 


2,664,210 


1,831,460 


Mutilt'd NotesRetir 
















1,339,674 
















Grand Totals 

Add Gold Banks... 


2,390 
10 


343 

1 


2,047 469,230,426 
9 4,.100,000 


347,574,900 
1,834,000 


886,904,855 
3,051,220 


567.252.734 
1,5-2.300 


320,991.795 
1,468,920 


Totals for all Banks 


2,400 344 


2,0.56! 473,530,426 

1 


349 408,900 


889,956,075 


568,835,034 


322,460,715 



28 BAXKS AXD BANKING. 

STATE BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES, June, 1878. 



States and Territories. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermout 

Massachusetts.. . , 

Boston 

Ehodelslauil 

Connecticut 



New England States., 



New York 

New York City. 

Albany .'.. 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia 

I'ittsburgh 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Baltimore 

"Washington 



Middle States. 



Virginia 

"West Virginia. 
North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 

Georgia 

I'lorida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana. 

New Orleans. 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Kentucky 

Louisville 

Tennessee 



Southern States. 



Ohio 

Cincinnati.. 

Cleveland.. 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Chicago 

Michigan 

Detroit 

"Wisconsin 

Milwaulioo. 

Iowa 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

St. Louis. .. 

Kan.sas 

Nebraska 



Western States 



Oregon 

California 

San Francisco. 

Colorado , 

Nevada 

Utah 

New Mexico 

WviMiiiug 

Idaho .. 

Dakota , 

Montana 

Washington 

Arizona 



No. of 
Banks 



69 

71 j 

21 ! 
i7o; 

59 
58 ! 
107! 



338! 

44:ti 
IJ 
59 i 

3131 
59 1 
37 
9 
13 
41 
10 



7' 
22 
13 
18 
67 
6 
22 
32 
3 
21 
102 
15 
74 
17 
31 



255 

21 

150' 
3191 

31 
153 

15 

89 1 

11 
287! 

77 
176 

32' 
109 

48 



PaciflcSt's (feToritor'a 
Totals 



Capital. 



192,108 

61,000 

344,167 

834.666 

3,061,397 

3,883,267 

2,840,000 



Deposits. 



Tax. 



$28,957,428 
28,309,624 
8,140,383 

157,816,812 
70,746,941 
50,028,328 
78,858,210 



On Capital. On Deposits Totals 



555j ll,llfi,005| 422,857,726 

1 1 



10,427,448 

40,700,289 

642,000 

1,741,071 

10,807,358 

2,113,756 

4,657 547 

712,578 

627,513 

4,162,516 

496,742 



77,088,818 



148,258,669 

247,964,314 

12,153,189 

19,.326,498 

29,979,015 

42,552,729 

13,727,252 

1,798.521 

559,703 

34,604,030 

3,151,613 



544,075,533 



3,281,667 
1,497,782 

588,290 

911,523 

4,317,817 

89.483 

993,270 
1,289,573 

116,000 
4,473,905; 
3,707,057 

225,576 
7,010,103 
5,288,2961 
1,769,671 ! 



6,499,580 
3,927,73 

978,018 
1,004,868 
3,948,488 

233,405 
1,813,605 
1,732,597 
48,110 
7,994,123 
4,626,420 

298,605 
6,287.262 
5,650,05' 
2,731,199 



520 : 35,559,029 47,774,074 



6,042,364 
2,022,369 

898,623 
5,091,175 
4,509,738 
3,612,908 
2,636,707 
1,108,368 
1,386,425 

729,8.53 
5,255,013 
1,510,.502 
4.124,2691 
6,576,033 
1,472,344' 

503,595 



15,952,238 

7,361,629 

12,244,967 

10,224,039 

12,472,557 

0,832,575 

4,737,722 

5,179,009 

3,714,069 

5,747,.509 

8,224,785 

3,233,693 

10,184,792 

16,387,002 

2,598,746 

1,189.250 



$188 98 
152 50 
829 33 
1,429 33 
3,826 47 
8,188 10 
5,604 82 



20,219 59 



20,290 36 

56,276 58 

706 47 

3,536 29 

25,172 82 

4,648 68 

10,284 93 

1,667 97 

962 01 

8,795 49 

513 18 



132,854 78 



7,753 09 
3,668 37 
1,470 72 
2,278 77 

10,711 49 

223 70 

2,420 69 

2,535 64 

177 50 

10,726 42 

8,744 54 

514 24 

16,656 29 

12,911 68 
4,833 85 



85,087 50 



81,253 21 

4,270 50 

4,096 57 

5,085 19 

17,694 04 

.39,.301 63 

31,271 53 



$1,442 19 

4,423 00 

4,925 90 

6,514 52 

21,520 51 

47,489 79 

36,876 35 



102,972 67 123,192 26 



100,972 62 

214,.356 85 

4,039 36 

14,587 16 

74,851 74 

01,604 26 

22,599 96 

2,031 54 

913 51 

15,740 49 

6,469 94 



518,167 43 



121,262 98 

2^0,633 43 

4,745 83 

18,123 45 

100,024 56 

66,252 94 

32,884 89 

3,699 51 

1,875 52 

24,535 98 

6,983 12 



651,022 21 



15,421 29 

9,819 28 

2,445 03 

2,428 28 

9 190 49 

583 48 

4,533 93 

4,331 42 

120 28 

15,184 95 

11,565 63 

746 48 

15,718 26 

14,125 04 

6,828 00 



1,782, 47,470,2861 126,284,766 



643,225 

9,143,129 

21,787,036 

526,190 

412.268 

190.000 

5,000 

82.794 

54,000 

78,0;t9 

133,413 

20 ,000 

85,000 



1,489,547 

17,422,175 

78,070.629 

934,915 

1,914,.583 

714,5551 

61,1801 

148,682 

16,3.-)8 

277, 927 1 

188.918 

537,450 

2.5.8851 



12,959 68 
3,388 23 
1,590 98 

11,724 36 

10,153 55 
4,892 45 
6,454 25 
1,800 91 
3,026 20 
1,669 66 

12,711 94 
3,662 4 
9,811 03 

14,.540 48 
3,441 85 
1,203 76 



103,031 80 



1,499 49 

24,733 99 

46,2.56 46 

1,315 46 

1,030 66 

475 00 

12 50 

198 69 

135 00 

195 10 

333 53 

520 00 

212 50 



113,041 84 



38,776 39 
17,295 38 
17,403 31 
21,838 78 
29,981 71 
17,043 45 
11,844 11 
11,038 32 

9,284 961 
14,368 72 
20,377 

7.9.50 .50 
2.5,461 .50 
40,967 45 

6,496 .55 

2,972 96 



23,174 98 

13,487 65 

3,915 75 

4,707 05 

19,901 85 

807 18 

6,954 62 

6,867 06 

297 78 

25,911 37 

20,310 17 

1,260 72 

32,374 55 

27,096 72 

11,061 85 



198,129 34 



293,101 91 



51,736 07 
20,683 61 
18,994 29 
33,563 14 
40,135 26 
21,935 90 
18,298 36 
12,839 23 
12.311 16 
16,038 38 
33,089 76 
11,612 97 
35,272 53 
55,,507 93 
9,938 40 
4,176 71 



396,133 71 



3.602 45 

37,946 00 

132,601 59 

2,336 38 

4.786 37 

1,786 37 

1.52 95 

371 70 

40 88 

694 60 

472 28 

1,343 62 

64 70 



217 34,148,094 101,802,804 76,918 38 186,200 09 



4,400' 205,382,8.32 l,242.794,903i 418,112 OSl 1,213,483 94 



5,101 94 

62,679 99 

178,8.58 05 

3,651 84 

5,817 03 

2,261 37 

165 45 

570 39 

175 88 

889 90 

805 81 

1,863 62 

277 20 



263,118 47 



1,631,. 595 00 



BANKS AND HANKING. 



29 



In tho following table the number of State Banks & Trust Companies •was, on the 1st of June, 
1878. 853 ; their average capital was 61'J4,347,2(52 ; the amount of their deposits, |:i'29,482,C25. 

The number of private liaukers was 2856 ; their average capital for the previous six mouths 
was $77,798,228: the average amount of deposits, $183,8;i2.995. The number of Savings Banks 
with capital was 23; amount of capital $3,237,342. The number of Savings Banks without cap- 
ital was 666 J the amount of their deposits $803,299,345. 

STATE BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. 
The laws of the United States require returns of capital and deposits to be made 
to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, for purposes of taxation, by all State 
banks, savings-banks, and private bankers. The data of the following table were 
obtained from that Commissioner. This table exhibits, by geographical divisions, 
the number of State banks, and trust companies, private bankers, and savings-banks, 
and their average capital and deposits for the six months ending May 31, 1878: 

STATE BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES. 



GEOGRArmcAL Divisions. 



New England States 

Middle States , 

Southern States 

"Western States 

Pacific States and Territories. 
United States 



No. of 
Banks. 



42 

217 

233 

296 

65 



Capital. 



Deposits. 



$8,189,517 I 
42,446,037 ! 
27,378,751 j 
20,247,869 i 
26,085,088 



$15,062,430 
122,098,847 
30,667,577 

38,877,287 
22,776,484 



124,347,162 ! 229,482,625 



PRIVATE BANKERS. 



New England States 


71 


2,8.58,688 


3,228,297 


Middle States 


916 


34,482,781 
7 298 396 


• 61,922,908 
13,683,874 
75,107,656 




280 


Western States 


1,450 


26,917,565 


Pacific States and Territories 


139 


6,240,798 


29,830,230 




TJnited States 


2,856 


77,798,228 


183 832 965 







SAVINGS-BANKS WITH CAPITAL. 



New England States 

Middle States 

Southern States 

Western States 

Pacific States and Territories. 
United States 



68,400 

160,000 

881,882 

304,852 

1,822,208 



3,237,342 



1,139,916 
1,273,145 
1,278,900 
1,931,700 
20,456,307 



26,179,968 



SAVINGS-BANKS WITHOUT CAPITAL. 



New England States 


441 
190 

3 
25 

9 




403,427,083 

358,680,633 

2,143,723 

10,308,123 

28,739,783 


Middle States 




Southern States 




Weatern States 




Pacific States and Territories 










United States 


668 




803 209 345 









SUMMARY. 








New England States 


555 


11,116,605 
77,088,818 
35,559,029 
47,470,286 
34,148,094 


422,857,726 
544,075,533 
47,774,074 
126,284,766 
101,802,804 


Middle States 


1,326 




520 


Western States 


1,782 


Pacific States and Territories 


217 




United States 


4,400 


20.5,382,832 


1.242,794.903 



30 LEGAL RATES OF INTEREST IN THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



LEGAL INTEREST. 



Alabama. — Eight percent. On usurious contracts 
the principal only can be recovered. 

Arhin^ix.— Six per cent., but parties may con- 
tract far any rate not exceeding ten. Usury for- 
feits both principal and interest 

CaHfornia — Ten per cent, after a debt becomes 
due, but parties may agree upon any rate of inter- 
est whatever, simple orcompoHnd, 

Colorado Territory.— Ten per cent, on money 
loaned. 

Cannfrtjcuf.— six per cent. Usury forfeits in- 
terest taken in excess of legal rate. 

Dalota. — Seven per cent. Parties may contract 
for a rate not exceeding twelve. Usury forfeits 
all the interest taken. 

Delaware — Six per cent. Penalty for usury for- 
feits a sum equal to the money lent. 

District of Columbia. — Six per cent. Parties may 
Stipulate in writing for ten. Usury forfeits all the 
interest. 

Florida.— Eight per cent Usury laws repealed. 
Money maj- be loaned at any rate. 

Georgia. — Seven percent. Parties may contract 
for twelve. A higher rate than twelve forfeits 
interest and excess. 

Idaho Territory. — Ten per cent. Parties may agree 
in writing for any rate not exceeding two per 
cent permontli. Penalty for greater rate is three 
times the amount paid, fine of S300, or six months 
imprisonment, or both. 

Illinois, — Six per cent., but parties maj' atrree in 
writing for ten. Penalty for usury forfeits the 
entire Interest. 

Indiana. — Six per cent Parties may agree in 
writing for anj' rate not exceeding ten. Beyond 
that rate is illegal as to excess only. 

Iowa.— Sis. per cent. Parties may agree in wri- 
ting for ten. A higher rate works a forfeiture of 
ten per cent 

Karuas. — Seven per cent Parties may agree for 
twelve. Usury forfeits the excess. 

Kentucky. — Six per cent., but contracts may be 
made in writing for ten. Usurj' forfeits the whole 
Interest charged. 

Louisiana.— Yi\o per cent, eight per cent lo&y 
be stipulated for, if embodied in the face of the 
obligation, but no higlier than eight )Hr cent 

Maine— Si-x. per cent. Parties may agree in 
writing to any rate. 

Maryland.Six. percent Usurious contracts can- 
not be enforced for the excess above the legal rate. 

J/iv;iiV/an.— Seven per cent Parties may contract 
for any rate not exceeding ten. 

jVi;in'w)(a.— Seven per cent. Parties may con- 
tract to jjay as high as twelve, in writing, but con- 
tract for higher rate is void to the excess. 

,tfiMiW;);«'.— Six per ceiit Parties may contract 
In writing for ten. Wliore more tlian ten is taken 
the excess cannot be recovered. 

,V].v»o»ri'.— Six percent Contract in writingmay 
be made for ten. Tlie penalty for usury is forfeiture 
of the interest at ten per cent. 

Montana. — Parties may stipulate for any rate of 
interest 



NebrasTsa.—Tcn per cent or any rate on express 
contract not greater than twelve. Usury jirohibits 
the recovery of any interest on the principal. 

Nevada. —Ten per cent Contracts in writing may 
be made for the payment of any other rate. 

IVewIIamp.Mre.— Six per cent A higher rate for- 
feits three times the excess to the person aggrieved 
suing therefor, 

A'ewJersej/.—Six per cent Usury forfeits all 
interest and costs. 

Neic-Mexico Territory.— Six. per cent, but parties 
may agree upon any rate. 

iVe»c- Fori.— Six per cent, U^ury is a misde- 
meanor, puni h.".ble by a fine of $1,000 or six 
months imprisonmeht, or both, and forfeits the 
principal, even in the hands of third parties. 

Iforth Carolina — Six per cent ; eight may be stip- 
ulated for when money is borrowed. Penalty for 
usury is double the amount lent and indictmentfor 
misdemeanor. 

Ohio.— Six per cent Contract in writing may be 
for eight No penalty attached for violation of 
law. If contract is for a higher rate than eight it 
is void as to interest and recovery is limited to 
principal and six per cent 

Oregnn.—Ton per Cent Parties may agree on 
twelve. 

Pennsylvania. — Six per cent. Usurious interest 
cannotbe collected. If paid it maybe recovered 
by suit therefor within six months. 

Rhode Island.— Six per cent Any rate may be 
agreed upon. 

South Carolina. — Seven per cent. Usury laws are 
abolished, and parties may contract without limit. 
Contracts must be in writing. 

Tennessee. — Six per cent. Parties may conractin 
writing for any rate not exceeding ten per cent. 

TiKTos.— Eight jier cent. All usury laws abolished 
by the Constitution. 

Utah Territory. — Ten per cent No usury laws. 
Any rate may be agreed on. 

T'en«o;i<.— Six per cent. Usury forlV'its only the 
excess. 

Tirginia.—Six per cent Lenders forfeit nil in- 
terest in case of usury. 

'Washinfjton Territory.— T&n per cent. Any rate 
agreed upon in writing is valid. 

West Uiri/ima.— Six percent. Excess of interest 
cannotbe rocoverod if usury is pleaded. 

Tl'jVonftin.— Seven per cent Parties may con- 
tract in writing for ten. No interest can be com- 
puted on interest Usury forfeits all the interest 
paid. 

Ifi/omim/ rcrrifory.— Twelve per cent, but any 
rate may be agreed upon in writing. 

Vpper Canada.— Six per cent, but iiurties may 
agree upon any rate. 

/.infer Oiii'i''<i.— Six per cent, but any rate may 
be stipulated for. 

The Currency Act of Congress limits National 
Banks to a rate of nix per cent In the District ot 
Coliunbia Congress allows a. rate of ten per cent 



BITS ly ESS FAILURES. 3| 

BUSINESS AND FAILURES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1878. 

Sported FromI>an,BaTlo^odbCo:8Seport. N^^iber Amount 

"5:if5 Alabama.. States an. Cities. rail^L. . Liabmties. 

'202 Arizona W. % ^ S'^n? 

'^^"^.^S^^ :::::::•:::::::::::::::::: I 40S 

17,058 ^'V^l^^^^f • • • • • 310 6,899,539 

2,522 ' Co?oSdo. .'.'." ^"'^"^^'^ ^i 4,700,591 

q^!? n, 7 83000 

2'??^ nr-TVr^V •••.•• 23 281500 

i;879' ^:;:[r«^Col-bia 30 320,202 

''299 SZ":::::::::::::;::::. :::::;:::•■;;-••• "' '-''''''^ 

51 ,075 i ^"^"?is . ■.■■.■.■.■.■.■.■. ■. ; ; ; ; ; 47b " " 7,672;93i 

2=; in9 ' 1 r ^' ° Chicago 362 12,926,800 

hfl ^'^'^'"^ 374 5 243 549 

?'8^q f"".*""^y 220 . 5,905756 

1 'on? i;""^"^'''''' 127 4«30 462 

is'?-2q M''''?--i 170 1,406 200 

13,329 xMaryland. Hg 2 568 986 

36,713 i Massachusetts 604 12,707,645 

Q^S-^r'at r^ ^^^°" 325 11,279,523 

qil? ^r'^'S''^" 369 6,627,709 

o,525 Mississippi 99 1.073,660 

26,878 PIi^^o^VqVV •• •• 101 1,036,416 

iOlUoiltL:'^*-"^'"^ ^'' ^'l^l'^^O 

S SSf^:;;:::;::::.:;:.:;;;;;;;;;;------- ^ ""^ 

7,587 New Hampshire iii s-i^'tqq 

19,500 New jerse? .: i ::: i i! i .i ::::::: : Jea 4,74t993 

110,600 ^'p^,V''"?-7t- • • V -1 969 15,791,084 

fi 6-^^ ' ^ i^n ^^"^ ^"""^ 863 42,501,731 

6,63t) North Carolina 89 li;059:200 

49,158 \ ^^?.- •-■■.•••.••••• 515 10,799,300 

2 fi7q ' n ^ ^^''''''''''^*' 216 7,570,311 

2,679 Oregon 13 ' ^r;^^ 

79,608 ^^""^.^'l^nia 77O 15,714,270 

5 loq ' T? wS ? 1 ^^,^l^<^^lP^ia 257 101,373, 700 

o.tJd Khocle Island ion o\oi qot 

4,593 South Carolina ■ „ I'S^I^J 

8,243 Tennessee lS J'oo^'Sq 

11,909 Texas f.^ of^^%l 

1.265 Utah 228 2,733,.25 

6,751 Vermont ' .\l iJ^VS^n 

203J5 ^«f""g^o^ Territory 3 ' ig.goo 

39! ZZT'"" 163 2,317 382 

^4 Wyoming 11 (>io50 



674,741 



Total 10,478 $234,383,132 

wn;^!,ff!f * """""^^^^ i^ tl^e number of failures and the amount of liabilities in 1878, 
Tar^ nf ^^^^V^'^''^ ^^^^^^. Prominent among these were the culmination of five 
\^^^,\^n ^^''^^TfT'''^ unfavorable weather in the winter and spring ; at- 
wS^ t^.?°i?^^V° ^^^^""^ resumption; a general decline of prices all over the 
Pffect -^ent f ^"^j/^^"^ ^^'^t'^l'"' '^"'^ *^^ ^^P^^^ ^^ ^he bankrupt law, which took 
of U, nrn!;= :. liasteued the bankruptcy of many who sought to take advantage 
of i«7^« T- i^^''- ^^sii^^Ptioi^ of specie payments in 1879. the immense crops 

01 18/8, and the cbeermg prospects for trade, give a much better outlook for the 



present year. 



32 



BATES OF POUT AGE. 

RATES OF POSTAGE 



BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN AND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

The standard single rate to Great Britain is ^2 oz. avoirdupois; to France and the Continent (by 
French Mails), it is 15 grammes, or ,'4 oz. avoirdupois. 

» Prepayment of Ui;ion Rates are optional. When not prepaid, double Rates are collected. 



DESTINATION. 



Africa, Spanish Possessions 011 Northern Coast 

AustraHa, except New South Wales and Queensland, via San Fran . 

Austria 

Azores 

Balearic Lsles 



Belgium 

Bermuda 

Canary Islands 

Carthagena and U. S., of Colombia, direct M.ail. 

Costa Rica, diivct Mail, via Aspinwall 

Cuba, direct Mail 

Denmark 



Egypt 

Faroe Islands 

Fiji Islands, direct, via San Francisco. 
Finland 



France 

Germany 

Gibraltar, British Mail 

Great Britain 

Greece 

Hay ti, by direct Steamer 

Honduras, Spanish, via Panama. 
Iceland 



Island of Malta . . . 
Island of Madeira. 
Italy. 



Japan, direct, via San Francisco 

Luxemburg 

Moldavia, Montenegro, Eoumania and Servia 

Morocco — Western Coast— Spanish Postal Stations . 

Netherlands. 

New Fouudlaud 

New Granada, direct Mail 

Nicaragua, direct Mails, Western Ports only 

Norway 



Panama, direct Mail 

Pekin, Titn Tsiu, Kalgan, and Ourga, via Germany and Russia.. 

Persia, German Mail 

Poland 



Porto Rico, direct Mail 

Portugal 

lloumania 

Russia 

Servia . . 

Shanghai, direct from San Francisco. 

Spain 

St. Domingo, direct Steamer 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tangier, via Spain 

TripolLs, Italian Mail 

Tunis, " " 

Turkey 

West Indies, direct Mail 



CTS. 

*5 
5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

5 

*5 

5 

5 

5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

5 

5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

5 

5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

*5 

5 

*5 

5 

*5 

*5 

5 



CTS. 

2 
9 



I'ostftl Union Kates. Miscellaneous Mails on next page. 



RATES OF POSTAGE. 
RATES OF POSTAGE.— Continued. 



33 



The standard single rate to Great Britain, is ^ oz. avoirdupois; to France and the Continent (by 
French Mails), it is 15 grammes, or >2 oz. avoirdupois, nearly. 

* Prepayment of Union Rates are optional. When not pre-paid, double Rates are collected. 



DESTINATION. 



Afiica, British Possessions oa West Coast, by British Mail 

Argentine Confederation, U. S. Packet, via Brazil 

Australia, New Soilth Wales and Queensland, via Southampton . . . 

Bolivia, British Mail, via Aspinwall 

Brazil, direct Mail 

British Columbia 

Burmah, German Mail 

Burmah, British Mail, via Brindisi 

Buenos Ayres, U. S. Packet, via Brazil 

Canada 

Carthagena, New Grenada, British Mail and U. S. of Colombia. . . 

Cape of Good Hope, British JMail 

Curagoa, British Mail, via St. Thomas 

Ceylon, British Mail, via Southami^ton 

Chili, British Mail, via Colon 

Costa Rica, Eastern parts of British Mail, via Colon 

Ecuador, British Mail via Colon 

Gambia, British Mail, via Southampton 

Gold Canst, British Rfail 

Guadaloupe, British Mail, via St. Thomas 

Grey town, British Mail, via Aspinwall 

Guiana, British, French and Dutch, via St. Thomas 

Guatemala, direct Mail, via Aspinwall , 

Hawaiian Kingdom, direct Mail 

Honduras, British 

Honduras, other 

Hay ti , via St. Thomas 

Hong Kong, Canton , Swatow , Amoy and Foo Chow, via San Fran 

India (Hindostan except Ceylon) British Mail 

Java, British Mail, via Southampton 

Liberia, British Mail, via Southauii^ton 

Martinique , " " "St. Thomas 

Morocco, " " except Spanish Possessions on West Coast. . . 

Mexico, by sea , 

New Caledonia and all French Colonies 

" overland 

New South Wales, direct Mail 

New Zealand, " " 

Nicaragua, (Eastern ports of) British Mail, via Colon 

Paraguay, British Mail 

Persia, via Persian Gulf 

Peru, British Mail, via Asjiinwall 

Queensland, British Mail, via Southampton 

Salvador direct Mail 

Siam, direct from San Francisco 

Sierra Leone, British Mail, via Southampton 

St. Domingo, via St. Thomas 

St. Helena, British Mail 

Straits Settlements, Singapore, &c 

Turks Island, British Mail, via St. Thomas 

Uruguay, British Mail 

Venezuela, British Mail, via St. Thomas 

Victoria 

West Indies, British Mail, via St. Thomas 

" " French Colonies, r'ia France 

Zanzibar, British Mail, via Southampton 



►J o 



CTS, 

no 

10 
15 
17 
10 
3 

*10 

10 

10 

3 

13 

*15 
10 

•10 
17 
13 
17 
10 

no 
no 

13 
10 
10 

6 
10 
13 
13 
10 
10 
10 
45 
10 
15 
10 
10 

3 
12 
12 
13 
27 
10 
10 
12 
10 
10 
10 
13 
27 
10 
13 
27 
13 
12 
13 
10 
10 



CTS. 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
1 
3 
4 
4 
1 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
2 
1 
4 
6 
6 
2 
4 
2 
4 
4 
4 
2 
4 
1 



CTS. 

4 
4 
4 
5 
4 

tio 

t 4 
4 
4 

tio 

I 6 
4 

t « 
4 

no 
no 
no 

4 
4 

4 

no 

4 



4 
3 
4 
t 4 
6 
4 
3 
4 
6 
4 
4 



+ This rate for 8 oz. Samples— No Samples exceeding 8 oz. in weight can be forwarded, t For 4 oz. 



34 BATES OF TOST AGE. 

KATES OF DOMESTIC POSTAGE. 
LETTERS. 

The standard single-rate weight is }.^ oz. avoirdupois. 

Siu'4le-rate letter, thiougliout the United States 3 cts. 

For'each additional Jj oz. or fraction 3 

Drop letters, fi iv local delivery, single rate 2 " 

Drop letters, where there is no local delivery, single rate 1 ct. 

Postal card, throughout the United States 1 

Advertised letters are charged extra 1 

These postages must be prexDaid by stamps. Letters are to be 
forwarded without additional charge, if the person to whom they are 
addressed has changed his residence, and has left proper directions 
to such effect. Letters uncalled for will be returned to the sender, 
if a request to that effect be written upon the envelope. Properly 
certified letters of soldiers and sailors will be forwarded without pre- 
payment. No extra charge is made for the service of carriers taking 
letters to or from the Post-offices. 

NEWSPAPERS. 

Instructions Issued by the Postmaster General.— 3. 1875. — Tkie 

following instructions have been approved by Postmaster General Jewell 
in relation to the prepayment of postage on paijers and other printed matter, on 
and after Mch. 3, 1875, under the act of Feb. 8, 1875. Section 5 of said act di- 
vides the matter therein described into two classes, and fixes the rate of postage 
on each as folows : On all newspaper^ and j)eriodicals issued weekly or oftener, 
two cents per pound, or a fraction thereof ; and on all those issued less frequent- 
ly three cents per pound, or a fraction thereof. Under section 6, upon the 
receipt of such matter at the mailing office, properly assorted into the two 
classes, it must be prepaid (after deducting the weight of the sack) by special 
adhesive stamps, furnished by the Department for this purpose. Ordinary post- 
age stamps cannot be used for this puri)ose, nor can these stamps be used for 
any other purpose. Postmasters will make the following deductions for the 
weight of sacks, viz.: No. 1 jute sack, 2% l^JS.; No. 2 jute sack, 2. lbs.; No. 1 cot 
ton sack, 3i^ lbs.; No. 2 cotton sack, 2^4 ^^^- O" receipt of the postage th* 
Postmaster will give a receipt from a book of blank forms furnished by tho 
Department. Tho stamps will then be affixed to the stub of the receipt, and 
canceled by i^erforatiug them with a punch, and the blank spaces in the stub 
be filled to correspond with the receipt. The stub books are to be kept per- 
manently in the office, to be ready to be produced whenever demandwl by the 
Department. The Postmaster will render promptly at the end of each quarter, 
in blank forms furnished for tho purpose, a statement of the postage collected 
from each publisher or news agent during the quarter. Those special stamps 
will be chaiged to Postmasters, and accounted for in the same manuer as ordi- 
nary postage stamps. 

Newspapers, periodicals, and c/iTulars deposited in a letter-carrier's office for 
delivery by the office or its carriers, are subject to postage at the following 
rates : On new8])apers, regular or transient, not exceeding cue once in weight, 
one cent each ; on periodicals, regular or transient, not exceeding one ounce in 
weight, one cent each ; on xteriodicals, regular or transient, exceeding two ounces 
in weight, four cents each ; circulars unsealed, one cent ; weekly newspapers to 
transient parties, one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. These rates 

must bo ]trci»aid by postage stamps affixed. Weekly newspapers to regular 
subscribers will bo five cents per quarter. Under this section, county papers 



RATES OF POSTAGE. 35 

pass by mail free to subscribers actually residing within the County, but when 
delivered at letter-carrier offices, or by a letter-carrier, they are Bubject to the 
rates of postage fixed iu the laws and regulations, page 67, section 158, namely: 
On publications not exceeding four ounces in weight, issued less Irequeutly 
than once a week, one cent for each copy, and when issued once a week, hvo eents 
additional per quarter, and live cents additional per quarter for each issue more 
frequent than once a week. An additional rate shall bo charged for each ad- 
ditional four ounces or fraction thereof. These rates must be paid quarterly 
before delivery of such matter, either at the office of mailing or delivery. When 
not so paid, postage must be collected on delivery of each copy, at transient 
rates, viz: one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof The foregoing instruc- 
tions took etfect on the third day of March, 1875, and continue in force until 
modified or superseded by the department. 

Begistration. — Letters may be registered on payment of a fee 
of ten cents, but the Government takes no responsibility for safe 
carriage or compensation in case of loss. 

Registration Fee on Packages — Prepaid at letter rates, not over 
four pounds in weight, to any part of the "United States, 10 cents for 
each package, in addition to the postage. The package must be en- 
dorsed on the back, with the name and address of the sender, and a 
receipt will be returned from the person to whom it is addressed. 

Money Orders. — All principal post-offices now receive small sums 
of money, and issue drafts for the same upon other post-offices, sub- 
ject to the following charges and regulations. 

These Orders, payable at any Money Order Post Office in the 
country, are issued at the following rates: 

On orders not exceeeing $15 lOcte. 

Over $15 and not exceeding $30 15 " 

Over $30 and not exceeding $40. 20 " 

Over $40 and not exceeding $50 25 " 

When more than $50 is required, additional orders must be 
obtained, but not more than three orders will be issued in one day to 
the same payee, at the same office. 

If a money order is lost, a certificate should be obtained from 
both the paying and issuing Postmaster that it has not been paid, 
and will not be paid, and the Dej)artment at Washington will issue 
another on application. 

If a money order is not collected within one year from date, it is 
invalid, and can only be paid by the Department at Washington on 
application through the issuing or paying Postmaster. 

printp;d matter to the British provinces. 

The regular United States rates must be prepaid, but these only 
pay for transportation to the boundary line; a second fee is charged 
on deUvery by the Provincial post-office. 

ACT OF JANUARY 27, 1873, ABOLISHING THE FRANKING rRIVlLKGE. 

Be it enacted, ^-c. That the franking privilege be, and the same is hereby 
abolished, from and after the first day of July, A. D. 187:?, and that henceforth 
all official corresi)ondence of Avhatever nature, and other mailable matter, sent 
from or addressed to any officer of the Government or person now authorized to 
frank such matter shall be chargeable with the same rates of ]iostage as ma^ be 
lawfully imijosed upon like matter sent by or addressed to other persons. 



36 



RAILROAD SYSTE2I OF THE VXITED STATES. 



RAILIIOAD STATISTICS. 

MILEAGE OF R.ilLEOADS IN OPERATION, AND ANNUAL INCEE.tSE, 1830-1878. 
IFrom Poor's Jlanmil of the liaUroadu of the United Stntes.'\ 



Years. 


M^lesin 
Operati'n. 


Annual 

Increase of 

Mileage. 


1 
Tears. 


Miles in 
Operati'u 


Ar>nual 
rucrei.soiif 
Mileage. 


Yeaus. 


Miles in 
Operati'n. 


Annual 
Increase of 
Mileage. 


1830 


23 




1847 


5,598 


668 


1864 


33 908 


738 


1-31.... 


95 


72 


1848.... 


5,996 


398 


1865 ... 


35,085 


1,177 


1832... 


229 


134 


1849.... 


7,365 


1,369 


1866... 


36,827 


1,742 


1833 ... 


380 


151 


1850.... 


9,021 


1,656 


1867.... 


39,276 


2.449 


1834... 


633 


253 


1851.... 


10.982 


1,961 


1868.... 


42,255 


2,979 


1835.... 


1 098 


465 


1852.... 


12,908 


1,926 


1869.... 


47,208 


4.953 


1836.... 


1,273 


175 


18.53.... 


15,360 


2,452 


18 0.... 


52,898 


5,690 


1837.... 


1,497 


224 


1854.... 


16,720 


1,360 


1871.... 


C0.568 


7,670 


1838.... 


1,913 


416 


1855... 


18,374 


1,654 


1872... 


66,735 


6,167 


1839.... 


2,302 


389 


1856.... 


22,016 


3,642 


1873... 


70.840 


4,105 


1840.... 


2.H18 


516 


1857.... 


24,503 


2,487 


1874.... 


72,741 


1,901 


1841.... 


3.535 


717 


1858.... 


26,968 


2,465 


1875.... 


74,658 


1,917 


1842.... 


4,026 


491 


1859.... 


28,789 


1,821 


1876... 


77,514 


2,856 


1843.... 


4,185 


159 


1860... 


30.635 


1,846 


1877.... 


79,795 


2,281 


1844.... 


4,377 


192 


1861.... 


31,2e6 


651 


1878.... 


82,483 


2,688 


1845.... 


4,633 


256 


1862.... 


32,120 


834 








1846.... 


4,930 


297 

1 


1863.... 


33,170 


1,050 


1 







Iti.s e>timate(l that there are 1,900 miles of railroad track, in double, treble or qu.Tclruple tracks, .^id- 
ngs, etc., making the total lenpth in sinsile track, January 1, 1878, 98,208 miles, and January 1, 1879, 
bout 101,000 miles. The mileage of 1878 is 2,688 against 2,281 in 1877. 



MILEAGE OF NEW RAILROADS CONSTRUCTED IN EACH STATE .IND TERRITORY FOR FIVE YEARS. 

[Frovt the HaVicay Age.] 



States, &c. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


1878. i States, &c. 


1874. 1 1875. 


1876. 1877. 


1878. 




18 






m 


22 i Mi.ssouri 


31 27 


109 S^ 36 


209 




















30 
7 


Nebra.ska 




22 


52 i 69 


55 


Arkansas 

California . . . 
Colorado 


18 

140io 
23 


185 
111!^ 
21 


49 

154 ;2 
7 


235% 

123 >6 

3)6 


Nevad.i. 


40 








71)2 N. Hampshire 
193 J^i I New Jersey.. 
'New Mexico- 

15 ilNewYork... 
6 N. Carolina .. 


45 1 1534 
39 12% 


9J4 

84 


18 
81)6 


35 
3 


Dakota 


1255^' 206 

68 13 

172>^ 26 


69M 
43 
275 


27 
269 


129)6 




19 
18 
5 


5 

"4 






16 




"42"' 


13 

'5514 
24 


62 


Ohio 


97 


Georgia 

Idaho 






36 

188K 


126 
103 
74 


Pennsylvania 
Rhode" Island. 
S. Carolina . . 


vnyi isekl ^hy> 


11994 


Illinois 


231 
209.' J 


200 
109^ 


58 
72M 
2 
9694 
76 
138 


14 


1 9 

15 1 17 


9% 

4894 16K 


Indian Ter't'y 


i Tennessee . 






736 


2194 10 


48 
61 
31J4 


84)4 


165,1^ 

86i< 

28i4 

2 


255 Ji', Texas 

169M Utah 

20 1 Vermont 


75 

59 

5 

70M 
6 


34>i 

27 

32 


3873^ 

"ib" 


168'a! 118^ 


Kansas 

Kentucky 


20 
71 
1694 
52)6 
20)2 
62 
5 


16Vi 


Maine 

Maryland 

Mas'sachus'ts 

Michigan 

Minnesota ... 
Mississippi . . 


37>i 

12 

27% 

48 

36 

27 


10 
17 
36 
30 


26 
15 
5 
46 
34 
10 




WashingtonT 


15 ■ 


56 
204 


5)6 

6 

110'6 






16^ 


j Wisconsin .. . 


102 


23 


123% 


839i 










26 


1 Total 


5,025 


1,561 1 2,450 


1,281 


2,688 



GENERAL RESULT OF RAILROAD OPERATIONS, 1871-1877. 





Miles 
Operated. 


Capital and 
Funded Debt 


Earnings. 


Dividends 


Years. 


Gross. 


Net. 


Paid. 


1871 


44,614 
57,327 
66,233 
69,273 
71,7.57 
73,508 
74.112 


52,064.027,645 
3,1.59,423,057 
3,784,543,034 
4,22l,763,.594 
4,415,631,630 
4,468.591,935 
4,508,597,248 


f403,329,208 
466,241,0.55 
.520,419,935 
.520,466,016 
503.065,505 
497,257,959 
472,909,272 


8141,746,404 
16.5,754,373 
183.810.562 
189,570,9.58 
185,.50rt,438 
186,4,52,7.52 
170,976,097 


$.56,4,56,681 


1872 


64,418,1.57 


1873 


67,120,709 


1874 


67,042,942 


1875 


74,294,298 


1876 


68,039,668 


1877 


58,550,312 







DIFFEREXCES IX TIME.— THE LA HUE CITIES OF THE WOULD. 



37 



. DIFFERENCE OF TIME. 

When it is "i2 o'clock at noon ar New York City, it -will be morning at all places 
west of New YorJi, and alieinoouat all i)lace8 east, as in the annexed table. 



Places West. 

Acapulco, Mexico. ... 
AnbiiTO, New Yolk . 

Aujiusta, Ga 

Baltminre, Md 

Burlington, N. J 

Buttalo, N. Y 

Charleston. S. C 

Chieajio, 111. 

Cincinnati, O 

Colambns,. O 

Dayton, O 

Detroit, Micli 

Dover, Del 

Ewing Harbor, O. T... 
Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. 

Galveston, Te.xas 

Geneva, N. Y 

tl arrisburg. Pa 

Uouolulu, S.I 

Eunt.sville, Ala 

Indianapolis, Ind 

Jackson, Miss 

Jeflerson, Mo 

Key West, Fla 

Kn'oxville, Tenn , 



10 It; 48 
11|50 I'i 

llj-iS 

11 49 :it^ 

ll[:)6 34 

11 40 •:.i 

11130 i-J 

11 (i 

11 18 IG 

Ills:! .v.i 

lljlftOO 
11 '23 54 
11 54 
8'3S 
10'37 8 

10 3fi .'iS 

11 47 :,3 
11 48 44 

G 24 8 
llj e 16 
11 11 44 
10 .5,5 32 
10 47 .32 
U 28 54 

lilac 28 



PLACtb \Vi8T. 



Little Rock. Ark 

Loiiisvilli". K> 

Mexico, Mex 

Milledoeville, Ga 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Mobile, Ala 

Monterey, Mex 

Monterey, CA 

Xashville. Tenn 

Natchez, Miss 

Newark, N. J 

Newbern, N. C 

New Orleans, La 

Norfolk Ya 

Pensacola, Fla 

Petersburg, Ya 

Pliiladelphia.Pa , 

Pittsburg, Pa , 

Poijit Hud.<ion, W. T.. 

Princeton. N. J 

Eacine, Wis 

Raleigh, N.C 

Richmond, Ya 

Rochester, N. Y 

Sacketts Harbor, N.T 



10 47,16 

lu[14l 4 
I0|l9 44 
11:22 45 
ll] 4 16 
111 Oi 2 

10 1 4 2 
8,48 3 

11 8 48 

10 50 26 

11 59:24 
11 47,44 

10 5G A 

11 50 4'J 
11; 8] 

11 4G 44 
11 55 2.' 
11 35j5( 
7 45 G 
11 57 26 
11 523 
11 40 ;;2 
11 46;i5 
11 44 40 
11,52,16 



I'LACEs West. 



Sacramento, Cal 

St. Augustine, Fla. . . 

St. Loui'^i, Mo 

St. Paul. Minn 

San Antonio. Tests.. 

>an Diego. Cal. 

San Francisco, Cal.. . 

Santa Fe, N. Mex 

Santa Cruz. W. I 

Savannah, Ga 

.Scarboro liar., W. T. 



8:5644 
II '29 4 
10|55|44 
1043 
10122 

Ol 7 

8!46 

951 

848 
11 31 

8:i7 



Springfiold, 111 i|o , 

TallaEassee. Fla 1117 

Tampico, Mex 10,24 

Toronto. C.W I1I38 

Trenton, N. J 11 57 

Tuscaloosa. Ala 11 5 

ITtica, N. Y 1155 

Vera Cruz, Mex 10 31 

Yincennes, Ind 11 6 

Washington. D. C 11 47 

Wheeling, W. Ya 11 33 

Wilmington, N.C 1]'43 

Wilmington. Del 11 54 

Yorktown, Ya 1149 



PLACES EAST 



Albany, N. Y 

Augusta, Me 

Bangor, Me 

Berlin, Prus 

Boston, Mass 

Constantinople, Tor. 

Dublin, Ireland. 

Edinburgh, Scotland. 
Frederictcm N. P... . 



AFTER- 

KOOX. 



M.l S. 
ll 6 
16 44 
26 56 
49 39 
11 50 
.52 
30 42 
43 21 
29 4 



PLACES EAST. 



Halifax, N.S 

Hamburg, Germany.. 



AFTER- 
NOOX. 



H.l.^L|S. 

41138 
5 35 58 



Harttord, Conn. 5 21 

4 55 41 
10 4- 
523 
144 
423 



London, England. 

Lowell, Mass 

^liddletown. Conn.. 

^lontreal. L. C 

New Haven, Conn. 



PLACES EAST. 



Paris, France 

Portland, Maine 

Providence, R.I 

Quebec, Canada 

Rome, Italy 

St. Petersburg, Rns. 
Stockholm. Sweden.. 
Vienna, Austria 



AFTBB- 

NOON. 



H.IM.IS. 

5| 5 26 
01510 

0|10,25 
OH 

5 45 59 

6 57 18 

6| 8 18 
6 ll37 



THE LARGE CITIES OF THE WOELD. 



CITLES. Population CITIES. Population CITIES. Population CITIES. Population 



London 3,533,184 

Paris 1,988,748 

Peking 1,500,000 

Canton 1,.300,000 

Constantinople 1,075,600 
New York.... 1.046,037 

Berlin 1,045,000 

Vienna ; 1,020.770 

Tokio.rteYedoj 800,000 

Foochow 800.000 

Calcutta 1 794.645 

New Yedo 780.ti21 

St. Petersburg. 670,000 
Philadelphia.. 667,226 

Bombay 644,405 

Macao 625.000 

Moscow 611.970 

Hankow 600.000 

Kou Kia L' . . . j 600.000 
Kioto. Japau..' 560,200 

Glasgow j 555.044 

-Osaca, Japan.. 533.000 
Idverpool ! 527,000 



Ningpo 

Brooklyn 

St. Louis 

Chicago 

Naples 

Hamburg 

Mam-hi-stcr... 
i;iMiiin;;ham . 

Nanking 

Anioy 

Madras 

Bru.s.sels 

Madrid 

CheFoo 

Cairo 

Lyon 

Boston 

Shanghai 

Mexico 

^Marseilles 

Dublin 

BudaPestb... 
Amsterdam . . . 



500,000 
484,616 
479.000 
460.000 
448.743 
406,014 
40(1. Odd 
400. IKK I 
4(I0.IHKI 
4011,111111 
397, .■.22 
3'^0.2:!- 
367.2-4 
3."i0(100 
349,.-,^:i 
342.815 
341.919 
.320,000 
31. ".,.'".96 
318,864 
314.66(; 
313,401 
302,266 



Leeds 

Saikio 

Lucknow. 

ShetlieU 

Ru) do Janeiro. 

Baltimore 

Milan 

Koine 

r.angkok 

r.arcelona 

W'aisaw 

Melbourne 

Havana 

I'leslau 

Bucharest 

l'..lermo 

Cincinnati 

Eiliubuigb . . 

Bordeaux 

Alexandria 

Turin 

Copenhagen 

Munich 



.OOolDresden... 

,000 ISuenos Ayres. 
,779, New Orleans. . 
,(Kio Bri.stol 



,972 
',:!54 
,976 
:,022 
i.O(K) 
,015 
,.584 
,0(KI 
,000 
0.".0 



Prague 

Bradford 

Santiago 

Benares 

J'.ellast. 

Sydney N.S.W 

I'loience 

Stockholm 

Lille 

()(!• s.sa 

Patna, India.. . 

Delhi 

.Salford 

746lSevillo 

no s.iu Francisco. 
0.".4 ]\Ionte Video.. 

770 Dundee 

000 Agra, India... 
8291 



197,295 
195,000 
191,418 
190,539 
189,949 
180,000 
180,000 
175,188 
174,394 
174,249 
167,093 
165,677 
162,975 
161.814 
158.900 
1.54,417 
152,500 
152,000 
1.50,000 
150,000 
149,720 
149,008 



88 



IMPORTS AKD EXPORTS. 



TABLE OF IMPORTS, FOREIGN EXPORTS, NET IMPORTS AND DOMES- 
TIC EXPORTS, FROM 1844 to 1878. 
The following table exhibits the Imports, Exports of Foreign Goods, net Im- 
ports and Exports of goods, the production, growth or manufacture of the United 
States from the year 1821, when for the first time, the distinction was made between 
the imports and exports of merchandize and that of coin and bullion. The fiscal 
year closed September 30, till June 30, 1843, when it closed as now, June 30. An 
additional column gives the value of our domestic exports, since 1861, in mixed 
values — gold and currency, all the other columns being in gold values. 









Foreign 
Exports 




Domestic 


Kxi'OKTS. 


Tear, 


Ending : 


Imports. 


Net Imports. 


Total 


Mix'd Values 










Gold Value. 


Gold&C'rncy 






1 


% 


$ 


$ 




Sept. 30 


1821..-. 


62,585,724 


21,302,488 


41,283,236 


43,071,894 




" 


1822.-- 


83,241,541 


22,886.202 


60,955,339 


49,874,079 




" " 


1823.-- 


77,579,267 


27,543.622 


50,035,645 


47,155,408 




" 


1824.... 


80,549,007 


25,337,157 


55,211,850 


50,649,500 




" 


,.-1825.-.. 


96,310,075 


32,.590,643 


63,749,432 


66.944,745 




•' 


182G.... 


84,974,477 


24,539,612 


60,434,865 


53,055,710 




" 


1827.... 


79,484.068 


23,403,136 


56,080,932 


.58.921.691 




" 


1828..-. 


88,509,824 


21,595,017 


66,914,807 


.50,669.669 




•' " 


1829.... 


74,492,527 


16,658,478 


57,834,049 


5.5,700,193 




" 


1830..-. 


70,876,920 


14,387,479 


56,489,441 


59.462,029 




" 


1831..-. 


103,191,124 


20.033,526 


83,157,598 


61,277,057 




" " 


1832 


101,029,266 


24,039,473 


76,989,793 


63,137.470 




" " 


1833.... 


108,118,311 


19,822,735 


88,29.5,576 


70,317,69e 




U i( 


1834 


126,521,332 


23,312,811 


103,208,521 


81,024,162 




•. 


1835.... 


149,895,742 


20,504,495 


129.391,247 


101,189,0b2 




" " 


1836.... 


189,980,035 


21,746,360 


168,233,675 


106,916,680 




" " 


1837.... 


140,989,217 


21,8.54,962 


119,134,255 


95,564,414 




" " 


1838.... 


113,717,404 


12,452,795 


101,264,609 


96,033,821 




" " 


1839 ... 


162,092,132 


17,494,525 


144,597,607 


103,533,891 




11 <4 


11-40 


107,141,519 
127,946,177 


18,190,312 

15,469,081 


88,951,207 
112,477,090 


113,895,634 
106,382,722 




" " ls-11.... 




" " 


1842... 


100,162,087 


11,721,538 


88,440,549 


92,969,996 




June 30 


1843*... 


64,753,799 


6,552,697 


58,201,102 


77,793,783 




Juue 30 


1644.... 


108,435,035 


11,484 867 


96,950,168 


99,715,179 




" " . 


1845.-.. 


117,254,564 


15,346.830 


101,907,734 


99,299,776 




" " . 


184fi ... 


121,691,797 


11,346,623 


110,345,174 


102,141.893 




" " 


1847^-.. 


146,545,638 


8,011,158 


138,534,480 


150,637.464 




1. 11 


1848.... 


154,998,928 


21,128,010 


133,870,918 


132,904,121 






1849.-.. 


147,857,438 


13,088,865 


134.768,574 


132,6t;6,955 




" " 


1850-.-. 


178,138,318 


14,951 80b 


163,186,510 


136,946,912 




" •' 


1851-.-. 


216,224,932 


21,698,293 


194,526,639 


196,0.-9.718 




" " 


1852.... 


212.945,442 


17,289,382 


195,656,060 


192.:!6H,984 




• 1 11 


1853... 


267,978,647 


17,.">:)t<,460 


2.")0,420,187 


213,417,697 




" '• 


1854.--. 


304,562,381 


2),f."i0,194 


279.712,1.87 


2.52.047,806 




" " 


1855... 


261.468„520 


'.^8,448.293 


233,020,227 


246,70-»,553 




■ 1 11 


1856... 


314,639,942 


16,378,.578 


298,261,364 


310,5.-6,330 




11 11 


1857... 


360,890,141 


23,975617 


336, 9 14.. 524 


338.9.-^5,065 




11 11 


1858... 


282,613,150 


30,886,142 


251,727.008 


293,758,279 




11 II 


1859... 


338,768,130 


20,895,077 


317,873.053 


335,894,385 




II 11 


18C0... 


362,166,2.54 


26,933,022 


335,233,232 


373,1.89,274 




11 11 


18G1... 


335,650,153 


20,64.5,427 


315,004,726 


228,699,4,-"6 




11 11 


1862..-. 


205,771,729 


16,869,466 


188,902,263 


210,688,675 


$213,069,51? 


11 11 


1863... 


252,919,920 


26,12;},584 


226,796,336 


241,997,474 


30.5,884,998 


11 11 


1864.... 


329,562,895 


20,2.'')6,94l) 


309,305,9.55 


243.977,5^9 


320,03.5,199 


■1 11 


1865..,. 


248,555,6.52 


32, 11 4,1. 57 


2n;.441.495 


201,.5,5,s',:i72 


323,743,187 


■ 1 II 


1866.... 


44.5,512,158 


14,742,117 


430,770,041 


420,161,476 


.5,50,684,277 


11 II 


1867..'.. 


417,833..-.75 


20, 6 11,. 508 


397,222,067 


332,61 8, OH:i 


438,577,312 


11 11 


1868.... 


371.624,808 


22,601,126 


349,023,682 


3.53,13.5,875 


454,301,713 


11 11 


1869.... 


437,314. 2,".5 


25,173.414 


412140,841 


318,082,663 


413,961,115 


■• 11 


1870.... 


462,377,.'jH7 


30,427,l.'-)9 


431,950,428 


420,500,275 


499,092,143 


11 II 


1871... 


.'■)41, 493,708 


28,4.".9,899 


513,033,809 


512,802 267 


562,518,651 


11 11 


1872.... 


640,338,766 


22,769,749 


617,.569,017 


501,285,371 


549,219,7191 


II 11 


1873... 


663,617,117 


28,149 511 


635.467,636 


578,938,985 


649,132,563 






( .V.t.-.,861,248 


23,780,338 


572,080,910 


629,133,107 


693,039,054 










§10,200,0.59 


§11,424,066 


•' ".... 


1875.... 


(553,906.1.'i3 


22,433,624 


531,472,529 


583,141,229 
§1.5,, 596, .524 
575,620,938 


643,094, 76T 
§15.596.524 




< 476.677 h71 


21,270,035 


455,407,836 


644,956,406 




1876 






§10..507,.563 


§10,. 507 .563 


" " .... 


1877.... 


492,097,540 


25,832,495 


406,265,045 


1 632,804, 9(i2 


676,1 1.5,. 592 





1878.... 


466,872,846 


20,83-J.738 


446,038,108 


707,771,153 


722,811,815 
§10,535,857 



* Niiin niontbc only. 
§ Addition fo llnniestic ExjKiits, Meicliaiidiso only, taken ft'oni Canadian reports. 



THD SILK INTEREST. 



39 



^ I » p-s := 



:5'n2 



o i 










40 



EDUCATIONAL. 



The Educational condition of the United States, though not yet 
what "we may hope it will be, is far in advance of that of any other 
nation. Some of the German States maintain a system of compul- 
sory education, which ensures to every child a certain amount of 
intellectual training, but this is surrounded by such restrictions that 
it is not so beneficial to the youth of the State as our more free and 
practical system of education. In our country, up to the close of 
the late war, very few of the Southern States had any thorough sys- 
tem of primary education, and many of their secondary and higher 
schools, colleges and seminaries, were very superficial; but the last 
ten years has witnessed a great advance in these respects in those 
States, and the Northern States have made equally rapid progress. 

The tables which follow, show that nearly 9,000,000 of our chil- 
dren — somewhat more than one-fifth of our entire population — are 
enrolled in our Public Schools; 246,054 in our secondary and special 
schools (these returns are so incomplete that they do not probably 
represent one-half of the actual number in attendance, the Catholic 
Secondary Schools reporting 242,000 children), the Universities and 
Colleges have 50,253 students, and the Scientific and Professional 
Schools 25,039, making a grand total of nearly 9,000,000 children 
and youth under instruction; more than 270,000 teachers are 
engaged in the work of instruction. For the purposes of this edu- 
cation, the investment in real estate, appliances for teaching, and 
libraries, is over $314,000,000; the amount of vested and permanent 
funds (largely increased by benefactions, sales of land, etc., every 
year,) is more than $127,500,000, and the annual income $108,300,- 
000. No nation in the world can make such an exhibit as this, but 
we may fairly hope that another decade will show one-fourth of our 
population under instruction, with greatly increased facilities. The 
reader will find, also, in the tables which follow, an account of the 
private benefactions made to education since 1870, and of the large 
libraries which have made such a rapid growth within the past few 
years. 



PVBLIO SCHOOLS. 



41 



STATISTICS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE TTfnTFD STATES FOR 1876. 















<w 


Numl>er of 






K 






<1 


§r; 


Teachers em- 






-a 


c>> 


ployed in 


1 


o 


1 

p. 


^ is 


1| 


r2 6 


S a 


Public School. 


STATES AND 






TERRITORIES. 

I 


<1 


f2 




u 


s§ 


<B C 












"l^oo 


•^ o 




d.a 








o 


e 


S-^ 


S-- 




£ o 










1 

02 


1' 


^l 




> 

< 


1 


£ 


Alabama 


5to2i 


406,270 


284,389 


147,340 


110,253 


86.5 


2,702 


1,297 


Arkansas 


i..21 


184,692 


138,519 


73,878 


42,680 




1,.582 


740 


Calitbruia | 


i..l7 


171,563 


1.54,406 


130.930 


78,027 


149.6 


1,033 


1,060 


Colorado 


i 21 


23,275 


16,292 


12,. 552 


7,343 


116.0 


172 


205 


Count'cticut 


4.-16 


134,976 


1 12'480 


120,189 


68,993 


176.0 


721 


2,324 


Delaware - 


T 21 


47.825 


35,878 


19,881 





140.0 


(•1 


30) 


Florida | 


6.. 21 


94,522 


70,891 


.32,371 


28,306 


132.0 


(7 


96) 


Georgia | 

Illinois 1 


G..18 
R 21 


394,037 
958,003 


354 633 


156,.394 
687,446 


96,680 








718.302 




9,288 


12,330 


Indiana \ 


fi 21 


667.711 


500,783 


502,362 


300,743 


120.0 


7,670 


5.463 


Iowa 1 


5 21 


533,903 


341.713 


384.012 




136.0 


6,500 


11,645 


Kansas j 


T 21 


199,986 


129,33] 


142.606 


85,580 


1020 


2,484 


2 899 


Kentucky 


fi. 20 


437,100 


349 680 


228.000 


159,000 


100.0 


4,236 


1,732 


Louisiana 

Maine 


6. .21 
4 91 


274,688 
221.477 


206,010 
143,960 


74,846 
157.323 






797 


700 


100,641 


117.0 


1.934 


4,475 


Maryland ■ 


5 20 


276,120 


207,090 


142,992 


69,259 


187.0 


1,129 


1,594 


Massachusetts 


5 15 


294,708 


294,708 


302,118 


216,861 


177.0 


1,169 


8,047 


]\lichi{!:an 


5 20 


448,784 


336.588 


343,619 


200,000 


138.0 


3,28S 


9.182 


Minnesota 


5 21 


218,641 


153,048 


.130,280 


71,292 


120.0 


1,372 


1,591 


Missippi 


5 21 


318.459 


222.921 


168.217 


106,894 


140.0 


2,989 


1979 


Missouri 


5.. 21 


738,431 


516 901 


394,780 


192,904 


99.0 


5,904 


3,747 


ly^ebiaska 


5 21 


80,122 


56,085 


55,423 




96.0 


1,504 


1,587 


Nevada 1 


f) 18 


6,315 


5,683 


4,811 


2.884 




35 


80 


Kew Hampshire... - 


4 91 


76,272 


55,865 


68,751 


48,288 


100.0 


503 


3,106 


New Jersey 


5 18 


312,694 


265 790 


191,731 


98,089 


194.0 


946 


2,307 


New York 


5 21 


1,583,064 


1,108.144 


1,059,238 


531,835 


176.0 


7,428 


22,585 


North Carolina 


fi 21 


348,603 


261,452 


146,737 


97,830 


50.0 


(2, 


090) 


Ohio 


6 21 


1,017,726 


757,138 


712,129 


435,349 


140.0 


12,306 


10,186 


Oregon 


4 20 


44.661 


31,262 


21,518 




105.5 


496 


457 


Pennsylvania 


fi 21 


1 222,697 


917,031 


890.073 


551,848 


lol.O 


8.585 


11,295 


Rhode' Island 


5 15 


53,316 


48,321 


38,554 


26,163 


Hti.i) 


195 


661 


South Carolina 


fi Ifi 


239.264 


239,264 


110,416 




1000 


1,773 


1,082 


Tennessee 


fi 18 


426,612 


383,950 


199,058 


136,805 


100.0 


3,125 


1085 




fi 18 


313,061 


281.754 


184,705 


125,224 




(4, 


030) 




5 20 


89.541 


67,155 


78,139 


50,023 


111.0 


667 


3,739 




5 21 


482,789 
179,897 


307,230 
134,922 


184 486 
11.5,300 


103,927 
79,002 


112.0 

92.5 


2,711 
2,677 


1,551 


West Virginia- 


fi 21 


764 


"Wisconsin 


4.. 20 


461,829 


323,280 


279,854 




149.0 


(9, 


451) 








6.. 21 


13,983,634 


10,533,055 


8,693,289 






(247, 


468) 






Arizona 


2,508 


1.881 


508 


419,180. 


6 


8 


Dakota 

Dist. of Columbia. . 


5. 21 
6. .17 


^-,343 
31,671 


.5,840 
29,133 


4,428 

18,785 






^ 




13,494 


191.0 


271 


Idaho 

Montana 


5.. 21 
4.. 21 


4.020 
3.822 


2,814 
2,250 












2,215 


1,710 


92.0 


43 


56 


New Mexico 


7 ,18 


29,312 


28,984 


5,151 




132.0 


132 


15 




4.. 16 


35,696 
8,350 


29.747 
5,427 


19,278 
6,699 


13,462 


140.0 
70.0 


220 
(2 


336 


Washington 


4.. 21 


20) 


"Wyoming 

Indian 


5.. 20 
6. .16 


1,095 


845 


1,222 
3,754 






T 






















Xotal 




124,817 


106,921 


77,922 






(1. 


839) 






Grand Totals. . . 




14,108,451 


10,639,976 


8,771,211 


1 


(249, 


307) 



* So many of the States do not return the avenige daily attendance, that the total footings 
are of no value, an'l are omitted. 



42 



PVBLIO SCHOOLS. 



STATISTICS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLSOF THE UNITED STATES, JAN.. 1876. 



STATES AND 
TEERITOKIES. 



Average 
Monthly 
Salary of 
Teachers. 



S 



Annual Expenditures of Public Schools. 



cc.=^ 



20) 



68.01 
48.00 
37.35 
00) 
30.00 



Alabama | $(27. 

Arkansas ; 

CalKornia 84.93 

Colorado 60.00 

Connecticut 70.05 

Delaware (28. 

Florida 50.00 

Georgia 1 

niinois I 48.211 33 32 

Indiana 65.001 40.00 

Iowa 136.68 28.33 

33.98 27.25 

(49.'40) 

37.00 37.00 

37.00 18.00 

41.73 41.73 

88.37 35.35 

51.29 28.19 

41.36 28.91 

55.47 55.4 

38.00 29 50 

38.60 33.10 
(100. 56) 

42.61 25.54 
67.65 37.75 

(58. 36) 

30.00 25.00 

60.00 44.00 

51.45 45.50 

41.07 34.09 

58.18 46.1 

31.64 29.21 

30.85 30.85 

(53. 00) 

45.62 25.65 
33.52 28.71 
35.03 30.77 
50.83 33.28 



Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland ... 

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Mi.ssoun 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

S'ew Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania ... 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

"West Virginia... 
"Wisconsin 



Totals. 



Arizona 

Dakota , 

Dist. of Columbia.. 

Idaho 

Montana 

Now Mexico 

Utah 

"Washington 

"Wyoming 

Indian 



Total 



Grand TutuU. 



100.00 
35.00 

113.00 
55.00 
65.00 



47.00 



100.00 
25.00 
75.00 
55.00 
57.00 



23.00 



§553, 014 

789,536 

3,390,359 

254,679 

1,592,749 

192,735 

188,952 

435,319 

8,268,.540 

5.041,517 

5,035.498 

1.042,298 

1,438,436 

699 665 

1,31.3,303 

1,376,046 

6,410,5141 

4,173.551 

1,861,1581 

1.110.248: 

3,013,595 

292,475 

146.1811 

621,649 

2,311,465; 

11,601,256 

500,000, 

8.711. 4ir 

204, 760 1 

8,798,816 

761,796 

489,542 

740,316 

244,879 

516,252 

1,215,353 

753,477 

2,308,187 



$100 
54,912 

465.955 
76,215 

220,942 



1.090..574 
700,000 

1,114.68 ( 
182.886 
111,406 
60,182 
110,725 
272,539 

1,533,142 

571,109 

208.03(1 

55,000 



a; 



a: 



34,187 
24,100 
43.622 
7,500 
20,000 



15,600 



§489,492 
259,747 

1,810,479 
102,783 

1,057,242 



327,406 

22 723 

264^244 

549,019 

2,181,927 

15,100 

1,313,515 

3.125 

2,059,465 

275,835 

22 522 

4M06 

60,081 

89,789 

97,278 

12.3,844 

371,496 



50,000 



34,100 



24,000 
29,668 
25,440 



48,650 



18,916 



28,770 



158,773 

2,000 

106,050 

11,681 



19,385 
9,233 
12,643 

48,668 
2,500 
50,000 



88,399,237, 14,710,4751825,486 



28,759 
32,602 

517,610 
22,497 
31,821 
25,473 

130,799 



99,929 



889,490 



9,985 
61,123 



28,726 
•49,568 



9,520 
4,566 
'3,456 



149,402 17,470 



5,326,780 

2.830,747 

2,598,440 

689,907 



573,144 
1,046,766 
1,035.755 



1,950,928 
702,662 
856,950 



414,827 
83,548 

424,889 
1,731,816 
7,849,667 

158,129 
4,787,964 



I 523,779 

I 750,000 

381,803 2,701,863 
31,8l5j 218,313 

254,399' 1.552,.583 



107,724 



971,854 
949.4.57 
892,620 
113,208 



42,339 
126.144 
307,313 



994,745 

247,755 

80,000 



4,640,825 
3a3,284 
369,685 
582,918 
630,334 
440,536 
726,300 
541,359 

1,350,884 



46,448,787 



18,046 
209,368 



33,921 
15,432 
130.800 
54,720 
16,400 



89,2t<8.727: 14,859.x77i842.9.""><) 47.027.474 



167,039 

18,030 

53,721 

30,780 

1,569,662 

8,445 

1,391,704 



2,557,587 
77,059 
34,554 
42,420 
26,588 
82,089 

151,150 
47,4.57 

241,777 



8.268,540 

4.530 204 

4.605,749 

1,020 101 

1,559,452 

699,665 

1.313,303 

1,641,047 

7.000,000 

3,516,7.-'2 

1,158,447 

1,040,600 

3,000,000 

928.188 

124,301 

742,8.54 

2,340,985 

11,601,256 

300,000 

7,651,956 

215,707 

9,363,927 

764,643 

426,461 

703,358 

726,236 

625,0.57 

1,023,396 

715,160 

2,006,375 



11,893,524 -5.526,912 



4,572 
86,568 



24,151 
32,603 

366,579 
17,2.0 
67,147 
18,890 

183,818 
54.720 
16,400 
99,000 



94,598' 886,528 



11.988.122 86.'I07.440 



FVB/ lC schools. 



43 



STATISTICS OF THE PUBLIC XiCHOOLS OF THE UNITED S lATES, JAN., 187(j, 



STATES AND 
TERRITORIES. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Greorgia 

Hlinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Lonisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire.. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

"West Virginia... . 
"Wisconsin 

Totals 

Arizona 

Dakota 

Dist. of Columbia 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

"Washington 

"Wvoming 

Indian 

Total 



Granil Totals. 






3,898 
2,134 

2,ino 

17-2 
1,656 

369 

796 
3,669 
11,451 
9,307 
9,528 
3,715 
4,894 
1,032 
4,180 
1,846 
5,551 
5,702 
3,085 
2,275 
7,325 
1,805 

115 
2,223 
2,948 
11,781 
4,020 
11,834 

859 
17,092 

739 
2,347 
3,125 
3,898 
2,800 
3,885 
3,245 
5,260 

162,951 

11 

296 

47 

53 

76 

138 

296 

219 

13 

163 




; 4.126,56a 



t Nominal, not much ovar 3 per cent, now available. \ T'-e benefaction to education in 1874. 
were «6 053.304; in 1873, 111, 220,977; iu 1872, S9,9,-)7,494; in 1871, §8,435,990; making a total in tive 
years of 139,800,327. 

In 1876 there were 3,682 Public Libraries in the U. S., with 12,276,9&4 volumes. 201 contained over lO.OOO 
volumeseach; 78ovcr 20,000; 52 over 30.000; 29 over 40,iXt0, anil 19 over 50,000 volume.s. The liirjiest arc: 
Library of Congre.ss, 300,000; Boston Public Library, 199,869; Harvard University, 227,650; Astor. 152,446; 
Mercantile, N. Y.. 160,613; Mercantile. Philadelphia, 125,163; House of Representatives, Wasliint'ton. 125,- 
00U-. Yale College, 114,200; Boston Athenaeum, 205,000; Pliila. Lib. Co ,104,000; N. Y. State, at Alban."-, 95,. 
000, and several others rapidly approaching 100,000. Permanent endowment funds, about $15,00:1,000. 
Amount invested in buildings, grounds, books, manuscripts Ac. , $40,000,000, at least. Amount invested 
in Academies of Design, Art Collections. Archa>o'o y. Natural History and Science (of which there ar» 
nearly l^"") , aggregates from $15,000,000 to S.O.OOO.OiX). 



44 



SECOSDARY AXD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS. 



SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 
After our Public Schools, ot which \\e have ,tjiveii such full statistics in the pre- 
ceding tables, some schools of .secondary or superior instruction, which under a 
variety of names, form the connecting links between the piiblic school and the 
college or university. Some of these are private schools but somewhat permanent 
in character; they may be schools for boys, or for girls, or both; other-i rank as 
academies, high schools or seminaries; others still, are i^repaiatory schools for Ihe 
college course; others still as schools of superior instruction lor women, Female 
Seminaries, Colleges, Academies, or Collegiate Institutes. Still another class, are 
Commercial ur Business Colleges. There are also Normal Schools or Colleges, 
sometim ;s private, sometimes State or Citv institutions, intended for training 
teachers— and schools of special instruction f^r deaf mutes, blind, feeble minded, 
<3rphaus and juvenile offenders. The character of these schools is so diverse thai 
we cannot bring them under a table, showing the number in each State, but we 
give below the aggregate number of each class in the entire country, with such 
particulars as can be collected concerning them, premising that a considerable num- 
ber are not re]3orted in any year, 



CLASSES OF 
SCHOOLS. 


o 

o 

d 

i5 


"3 

a 

d 


s 

s 

d 





'S, 

3 

d 


3 

£ 

d 
^5 


Value of BuildinRs 
Grounds and Ap- 
paratus. 


8890,850 

35.550 

2,315.543 

1,062,593 

778,650 


' 
^ & '3 — 

p.- 3 j: 

COS" 

$23'., 1 18 

4.735 

214 230 

72.782 

60,699 


"5 

ll 
3 

§1,144,632 

900,12^ 

1,255,166 

•156,776 

1,259,411 

684,071 


c 

CJ 

q . 
3 >> 

>a 

d 


Schools* Acad. Boys. 
Schools & Acad. Girls. 
Schools, Boys <fe Girls. 
Preparatory Schools. 

Scliiiols.Acaiis. Sem.Col. 
iCol. IHS. for Buperior 


215 

31 i 
617 
102 

222 

137 
131 

95 

41 
29 

9 
47 

207 


830 

510 

1,239 

(7 

585 

(I.O 

(5 
(2 

(2 
(4 

(3.1 
367 

Cl.3 


152 
1,943 

1,407 
46; 

1,592 

i6) 

94) 
98) 

71) 
3" 

28) 


15.793 
22.375 

70.067 
12,954 

23,975 

29,105 
26,109 
2,809 

5.087 
2,054 

1.372 
10,670 

24,584 
246,654 


15,676 
36,978 

(12. 

12.924 

(26, 

(2, 

2,795 

(2, 

816 

8,111 
10,656 

{246, 


117 
21,918 
33,oS9 
954) 

23,975 

16,181 

100) 

809; 

2,292 

054) 

556 
2,559 

13,928 


$7,268,600 
6,175,605 

12,193,362 
4.815.257 

10,805,100 


114,816 
122,885 
206.316 
86,488 

217,023 

96,103 
19,6c-' 


Cora. & Bu.siiiess CoL 


















Spec: AL Instruction— 
SchoolsforD<'at Mutes 
Schools lor the Blind. 
Schools, feeble iiiind- 


6.136,815 
3,893.467 




1,049,524 
551,786 


^'8^;:i1 

242,514 
1.145,315 

3,035,453 
12,132,913 


;C,o^o 
■--,498 


Reform Schools 






Earn'gs 


- 85 


Orphan ARvlums, Sol- 






Asylums & luilus. Schools 










Grand Totals 


2,163 


(14.0 


60J 


654) 


51,288,406 


5,083,186 


2,264,202 


: 145,671 



IV. SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 

There still remains, to complete our sunim.ary review df the Kducational institutions oi" Mils 
country, .some account of the Scientific and Profes.siouMl Schools or Institutions of the United 
States. The Scientific Schools are of two classes. Those organized under the law n. '.iking 
grants of land to Auricultural Colleges, and receiving the avails of these grants, and those not 
receiving these avails, but endowed by State or private niunifieence. The Theological Seinina- 
ries and institutions can be classed under a single head, though .some of tln-iu are C"nneoted 
with Colleges or I'niver.sities, and others are indepeiuleiUi of these; sume have ;; couiseof 
classical study, and other.s are confined to theological stmlies exclMsively. Tl." I^aw Schools 
come under a'sinijle head, but tlu^ IMediial Schools ar(( divided into Keguhir lioiiHeopatbic nv.d 
Eclectie, and the Dental and Pliarinac, uti< al Schools ari' also classi'd witli them. We give 
herewitii such statistics as can be obtained of all these S(;ieiitilic and V'.v.fes.sional Schools. 



CLAS.SKS OF smooths 

OB INSTITUTIONS IN 

UNITED STATES. 


»'- 

4:1 
:.i 
12:1 
4.1 

6.'. 
11 
4 

\1 
M 


u I- ^ 

i g £ 


3 c 


l! 

(4. 

12, 

5,234 

(2, 

(T, 
(6 
(.1 

(4 

(9 




<5a 




,- u 3 

K i Cm 
> .= < 


? 'f 

|ii 

si 


ill 








I. SOIKNTIKICSOIIOOI.B 

A— Schools eii.towi-il 

from AKrlciilturnt Ki'ril 

n— Not thus (.iKlowc'l 


659 
21 9 
fit.'. 
224 

809 

36 

us 

r.fi 


4.919 

2,2.18 
r..231 
2,677 

7,r,lK 
6G4 
89fl 
469 
922 


9t9l 

2aa 


946 

611 


3,971 
1,629 


6,943,109 

1,S20,03{I 

6,26».ll.'. 

4,',,000 

2,4'.7,9r.O 
4f0.4O0 
216.000 
6H ,000 

ltl,7r,o 


r.,ri9i.i2e 

l.(;t7,733 

K,4l.'..601 

68,201 

160. 2*6 
60.000 


403.97.'. 
llM6c; 
6r.2.61'.i 
17,69.', 

12.671 

3,100 


e42.34S 

22>,3.".C 

' 70,639 


1 ,1'.0 

216 


93.6ia 

60,19« 
590.177 


III Law Huhooi.b 


677 

64 1 
U«) 
69) 
221 






52,811 


IV. Mkdical Schools 
A— Ri-eulur Practice 
K — llom<Bop«tlilr 






57,390 






46.1741. ... 

2li.42« 

49.23R 

26. Ml 


4. ISO 






1.400 












1.513 


.Schooliof PlmrniHcy.. 






39. .'.JO 


3.20.'. 


7.760 








■roiiiis 


»'in 


S.7r,9 


jr.. 039 


fS'.. 


039, 


I.. '.117 f. 600 


t9,409.3f.4 


If.. 942. 479 


l.iu.Rni 


1.SI07 394 


• T7 4:'.o 



In moat of the Theological .ScIiooIh, the tuition is provided for by endowment niul is tree Tho Scliol . 
fln!'ip» of the Bcienllflc Kchoolg cover the tuition; there are also Irec 8cholar8liii)S la some ol tlic 
Medical ScImoIs— usually the rcmiUof Sin to grants. 



vxivehsities and colleges. 



JO jdciuin\ 






. o' o'vo' M tC 1- 



-spun^ 
(lnisjM[0q3s 
JO ^uuouiY 



Q o ( 



mojj aiuooui i « ' 



I C^sT) OO CO 00 ( 



TO Cj^-T-rrot^t^t^" 



■spun J 8^5? 

U10.1J aiuooui I ^ JJ'o 



o o ovo -r I'' t^ 



o u"i ^r o 00 ox» "t-COO ocooo — c^ 
— ' tC cr, tCoo' ir.od c^-vo i^ CO CO vn t-T c^ 



■splltlj 
OAiianpiijj I 
JO junouiy I , 



^8 8 ?'5S8J 

)' -r\D OO CO U-^0 ( 



> o o o o t^ 



puB spunoao 
'sSuipiiiia 
JO oniBA 



^C^O OvO -1-L 



I o "".00 o q c< 00 c 00 o^ 
?3 i^^ 2 cC ^ ov t^ o (» 

r c^ C0\0 rj- q vo « CO c**^ M. 



^COCSVO Ci O^-^*^ 



s -sjuapnig 



■S}U9pn}g 

OIBK 



?&ss 



.*« O^N^O^O 0^<' 



pUB 

Bjossajojj 



I eO t^vo t^vO l^C7\'-VO CON OO 



' CO CO^O P» c^ c 



■pJlJISSBIO 

}0U siiiapmg 



•sjuapms 






•siuapmg 
aiBK 



•saaqoBax 
puB 

sjossajoj,! 






00 o tno 't'^-1-o irieo"^ cy«\o •* 



■sjuaprng JO 



o q' 3 "'^^ "* 



C^ C^ -TOO .'l-OO CO CO (3^ t-^ ^ T C 



I iTjt^OO — o^.- ir. O u"o^c 



•SJOJDIl.HSUI 

puB^iossaj 
oj J OfjaiouAi 



1 U-, M .^J- C^OO « 00 < 



' 8"! 



•saaauoo¥sau 
-isjaAtuiijo-o>j 



^TtcOCON t-tvDCO OvoO VO ^t^O < 



- CO\o 0^ « VO tH w COOO < 




46 



RELIGIOUS STATISTICS, 1878-9 



a V- y_ 3 s = g. 

£ K C o "■■ - ° 



g ^ p » p y. o 

5' "-Q ? $ ^ ^ 

■^ a> f' P ° a a 

c "5 *< _c £.^ 
a »' C O _ ^- 5. 

?£|.|lii 

p S £ s: £ » o 
ffi 2 - ij"^ 5' 5 

P <r(- ^ M g p g 

Hfflll 

p 2^ ? 2 S"!= 

— J O * "' P,Q 

■^ p ^2 —^2. 

S'^^p'^g-a 

5-cs:-°cp' 

(5 p 3 ^ai ^ 
S- — ° „-• i 
p-< "^ S P "■ 

^ £ = — ^ ^ 

o • '05 o 

t^ ^ N^ '^ ^' 

S o " S E 3' 

SB" gS." 

i S = -• 5 :? 

B'^ ::!=-" 

»»?■'■ r-~ 



5^„ cr_'-- -» 



5 " :: — 72. 

" O o -'_'" 

o — =: 1 ^ '^ 

mill 

oTS O T = » 
C S "2 -: H.2 
ty=^s c S ~ 



0^!?^ 




t< 



ir.'r 









cc: ?;t=^ 



00,5. 



C2 



iy: o' (> p c- ■ 
re ;:: cc ►— 'I ; 



a - c- c -ts • 

^^"^ ^: 

** ~ =^ r/- - 

s:c5-?^= ; 

oc c a ^ Hj , 



0000 



Archbisbops 
Bis.Supts.Ac 






00 tii 00 -o H- ?;: • 



h^ :5 h^ W iO W ■ ^ Ul 



01 H^ W W OL • 



Clergyraeii. 



Dioc's, Syn'd 
Conf. Classes 
Associations 
Presbyt's. Ac 



>^tS ^ O 00 "V !0 Ut O ^'^"i^ "" 

.fe W CJ oi -J ct c= o io o -i: *. t^s ty :-i =; O CO J3 .J p CC ;^ *; iO "ll 



Churches, 
Congregat'ns 
and Parishes 



ti ti Sf^s'^^s'''P^y' 



OO^ODOCCO— ^H-:iO~4ig0000'J30^ — ~ — *-^'-'^'^'*' 



Church Edi- 
fices. 



»5 CT O w ^ ^ -T -J I 



l_i CO K^ h-i IC — O O li « CT II C-1 4- >0 CI ts — ^ -J i-T rJ *" . 

c: 3 S 3 ti -1 i5 >i cS a — Sjx_(i icj--jxij->.-'_Gc_-J_p>ii=i^i» 

£!^ = =:^r-^;=-i£^ — ii-:;oo--!tiooo-.coii{acc»o 
o o o £ o g £ r o V. 5 -~ g 5 ci i: c o o o o o -^ -t- o 



Number of 
Sittings. 



OOO^-^IOOCT 



o o o o VI o tij r^ if; 

000000 OD Geo 



o t; o: ■— 1— VI li- m"— -j -^ -i j^ o 

00 I— o o c;i .*- w'lju^j-^ c^_cc oc j**^ J— JO --J^t*.' -' jiJ .^yi j^j3 

1-i"-j"KS"rf:."cX) ic''>fc">«»"'»ii''o''o'i,-! OC y C-. li o cc p GC v; •— o 



>— M o ~ *- — -* 



. o. -i VI o o .i- ; 






ii v; cx> iJ -J o 
. c. g — ^ ^ o 






f O O C^ "_' 



000000: 



, j_iM ^ JO l-J-O 

' (i — ^ T' ^ -1 VI ii — t' it 4- 5- -■ — - - - 

; - — ,— - ) > I -X- — jr. y I y i — j-i -J y: g p _-J ji- Jo cc 

; v; vi ^' ? it = — — o il "i o o vi — vi k; o o = 
C"^ o ^ g o t» ~. o ^ -.j VI o * .-i cc v : 1 ^ v: o o 

4^ C5"ffi'obt w"*. oc"co co'-' o'-^'o vi'vi"^ -^0 rrSEKS'SSE*; 
Soin*:Sv, ooviScca— V" 00 vi w o .-j c^ jJ^o) vi w wo jo 
"o o"— "1 ■■■,'-'■•'-■,. '^'r .rcciv; vt'o v: J- o v; to v; VT to v» *. m if^ 

O O !• -"i - - ," = -" ii — iO *r O 5 O O O »i O VT O O 4i 10 2 VI 

o og o £ £ '•-, £ £ v^ 5 jSS^o ocoooooooovicio 



Communic- 
ants.orMeui 
b'rsofChur 
ches, Cong's 
or Parish"*. 



Adherent 
Population. 



Value of 

Church 

Property. 




UICiOOOOOJOtOtOOVTCOCCl* 



N'cwsp'crs &. 
^-'^'^x I'eriodic'lsoli 
Ucuoiu's 



CEXSTTS OF THh trxiT£.u STAiJSS. 

CENSUS OF 1870. 



47 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.— GENERAL XATIYITY AND FOEEIGK 

PARENTAGE. 



[From tlic Repoi t of the Siiperiiitendeut of the Census.] 



STATES AND 
TERRITORIES. 



Total TT. States. 
Total States 



Alabama 

Arkansas ... 
California . . . 
Conuectlcut. 

Delaware 

Florida 

Geor^a 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 



Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine , 

Maryland 

Massachnsetts . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. . 

New Jersey 

New York". 

North Carolina. . . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennslyvania . 

Rhode I.slana 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 



Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia 
«\'iscon8ln 



Cotal Territories. . 



Xrizona 

Oolorado 

Dakota. 

Di»t. of Columbia. 

Idaho 

Montana 

New-Mexico 

Utah 

Wa.shingt«n 

Vvomina 



38,558,371 



3S,115,64] 



996,992 

484,471 

560,247 

537,454 

125,015 

187,748 

1,184,109 

2,539,891 

1,680,037 

l,194.n-jn 

364,3!I9 

1,321.011 

726,915 

626,915 

780,894 

1,457,351 

1,184 059 

439,700 

827,922 

1,721,295 

122,993 

42,491 

318,300 

906,096 

4,382,759 

1.071,361 

2,665,260 

90,923 

3,521,9.51 

217,3.53 

705,600 

1,258,520 

818,.579 

330,551 

1,225,163 

442 014 

1,054,670 



442,730 



9,658 
39.864 
14.181 
131,700 
14,9<)9 
20,595 
91,874 
86,78(i 
23,955 
9,118 



32,991,142 



32,642,612 



987,030 

479,445 

350,416 

423,815 

115,879 

182,781 

1,172,982 

2,024,693 

l.i)39,16:i 

989.32f' 

316,007 

1,257,613 

665,088 

578,034 

697,482 

1,104,032 

916,049 

279,009 

816,731 

1,499,028 

92,245 

23,690 

B88,689 

717,153 

3,244,406 

1,068,.332 

2,292,767 

79,323 

2,(176,642 

161,957 

C97,.532 

1,239,204 

756,168 

283,396 

1,211,409 

424,923 

690,171 



348,530 



3,849 
33,265 

9,366 
3)15,446 

7,114 
12,616 
80,254 
56,084 
18,931 

5,605 



5,567,229 



5,473,029 



9,962 

5,026 

209,831 

113,639 

9,130 

4,967 

11,127 

515,198 

141,474 

204,692 

48,392 

63,398 

61,827 

48,881 

83,412 

353.319 

268,010 

160,097 

11,191 

222 267 

301748 

18,801 

29,611 

188,943 

1,138,353 

3,029 

372,493 

11,600 

545,309 

55,390 

8,074 

19,310 

62,411 

47,1.55 

13,754 

17,091 

364.499 



94,200 



5,809 
6,599 
4,815 

16,254 
7,885 
7,979 
5,620 

30.702 
5,024 
3,513 



1860. 



31,443,321 



31,183,744 



964,201 
435,450 
379.994 
460,147 
112,216 
140,424 

1,057,286 

1,711,951 

1,3.50,428 
674.913 
107,206 

1,155,684 
708,002 
62H,279 
687.049 

1,231.006 
749,113 
172,023 
791,305 

1,182,012 

28,841 

6,857 

326,073 

672,035 

3,880,735 
992,622 

2,339,511 
52,465 

2,906,215 
174,620 
703,708 

1,109,801 
604,215 
315,098 

1,219.630 
376,688 
775,881 



259,757 



34,277 

4,837 

75,080 



93,516 
40,273 
11,594 



27,304,624 



27,084,592 



951,849 
431,850 
233,466 
379,451 
103,051 
137,115 

1,045,615 

1,387,308 

1,232,144 

568,836 

94,515 

1,095,885 
627,027 
590,826 
609,.520 
970,960 
600,020 
113,295 
782,747 

1,021,471 

22,490 

4,793 

305,135 

549,245 

2,879,4.55 
989,324 

2,011,262 
47,34-J 

2,475,710 
137,226 
693,722 

1,088,575 
560,743 
282,355 

1,201,117 
360,143 
49S'954 



220,0,32 



31,611 

3,063 

62,596 



86,793 

27,519 

8,450 



4,138,697 

^,099,152 

12,.332 

3.600 

146,.5a8 

80,696 

9.165 

3,309 

11,671 

324,643 

118,284 

106.077 

1£,691 

59,799 

80,975 

37,453 

77,529 

260,100 

149,093 

58,728 

8,5,58 

160,541 

8,351 

2,064 

20,9.38 

122.790 

1,001,280 

3.298 

328,^9 

5,123 

430..505 

37,394 

9,986 

21,226 

43.422 

32,743 

18,513 

16,545 

S76,9i57 



39,545 



2,666 

1,774 

12,484 



6.72.) 
12.754 
3,144 



48 



CENSUS OF THE VNITED STATES 



POPXTLATION OF ALL THE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



fThia tahle- has leeu carefully compiled from the census (official copy) of 1870. It embraces 
all (be cHics lotumed as such, with a few that apprsar to have been omitted as cities 
distinctively. 



States and 
Cities. 


Total 
I'opuiation. 


ilahania. 

Eufaula 

Huntsville 

Mobile 

Montgomery .. . 

Solnia 

Talladega 

Tuscaloosa. 

Tuscumbia 


3,185 
4,907 
3-2,03-1 
10,588 
6,484 
1,933 
1,689 
1,214 


Total 


6-2,034 
12,380 

5,728 

4,738 
10,500 
16,283 

2,300 
149,473 

9,089 
10,066 


Arkannas. 

Little Rock 

California. 

Los Angeles — 

Marysville 

Oakland 

Sacramento, 

San Diego 

Sau Francisco . 

San Jose 

Stockton 


Total 


208,177 

18,969 
37,180 
6,923 
50,840 
16,653 
10,826 


Connecticut. 

Bridgeport 

Hartford 

Middletown 

New Haven 

Norwich 

Waterburv .... 


Total 


141,391 

4,759 

30,841 

11,384 
109,199 


Colorado. 

Denver 

Delaware. 

Wilmington 

Dist. of Columbia. 

(ieorgetown 

Washington. 


Total 


120,583 

6,912 
3,347 
1,717 
2,023 


Florida, 
•lacksonville . . . 

Pensei ola 

St. Augustine. . 
Tallahassoo 


Total 


13,999 

4,251 
21,789 
15,389 

7,401 
10,810 

2.750 

2,748 
28,235 


■Jeorgia. 


Atlanta 

Augusta 

Columbus 


Milledgeville. . . 


Savannah 


Total 


93,373 

995 

869 
599 


Idaho. 

lioiw! City 

Idahr) (Jity 

Silver City 


Total 


2,4H3 

8,665 
2,8-25 
1,269 

11,162 
8,146 

14,.590 
2,003 
6,267 
3,308 
3,190 
4.625 
298,977 
4,751 


/ Uinoig. 
Alton 


Amboy 


Aurora 

Belleville 

Ithxiniington .. . 

littuhuell 

Cairo 


Canton 

('imtrslia 

(Champaign 

'.'hlCACO ... 

JJauvilU... 



States and 
Cities. 



Illinois. — cont'd. 

Decatur 

Dixon 

Elgin 

El Paso 

Freeport 

Galena 

Galesburg .... 
Jacksonville. . 

Joliet 

La Sallo 

Litchfield 

Macomb 

Mendota 

Monmouth . . . . 

Morris 

Mound Citv. - . 

Mt. Carmel 

Olney 

Ottawa 

Pekin 

Peoria 

Peru 

Quincy 

Kockford 

Rock Island. . . 
Shelbyville . . . . 

Springfield 

Sterling 

"Watseca 

Waukegan 



Total 
Population. 



Total 

Indiana. 

Ctlumbia 

Connors ville.. . 
Crawfordsville . 

Evansville 

Fort Wayne... 
Frankliu'City.. 

Goshen 

Greencastle 

Indianapolis . . . 
.Tetl'ersouville. . 
KendalU-illo. .. 

Latayette 

Laporte 

Lawrenceburg 
Logansport. . . . 

Madison 

Michigan City. 
New Albany.. 

Peru 

Richmond 

Seymour 

Shelbyville. . . . 
Sovith-Bend . . . 
Terre Haute .. 

Vali)arai.so 

Viiicennes 

Wabash City.. 

Total 

Iowa. 
JJurlington. . . . 
Cedar Falls. . . . 
Cedar Rapids.. 

Clinton 

Council Hlufl's. 
I)aven])ort . . . . 
I)es Moines . . 

' Dllbu<|MH 

Kairlield 

Fort Dodge . . . 
Fort Madison . 
Glei" wood . .... 



7,161 I 

4,055 

5,441 

1,564 

7,889 

7,019 

10,158 
9,203 
7.-2G3 
5,200 
3,852 
2,748 
3,546 
4,662 
3,138 
1,631 
1,640 
2,680 
7,736 
5,696 

«2,849 
3,650 

24,052 

11,049 
7,890 
2,051 

17,364 
3,998 
1,551 
4,507 

"571 ,0-21 

1,663 
3,496 
3,701 

21,830 

17,718 
2,707 
3,133 
3,227 

48,244 
7,254 
2,164 

13,506 
6,581 
3,139 
8,950 

10,709 
3,985 

15,396 
3,617 
9,445 
2,372 
2,731 
7,206 

16,103 
2,765 
5,440 
2,881 



228,983 

H,9.30 

3,070 

5,940 

6,129 

10,0-20 

20,0.(8 

12,035 

18,434 

2,2-26 

3,0<)5 

4,011 

1.291 



States and 


Total 


Cities. 


Population. 


Iowa — continued 
Independence . . 


2,945 


Iowa City 


5,914 


Keokuk 


12,766 


Lyons 


4.088 


Maquoketa 


1,756 


Marshalltown . . 


3,218 


McGregor 


-2,074 


Mu-scatine 


6,718 


Oskaloosa 


3,204 


Ottumwa 


5,214 


Sioux City 


3,401 


VV aterloo 


4,337 


Waver ley 


2,291 


Wiuterset 


1,485 


Total 


160,638 


Ka7isas. 




Atchison 


7,054 


Baxter Springs. 


1,284 


Emporia 


2,168 


Fort Scott 


4,147 


Lawrence 


8,320 


Leavenworth . . . 


17,873 




2,941 




1,811 


Topeka 


5,790 


Wyandotte 


2,94« 


Total 


54,355 


Kentucky. 




Covington 


■24,50J 


Frankfort 


5,336 


Henderson 


■im 


Hopkinsville ... 


3,136 


Lexington 


14,801 


Louisville 


100,7.53 


Maysville 


4,705 


Newport 


15.087 


Owensboro 


3,437 


Paducah 


6,866 




2,655 






Total 


185,512 


Louisiana. 




Baton Rouge... 


6,498 


Donaldsonville . 


1,573 


New Orleans... 


191,418 


Slireveport 


4,607 


Total 


-204,096 


Maine. 




Auburn 


6,169 


Augusta 


7,808 


Bangor 


18,289 


Bath 


7,371 


Belfa.st 


5,278 


Biddeford 


10,282 


Calais 


5,944 


Hallowell 


3,007 


Lewiston 


13,600 


Portland 


31,413 


Rockland 


7,074 


Total 


116,235 


Maryland. 




Annapolis 


5,744 


Baltimore 


267,354 


l''rederick 


8,526 


llagerstowu ... 
Total 


5,779 


287,403 


Massachusetts. 




Boston 


250,526 


Cambridge 


39,634 


Charlostown . . . 


28.323 


Cliol.sea 


18,547 


Fall River 


26,766 


Ilftverhlll 


13.093 



CENSUS OF THE VNITED STATES 



49 



POPULATION OP ALL THE CITIES OF TEE UNITED STATE.^. — ( ontinili^f^. 



States and 
CinEs. 



ilass. — continued 

Lawrence 

Lowell 

Lynn 

New Bedt'ora.., 
Newbiiiyijort . . 

Salem 

Springfield 

Taiinton 

Worcester 



Total 
Population. 



Total 

Michigan. 

Adrian 

Ann Arbor . . . 
Battle Creek. . 

Bay City 

Bifj Rapids 

Coldwater 

Corunna 

Detroit 

East Saginaw 

Flint 

Grand Haven . 
Grand Eapids. 

Hillsdale 

Holland 

Jackson 

Lansing 

Lapeer 

Manistee 

Marshall 

Monroe 

Muskegon 

Niles... 

Owaaso 

Pontiac 

Port Huron. .. 

Saginaw 

St. Clair 

Wyandotte ... 
Ypsilanti 



Total 

Minnesota. 

Duluth 

Hastings 

Mankato. . . . 
Minneapolis- 
Owatonua.. . 
Red Wing... 
Rochester. . . 
St. Anthony. . .. 
St. Cloud..'.. 
St. Paul .... 
Winona 



Total 

Mississippi. 

Columbus 

Grenada 

Holly Springs.. 

Jackson 

Macon 

Natchez 

Ticksburgh 



Total 

Missouri. 
Cape Girardeau 

Chillicothe 

Hannibal 

Independence . . 
Jefiferson City. . 

Kansa.s City 

Louisiana 

Macon 

St. (Charles. . . . 
St. Joseph 



28,921 
40,928 
28,2,'?3 
21.320 
12,505 
24.117 

2r).7o:i 

lS,(i29 
41,105 



619,439 

8,438 
-,363 
5,838 
7,064 
1,227 
4,381 
^,403 

79,577 

11,350 
5,386 
3,147 

16'507 
3,518 
2,319 

11,447 
.5,241 
1,772 
3,.343 
4,925 
5,986 
6,002 
4,630 
2,065 
4,867 
5,973 
7.460 
1.790 
2,731 
5,471 



229,336 

3,131 

3,4.58 
3,482 

13,066 
2,070 
4,260 
3,953 
5,013 
2,161 

20.030 
7.192 



67,816 

4,812 
1,887 
2,406 
4,234 
975 
9,057 
12,443 



35,814 

3,.585 
3,978 

10,125 
3,184 
4,420 

32,260 
3,639 
3,678 
5,570 

19,565 



States and 
Cities. 



2Iissouri — cont'd. 

St. Louis 

Westport 



Total 

Montana. 

Helena 

Nebraslca. 

Omaha 

Nebraska City 

Total 

Nevada. 

Austin 

Carson City. . . 
Virginia 



Total 
Population 



Total 

New Hampshire. 

Concord 

Dover 

Manchester 

Na.shua 

Portsmouth .... 

Total 

New Jersey. 
Atlantic City. . 

Brighton 

Burlington 

Camden 

Elizabeth 

Harrison 

Hoboken 

Jersey City 

Millville ..'..... 

Newark 

New Brunswick 

Orange 

Paterson 

Plalnfleld 

Princeton 

Rahway 

Trenton 



Total 

New Mexico. 

^ Santa Fe 

New York. 

Albany 

Auburn 

Binghamton... 

Brooklyn 

Buffalo 

Cohoes 

Elniira 

Hudson 

Lockport 

Newburg 

New York 

Ogdensburg.. . 

Oswego 

Poughkoepsie . 

Rochester 

Rome 

Schenectady .. 

Syracuse 

Troy 

irtica 

Watertown . . . 

Total 

North Carolina. 

Charlotte 

Fayetteville . . 
Newberne .... 

Raleigh 

Wilmington . . . 

Total 



310,864 
1,095 



16,083 
6,050 



22,133 

1,324 
3,042 
7,048 



11,414 

12,241 
9,294 
23,536 
10,543 
9,211 



64,825 

1,043 
6,830 
5,817 

20,045 

20,832 
4,129 

20,297 

82,546 

6,101 

105,0.59 

15,058 
9,348 

33,579 
5,095 
2,798 
6,258 

22,874 



367,709 

4,765 

69,422 

17,225 

12,692 

396,099 

117,714 

15,357 

15,863 

8,615 

12,426 

17,014 

942,292 

10,076 

20,910 

20,080 

62,386 

11,000 

11,026 

43,051 

46,465 

28,804 

9,336 



1,887,853 

4,473 
4,660 
5,849 
7,790 
13,446 



States anu 


Total 


Cities. 


Population. 


Ohio. 


1 




10,006 
8,660 


Canton 


Chillicothe .... 


8.920 


Cincinnati 


216,235t 


Circleville 


5,407 


Cleveland 


92,8211 


Columbus 


31,274 




30 473 


Fremont 


5,455 


Galliopolis 


3,711 


Hamilton 


11,081 


Ironton 


5,686 


Lancaster 


4,725 


Man.sfleld 


8,029 


Marietta 


5,21H 


^lassillon 


5,185 


Mt. Vernon 


4,876 


Newark 


6,698 




5,927 
5,824 


Pomeroy 


Portsmouth 


10,592 


Sandusky 


13,000 


Springfield 


12,652 


Steuben ville 


8,107 


Tiffin 


5,648 


Toledo 


31,584 


Urbana 


4,276 


Warren 


3,457 


Wooster ... 


.5,419 




6,377 


Toungstown . . . 


8,075 


ZanesviUe 

Total 


10,011 


.595,461 


Oregon. 




Oregon City 


i.3ge 


Portland 

Total 


8,293 


9,675 


Pennsylvania. 




Allegheny 


53,180 


Ailentown 


13,884 


Altoona 


10,610 


Carbondale 


6,393 


Chester 


9,485 


Columbia 


0,461 




6,809 


Erie 


19,646 


Harrisburg 


•23,103 


Lancaster 


20,233 


Lock Haven . . . 


C,989 


Meadville 


7,103 


Philadelphia . . . 


674,022 


Pittsburgh 


86,076 


Reading 


.33,9:«l 


Scran ton 


35,092 


Titusville 


8,639 


Williamsport . . 


16,030 


York 


11,003 


Total 1 


1,048,68^ 


Rhode Island. 




Newport 


12,521 


Providence .... 


68,9W 


Total. 


81 425 


South Oarolina. 




Charleston 


48,950 


Columbia 


9,298 


Total 


58.254 


Tennessee. 




Chattanooga. . . . 


6,093 


Knoxville 


8,682 


Memphis 


40,226 


Naah ville 


25,865 


Total 


80.866 







50 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



POPULATION OF ALL THE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. — Continued. 



Status a.nd 
Cities. 


Total 
Population. 


States akd 
Cities. 


Total 
Population. 


States and 
Cities. 


Total 
Population. 


Texas. 


4,428 
4,905 

13,818 
9,382 

12,256 


Termont. — cont'd. 

Montpelier 

Rutland 

St. Albans 

St. Jobnsbury. . 
Total-- 


3,023 
9,834 
7,014 
4,605 
49,443 

13,570 
4,046 
6,825 
19,229 
18,950 
10,492 
51,038 


Wisconsin. 

Appleton 

Beaver Dam 

Beloit 


4,518 
3,265 
4,396 
12,764 
4,666 


Brownsville 

Galveston 


Houston 

San Antonio .. . 


Fond du Lac. . . 

Green Bay 

Janesvillo' 

Kenosha 

La CrOsse 

Madison 

Manitowoc 

Milwaukee 

Osbkosh 

Portage 


Total. . 


44,789 

1,757 
1,239 
1,346 
3.127 
12,854 


Tirginia. 

Alexandria 

Fredericksb'gh 

Lviicbburgh 

Norfolk 

Petersburgb . . . 

Portsnioutb 

Eicbmond 

Total 


8,789 


Utah. 


4,309 

7,785 


Manti 

Mt. Pleasant.. . 

Ogden 

Salt Lake City. 


9,176 

5,168 

71,440 

12,063 

3,945 


Total 


20,323 

2,501 
4,933 
14,387 
3,086 


9,880 


Termont. 
Bennington 


124,150 

5,546 
19,280 


Sheboygan 

"Watei-town 

Total 


West Tirginia. 
Parkersburg . . . 

Wheeling 

Total 


7,55f 


Burlington 


175,624 


Middlebury 


24,826 













ORDER OF THE STATES IN POINT OF POPULATION, AT SEVERAL PERIODS. 





1790. 


1830. 


1850. 


1860. 


1870. 


1 




New York 

Pennsylvania 


New Toik 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio..' 


New York 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 




2 
3 


Mas.sac'lmsctts ... 

Pciiusylvaiiia 

Norlb'Caroliiia- .. 


Pennsylvania 

Ohio." 


4 


Ohio 








^ 




Tennessee 

Massachusetts . . . 






a 


Maryland 

South Carolina 

Connecticut 

New Jersey ...... 

Now Hampshire . 








1 


Tennessee 

Massachusetts . .. 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Marylaud 


Ma.ssachusetts — 




8 


Kentucky 

Georgia 

North Carolina . . 




9 
10 
11 


Tennessee 

Kentucky 


Tennessee 

Virginia 


1" 






North Carolina.. . 


Georgia 


13 


Kentucky 

Rhod(! Lsland 








14 


New Jersej- 

Alabama . .' 

Connec^ticut 


South Carolina. . . 
Mi.s.sissippi 


Mis.sissippi 

Wiscon.sin 

Michigan 

Marvland 


North Carolina. . . 
Wisconsin 


16 


Tennessee 


Alabama 


T7 




New Jersey 

Mississijipi 

Texas 


18 










19 




Louisiana 


New Jersey 

Michigan 

Connecticut 

New IIanip.sbiro.. 




90 




New Jersey 

Louisiana 

Maine 


Marvlaud 


9\ 




Mis.souri 

Mi.ssis.sippi 

Rhode Island 

Delaware 

Florida 

Micdiigan 

Arkansas 


Louisiana 


'.» 




South Carolina... 


0{ 




Maine 


9.4 




Wisi'oii.sin 

Texas 

Arkan.sa8 

Iowa 

Rhode Island 

California 

Delaware 

Florida 

Minnesota 


C'oiiiiecticnt 

Arkansas 

California 

N<>w Hampshire.. 

Vermont 

Uliodo Island 

Minnesota 

Floiida 

Kansas 

Delaware 

Oregon 


California 


25 
26 




Connecticut 

Arkansas 


27 




West Virginia — 


28 




Kansas 


29 






Minnesota 


30 






Vermont 


31 






New Hampshire . 


3S^ 






Khodo Island 


33 






Fhnida 


14 








Delaware 


35 










Nebraska 


36 










Oregon 


37 










Nevada 



ORDER OF TERRITORIES, 1870, 

District of Columbia, Now Mexico, Utah, Washington, IMontana, Main 

Arizona, "Wyoming. 



The census of Alaska has not been taken. 



Dac.lab, 



OEySTTS OF TBE VNITED STATES 



51 



POPULATION OF STATES BY RACES. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

•California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District of Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana , 

Maine 

Maryland , 

*Ma«sacbu8etts , 

Michigan 

Minnesota 



Missouri . 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

"New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington Territory. 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

. Wyoming . 



Whites. 


Colored. 


Indians. 


521,364 


475,510 


98 


9,581 


26 


31 


362,115 


122,169 


89 


499,424 


4,272 


7,241 


39,221 


456 


180 


527,449 


9,068 


239 


12,887 


94 


1,200 


102,221 


22,7y4 




88,278 


43.404 


15 


96,057 


91,689 


2 


638,926 


545,142 


4 


10.618 


60 


47 


2,511,096 


28,762 


32 


1,655.837 


24,560 


240 


1,188,20: 


5,762 


48 


346,377 


17,108 


914 


1,098,692 


222.210 


108 


362,065 


364.210 


569 


624,809 


1,006 


499 


605,497 


175,391 


4 


1,443,156 


13,947 


151 


1,167,282 


11,849 


4,926 


438,257 


759 


690 


382 896 


444.201 


809 


1,603,146 


118,071 


75 


18,306 


183 


157 


122,117 


789 


87 


38,959 


357 


23 


317.697 


580 


23 


875,407 


30,658 


16 


90, .393 


172 


1,309 


4,330,210 


52,081 


439 


678,470 


391,650 


1,241 


2,601,946 


63,213 


100 


86,929 


346 


318 


3,4.i6,i;(l9 


65,294 


34 


212,219 


4,980 


154 


289.667 


415,814 


124 


936,119 


322,331 


70 


564,700 


253,475 


379 


86,044 


118 


175 


329,613 


924 


14 


712,089 


512,841 


229 


22,195 


207 


1,319 


424,033 


IT ,980 


1 


1,051,351 


2,113 


1,206 


8,726 


183 


06 



* Japanese : — California, 33 ; Massachusetts, 10 ; New Jersey 10. 



COMPARATIYE INCREASE OF POPULATION. 



Oensris. 


Population. 


Tncrp.uge 
I'l-r Cent 


1790 


3,929.827 

5,305,937 

7,239>14 

9,638.191 

12.866,020 

17,069,4.53 

23 19I,H76 

31.44.5,080 

38,549,987 




1800 


35.02 
36.45 
33.13 
33.49 
32.67 
35.8T 
35.5P 
22.5ft 


1810 


1820 


18.30 


1840 


1 850 


1860 


1^70 





AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. Acres. 

Total area of the Public Lands of the States and Territories 1,792,844,160 

Total area of those States where there are no Public Lauds 476,546,560 

Area of Indian Tenitory 44, l.')4,240 

Area of Di.strict of Coli.mbia 38,400 

Grand total of area of the United States, in acres 2,311,5»3,360 

or, Three Million Six Hnndred Eleven Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty nine square Miles. 

This does not include ^he area of tlie great Lakes just within and 
forming a portion of our Northern boundary; neither does it include 
the marine leag:ue on the coast. 



52 



THE STATES OF THE VXIOX. 



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TEE I.\D1TIDUA.L STATES. OF THE UNION. 



63 



THE INDIVIDUAL STATES OF THE UNION. 

HI&IORICAL AND STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE UNI'^^D STATES OF NOETH AMERICA. 

[iS'ofe.— The whole area of the United States, including water surface of 
lakes and rivers, is nearly equal to four million square miles, embracing the 
Russian purchase.] 



The Thirteen Original 
States. 

New Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Khode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Penn.sylv.inia 



SET 

TL'n 

1()23 
1620 
1636 
1633 
1613 
1624 
1681 



miles 



* Pop. 

1870. 



9.280 31, -.3(10 
7,t00il,4.-i7.3jl 
1.306 217,353 
4, 7.50 1 537,454 

47,000 4,382,759 
8,320 906,096 

46,000 3.,521,791 



The Thirteen Original 
States. 



Delawaie 

Maryland , 

Virginia — East and West 

Nortli Carolina 

Soutli Carolina 

Georgia 



Set- 1 Sq. 
tied miles 



1627 2,120 
1634 11,124 
607161. 3,-,2 
1650 50.704 
1670 34.000 
1733 ,58,000 



'Pop. 

1870. 



125,015 

780.894 

1,667,177 

1,071,.361 

70.5,(i06 

1,184,109 



* The tota population of the United States in 1860 wa.s, in round numbers, 31,500,000. In 
1865 it i.s estimated that the population was 35,500.000, including the inhabitants of the Ter. 
ritories, estimated at 360,000 persons on January 1, 1865. The Census of 1870 made the whole 
fflumber about 39,000.000; at the end of the present century it will be, probably, 103,000,000. 

THE STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION. 



STATES 
AD»IITTED. 



Kentucky 

Vermont 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Lonsiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan , 

Tlorida.. 

Iowa 

Texas 

Wisconsin 

California 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia 

■e Nevada 

/ Colorado 

g N ebraska 



ggf. 1 ACT 

^gjj j ORGANIZING 
TEREITOEY. 



1774 
1724 
1756 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1540 
1683 
1713 
16v'3 
1763 
1685 
1670 
1565 
17781 
1694 
1669 
1769 
16.54 
1792 
1849 
16071 
18481 
. . . , I 
18.52 



Ordin'cof 1787 
March 3, 1805 
May 7, 1800 
April 7, 1798. 
Feb'ry 3, 1809. 
March 3, 1817 



June 4, 1812 

March 2, 1819. 

Jaury 11, 1805 

March 30, 1822. 

June 12, 1838. 



April 20, 1836 



M&rch 3, 1849. 
An-:. 14, 1848. 
May, 30, 1854. 



March 2, 1861. 
Feb'iv 28. 1861. 
Mav .30. 18.54 



U.S.STAT- 
UTES. 



ACT 

ADMITTING 

STATE. 



F.b. 4, 
Feb. 18, 
June 1, 
April 30, 
April 8, 
Dec. 11, 
Dec. 10, 
Dec. 3, 
Dec. 14, 
March 3, 
Slarch 2, 
June 15, 
Jan. 26, 
March 3, 
March 3, 
Dec. 29, 
March 3, 
Sept. 9, 
Feb. 26, 
Feb. 14, 
Jan. 29, 
Dec. 31, 
Mar. 21, 



1791 
1791 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1836 
1837 
1845 
1845 
1845 
1847 
1850 
1857 
1859 
1861 



U. S. STAT- 
UTES. 



VOL PAGE. 



1862 12 
1864 13 



M.irch 1, 18671 13 



189 
191 

491 
173 

701 
399 
472 
536 
608 
544 
645 

50 
144 
742 
742 
108 
178 
452 
166 
383 
126 
633 

30 



AREA IN 
SQ. MILES. 



37,680 

a 10,212 
45,600 
39,964 

a 41.346 
33.809 
47,156 

a 55,410 
50,722 

a 35,000 
65,350 
52,198 

a 56,451 

59,268 

55,045 

274,356 

53,924 

a 1. ■^8,981 
83,531 
95,274 
81,318 
23,000 

6112,090 

a 104.500 
75,995 



POPULA- 
TION, 
1870. 



1,323.264 

330,558 
1,258,326 
2,675,408 

734,420 
1,608,169 

842.056 
2,567.036 

996,175 

630,423 
1.725,658 

486,103 
1,184,653 

189,950 
1,181,359 

795.599 
I,0.55,.501 

5.56.208 

424,543 
90,878 

379,497 

447 943 
44.686 
39,6ai 

116,888 



TEUHirCUIES. 



Wyoni.nir 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Dakoia 

Arizona 

Idaho 

Montana 

Indian 

Ji Divtriet of Columbia. 



North-western America. 
purcliBfted by treaty of 
Mav 28, 1867 \. 



AH EN 
SKT- 
Tl.EU. 

1806 
1570 
1847 
1840 
18.50 
1600 
1862 
1862 
1832 
1 



"i 



ACT ORGAXIi.lNG 
TEKRITOEY. 



July 2.5, 
Sept. 9, 
Sept. 9, 
Maich 2, 
.MHich 2, 
Feb. 24, 
March 3, 
May 26, 



1868. 
1850 
1850. 
1853. 
1861. 
1863. 
1803. 
1864. 



July 16, 
March 3, 



1790. 
1791. 



1799 July 27, 1868. 



U. 8. STAT- 
UTES. 



178 
446 
4.53 
172 
239 
664 
808 
85 

i.3o; 

214 ' 



15 240 



AREA IN SQ. 
MILES. 



97,883 

121.201 

e 84,746 

69,994 
;■ 150,932 
d 113.916 
k 86.294 

143,776 

08,991 
10 miles sq. 



557,390 



POPULA- 
TION, 

1870. 



9.118 
92,604 
70,000 
23,925 
14,181 

9,6.58 
14.882 
20,594 

131,706 



67.000 



54 



THE INDIVIDUAL STATES OF THE UNION. 



NOTES TO THE FOREGOING TABLE. 

a. The areas of those States marked a are derived from geographical author- 
ities, the public surveys not haviug been completely extended over them. 

b. The present area of Nevada is 112,000 square miles, enlarged by adding 
one degree of longitude lying between the 37th and 42d degrees of north lati- 
tude, which was detached from the west part of Utah, and also north-western 
part of Arizona Territory, per act of Congress, approved May 5, 1866, (U. S. 
Laws, 1865 and 1866, p. 43), and assented to by the Legislature of the State of 
Nevada, January 18, 1867.' 

c. The present area of Utah is 84,476 square miles, reduced from the former 
area of 88,056 square miles by incorporating one degree of longitude on the 
east side, between the 41st and 42d degrees of north latitude, wdth the Terri- 
tory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868. 

d. The present area of Arizona is 113,916 square miles, reduced from the 
former area of 127,141 square miles, by an act of Congress, approved May 5, 
1866, detachiug from the north-western part of Arizona a tract of land equal to 
12,225 square miles, and adding it to the State of Nevada. (U. S. Laws 1865 
and 1866, p. 43.) 

e. Nevada.— Enabling act approved March 24, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13, p. 
W.) Duly admitted into the Union. President's proclamation No, 22, dated 
October 31, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13, p. 749.) 

/. Colorado.— Enabling act approved March 21, 1863. (Statutes, vol. 13. p. 
32.) Not yet admitted. 

[/. Nebraska.— Enabling act approved April 19, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13. p. 
17. ) Duly admitted into the Union. See President's proclamation No. 9, dated 
March 1, 1867. (U. S. Laws 1866 and 1867, p. 4.) 

h. That portion of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac River 
Was retroceded to Virginia, July 9, 1846. (Statutes, vol. 9. p. 35.) 

i. Boundaries. — Commencing at 54"^ 40' north latitude, ascending Portland 
Channel to the mountains, following their summits to 141'" west longitude; 
thence north on this line to the Arctic Ocean, forming the eastern boundary. 
Starting from the Arctic Ocean west, the line descends Behring Straits, be- 
tween the two islands of Krusenstern and Romanzolf, to the parallel of 65^ 30', 
and proceeds due north without limitation into the same Arctic Ocean. Begin- 
ning again at the same initial point, on tlie parallel of 6.5-^ 30', tlience, in a 
course southwest, through Behring Straits, between the Island of St. Lawrence 
and Cape Choukotski, to the 170*^ west longitude, and thence southwesterly^ 
through Behring Sea, between the islands of Alton and Copper, to the ineridi- 
•in of 193^* west longitude, leaving the prolonged group of the Aleutian Islands, 
in the possessions now transferred to the United States, and making the west- 
ern boundary of our country the dividing line between Asia and America. 

j. The present area of Dakota is 150,932 square miles, reduced from the for 
mer area of 243,.597 square miles, by incorporating seven degrees of lungitudo 
of the western part, between the 41st and 45th degrees of north latitude, with 
the Territory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, approved July 25, 18()8. 

k. The present area of Idaho is 86,294 square miles, reduced from the for- 
mer area of 90,932 s<iuare miles by incorjiorating ont! degree of lotigitiide on 
the vast side, between the 42d :in(l 41th degrees of north latitude with the 
Territory of Wyondng, per act of (Jnngiiss, approved July 25, 1868. 



IMMIGRATION. 



IMMIGEATION, FROM 1783 to 1878. 

By an Act of Congress approved March 2, 1818, Collectors of 
Customs were required to keep a record, and make a quarterly returm 
to the Treasury of all passengers arriving in their respective districts 
from Foreign Ports and these reports, duly condensed in the Depart- 
ment, are the chief bases of our knowledge of the subsequent growth 
and progress of Immigration. Total number of foreign-born passen- 
gers arriving at the ports of the United States in the several years 
from 1783 to 1878 inclusive, are as follows: Previous to 



1820 250,000 

1820 8,385 

1821.. 9.127 

1822 6,911 

1823 6.354 

1824 7,912 

1825 10.190 

1826 10.837 

1827 18.875 

1828 27,382 

1829 22,520 

1830 23 322 

1831 22,633 

1832 60.482 

1833 56,640 

1834 65,365 



1835 45,374 

1836 76,242 

1837 79,340 

1838 39,914 

1839 68,069 

1840 84,066 

1841 80,289 

1842 104,565 

1843 52,496 

1844 78.615 

1845 114,371 

1846 .154,416 

1847 234,968 

1848 226,527 

1849 297,024 

1850 369,980 



1851 379,466 

1852 371,003 

18.53 368,645 

1854 427,833 

1855 200,877 

1856 200,436 

1857 251,306 

1858 123,126 

1859 121,282 

1860 153,640 

1861 91,920 

1862 89,005 

1863 174,523 

1864 193,191 

1865 248,394 

1866 314,840 



1867 293,601 

1868 289,145 

1869 385,261 

1870 356,3D» 

1871 346,938 

1872 404,806 

1873 437,0M 

1874 277,598 

1875 209,038 

1876 187,021 

1877 149,02» 

1878 157,776 



Of the Immigrants who landed on our shores in the fifty-eight yearn 
endiug with June 30, 1878 (1820 to 1878) there came" from different 
countries as follows : 



Great Britain 

aDd Ireland 4,547,331 

France 301,277 

West Indies. 75,149 
Sweden and 

Norway.... 301.211 

S. America. . . 9,128 

Africa 828 

Spain 25,922 



Ru.ssia and 

Poland 47,286 

Switzerland.. 78,707 

China 196,252 

Germany 2,910,026 

Holland 42,455 

Mexico 23.585 

Italy 60,228 

Belgium 21,667 



Denmark 43,079 

Portugal 7,173 

Turkey 552 

Greece 338 

Austro Hun- 
gary 80,614 

Japan 351 

Asia, not spe- 
cified 519 



British North 

America. . . 470,525 

CentralAmer. 1,414 

Australia,&c. 18,52» 
Countries not 

specified... 312,363 

Total 58years9,576,5e» 



Of those arriving here from January 1st, 1820, to June 30, 1878, 
those wholly or mainly speaking English were from 



Great Britain and Ireland 4,547,341 

British North America 470,525 

English West India l8land.s 1,214 

Australia and adjacent Islands 18,529 



Azores and African Islands 7,45T 

Africa 'ggg 

Total of English speech 5,045,8M 



Of races mainly Teutonic or Scandinavian there were from 



Germany 2,910,020 

Anstro-Hungary 80,014 

Holland 42.4.55 

Belgium 21,677 



Switzerland 78,757 

Denmark 43,079 

Sweden and Norway. 301,211 
Iceland 149 



Of Sclavic races 47,28S 

Total 3,52.5,20i 



Of French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian races there were from 



France 301,207 

Spain 25,922 

Portugal 7,173 

Italy.. 60,228 

Mexico 23,585 



Central America 1,414 

South American States 9,128 

West Indies 75,149 

Cape Verd, Madeira 
and Canaries 1,294 



Miquelon. 
Corsica . . . 



Total 505,11$ 



56 IMMIGRATION. 

Of Asiatic and Polynesian races there were from 



China 196,252 

Japan 351 

The rest of Asia and Asiatic Islands . . . 579 
Polynesia 477 

Total Asiatic, Etc 197,659 



African Nations 828 

Turkey 552 

Greece 338 

Countries not specified 312,363 

Total 314,081 



Of the 3,734,248 passengers landed at Castle Garden from 
August 1, 1855, to January 1, 1879, their avowed destinations were 
as follows : 



New York and 
undecided. . 1,501,531 

Maine 6,164 

New Hampshr 4,120 

Vermont (i,210 

Massachusetts 170.021 
Rhode Island. 34,273 
Connecticut . . 67.800 
New Jersey . . 1 15,566 
Pennsylvania 381,614 

Delaware 3,404 

Maryland 27,103 

Dis.'Columbia 11,2!I7 

Virginia 10,427 

W. Virginia.. 1,636 
N.Carolina... 1,015 
S. Carolina... 3,567 
Greorgia 3,020 



Florida 710 

Alabama 1,452 

Mississippi... 1,405 

Louisiana 6.568 

Texas 3,329 

Arkansas 626 

Tennessee 6,432 

Kentucky 16,436 

Ohio 191,434 

M ichigan 92, 7 1 7 

Indiana 46,848 

Illinois 345,894 

Wisconsin.... 175,199 

Iowa 81,598 

Missouri 67,780 

Minnesota 66.389 

Kansas 19,503 

Nebraska .... 18.950 



Dakota 4,729 

Colorado 2,284 

Wyoming 271 

Utah 35,390 

Montana 322 

Idaho 195 

Nevada 1,725 

Arizona 3 

New Mexico.. 2,179 

California 48,210 

Oregon and 

Wash. Ter.. 844 

Other Countries. 

Brit. Colum... 88 

Canada 69,765 

N. lininsw'k. . 12,205 



Nova Scotia.. 145 

New Foundl'd 2 

New D'minion 816 

S America... 770 

Cuba 404 

Lima 24 

Mexico 389 

Bermudas and 

other W. In. 255 

Central Am .. 116 

-N.W. Coast.. 473 

Australia 52 

Sandwich Isl's 7 

Japan 10 

China 21 

Vancouver's I. 1 

Unknown 22,036 



The total arrivals of Immigrants into the United States in the year ending June 30, 1878, was, 
138,469 ; of whom 38,082 were from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ; 29,313; 
from Germany ; 33,437 from other European Countries ,■ 25,571 from Briti.sh America ; 8,994 from 
China and Japan ; 672 from the Azores ; 1,019 from the West Indies ; 11 from the East Indies . 
88 from South America, and the remainder from other countries. 



Passengers lauded at Castle Garden from May 5, 1827, to January 1, 1879 . 



ARRIVED FROM 

Austria 

Asia Minor 

Atlantic Islands 

Australia 

Asia, including Persia and 

Asiatic Russia 

Africa 

British America 

Belgium 

Canada 

China 

Central America 

Denmark 

East India 

England 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Hungary 

Holland 

Isle of Man 

Ireland 

Iceland 



'28,530 

2,134 
241 

257 

243 

3,224 

10,444 

1,53 I 

1,421 

520 

3G,837 

38S 

740,1 DC, 

ll().52'.t 

2,1G3,H21 

292 

2.340 

40.022 

40 

2,018,422 

147 



ARRPVED FROM 

Italy 

Japan 

.Malta 

Mauritius 

Mexico 

New Zealand 

Norway, including Lapland 

New Brunswick 

Nova Scotia 

Portugal 

Ku.ssia 

.Sandwich Islands 

Switz rlaud ... 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Spain 

South America 

Turkey 

Wales'. 

West Indies 

Born at Sea 

Total 



52,453 

320 

22 

18 

1,260 

24 

49,057 

41 

1,653 

1,822 

29,064 

97 

85,144 

101,093 

124.526 

8,876 

3,362 

298 

9,484 

29,635 

135 



5,729.535 



I'SJ-J \E W NATUKALIZA. TION LA W 57 



THE NEW NATURALIZATION LAW 



AN ACT TO AAEEKD THE XATUEALIZATIOX LAWS AND TO PUXISH CRIMl J, 
AGAINST THE SAME, ANT) FOR OTHER PURPOSES. 



Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Bepresentatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any oath, 
affirmation, or affidavit t^hall be made or taken imder or by virtue of any 
act or law relating to the naturalization of aliens, or in any proceedings 
under such acts or laws, if any person or persons taking or making 
such oath, affirmation, or affidavit, shall knowingly swear or affirm false- 
ly, the same shall be deemed and taken to be perjury, and the person or 
persons guilty thereof shall upon conviction thereof be sentenced to im- 
prisonment for a term not exceeding five years and not less than one 
year, and to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. 

Sec. 2. — And he it further enacted, That if any person applying to 
be admitted a citizen, or appearing as a witness for any such person, shall 
knowingly personate any other person than himself, or falsely appear in 
the name of a deceased person, or in an assumed or fictitious name, or if 
any person shall falsely make, forge, or counterfeit any oath, affirmation, 
notice, affidavit, certificate, order, record, signature, or other instrument, 
paper, or proceeding required or authorized by any law or act relating to 
or providing for the naturalization of aliens ; or shall utter, sell, dispose 
of, or use as true or genuine, or for any unlawful purpose, any false, 
forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit oath, affirmation, notice, certificate, order, 
record, signature, instrument, paper, or proceeding as aforesaid ; or sell 
or dispose of to any person other than the person for whom it was origin- 
ally issued, any certificate of citizenship, or certificate showing any per- 
son to be admitted a citizen ; or if any person shall in any manner use 
for the purpose of registering as a voter, or as evidence of a right to vote, 
or otherwise, unlawfully, any order, certificate of citizenship, or certificate, 
judgment, or exemplification, showing such person to be admitted to be a 
citizen, whether heretofore or hereafter issued or made, knowing that 
such order or certificate, judgment or exemplification has been unlaw- 
fully issued or made ; or if any person shall unlawfully use, or 
attempt to use, any such order or certificate, issued to or in the 
name of any other person, or in a fictitious name, or the name of 
a deceased person ; or use, or attempt to use, or aid, or assist, or 
parricipate in the use of any certificate of citizeiiship, knowing the same 
to be forged, or countnrfeit, or ant<3-dated, or knowing the same to have 



5 8 THE NE W NA TTJRALIZA TION LA Tf 

been procured by fraud, or otherwise unlawfully obtained ; or if any 
person, without any lawful excuse, shall knowingly have or be possessed 
of any false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit certificate of citizenship, 
purporting to have been issued under the provisions of any law of the 
United States relating to naturalization, knowing such certificate to be 
false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit, with intent unlawfully to use the 
same ; or if any person shall obtain, accept, or receive any certificate of 
citizenship known to such person to have been procured by fraud, or by 
the use of any false name, or by means of any false statement made with 
intent to procure, or to aid in procuring, the issue of such certificate, or 
known to such person to be fraudulently altered or ante-dated ; or if any 
person who has been or may be admitted to be a citizen shall, on oath or 
affirmation, or by affidavit, knowingly deny that he has been so admitted, 
with intent to evade or avoid any duty or liability imposed or required by 
law, every person so offending shall be deemed and adjudged guilty of 
felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to be impris-oned 
and kept at hard labor for a period not less than one year nor more> 
than five years, or be fined in a sum not less than three hundred dollars 
nor more than one thousand dollars, or both such punishments may be 
imposed, in the discretion of the court. And every person who shall 
knowingly and intentionally aid or abet any person in the commission of 
any such felony, or attempt to do any act hereby made felony, or counsel, 
advise, or procure, or attempt to procure the commission thereof, shall bo 
liable to indictment and punishment in the same manner and to the same 
extent as the principal party guilty of such felony, and such person may 
be tried and convicted thereof without the previous conviction of such 
principal. 

Sec. 3. — And he it further enacted, That any person who shall know- 
ingly use any certificate of naturalization lieretofore granted by any 
court, or which shall hereafter be granted, which has bei-n, or shall be, 
procured through fraud or by false evidence, or has ])een or shall be issued 
by the clerk, or any other officer of the court without any appearance 
and hearing of the applicant in court and without lawful authority ; and 
any person who shall falsely represent himself to be a citizen of the 
United States, v/ithout having been duly admitted to citizenship, for any 
fraudulcjit purpose whatever, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and upon conviction thereof in due course of law, sliall l)e sentenced to 
pay a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars, or be imprisoned not 
exceeding two years, either or both, in the discretion of the court taking 
cognizance of the same. 

Sec. 4. — And h>' if fiirflicr endctcd, That the provisions of this act 
shall ai)ply \o all proceedhigs had or taken, or attempted to be had or 
taken, before any court in which any i)roceeding for naturalization shall 
be commenced, had, or taken, (tr attenii)ted 1o be conunenced ; and the 
courts of the I'nited States shall have jiu-isdiction of all 'jlVenses under 



I'HE NE W NATUliALIZA TION LA W 59 

the provisions of this act, in or before whatsoever court or tribunal the 
eame shall have been committed. 

Sec. 5 — And he it further enacted, That in any city having upward 
of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be the duty of the judge of the 
circuit court of the United States for the circuit wherein said city shall 
be, upon the application of two citizens, to appoint in writing for each 
election district or voting precinct in said city, and to change or renew 
said appointment as occasion may require, from time to time, two citizens 
resident of the district or precinct, one from each political party, who, 
when so designated, shall be, and are hereby, authorized to attend at all 
times and places fixed for the registration of voters, who, being registered, 
would be entitled to vote for representative in Congress, and at all times 
find places for holding elections of representatives in Congress, and for 
tounting the votes cast at said elections, and to challenge any name pro- 
posed to be registered, and any vote oflfered, and to be present and witness 
throughout the counting of all votes, and to remain where the ballot 
boxes are kept at all times after the polls are open until the votes are 
finally counted; and said persons or either of them shall have the right 
to affix their signature or his signature to said register for purposes ol 
identification, and to attach thereto, or to the certificate of the number of 
votes cast, any statement touching the truth or fairness thereof which 
they or he may ask to attach ; and any one who shall prevent any person 
so designated from doing any of the acts authorized as aforesaid, or who 
phall hinder or molest any such person in doing any of the said acts, or 
shall aid or abet in preventing, hindering or molesting any such person in 
respect of any such acts, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on convic- 
tion shall be punished by imprisonment not less than one year. 

Sec. 6. — And he it further enacted, That in any city having upward 
■of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be lawful for the marshal of the 
United States for the district wherein said city shall be, to appoint aa 
many special deputies as may be necessary to preserve order at any elec- 
tion at which representatives in Congi'ess are to be chosen ; and said 
deputies are hereby authorized to preserve order at such elections, and to 
arrest for any ofifence or breach of the peace committed in their view. 

Sec. 7. — And he it further enacted, That the naturalization laws are 
hereby extended to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African 
descent. 

Approved, July 14, 1870. 






€0 



rliESIDENTIAL TOTES. 



Art. XII. OF Amen'dmbnts to the Constitution of the United States— The Electors 
shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one 
of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same .state with themselves; thej' shall 
name in their ballot the person voted for as Pre.sident, and in distinct ballots the person voted 
for as Vice-President, and^they shall make distinct li.sts of all persons voted for as President, 
and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
lists they shall si<i;n and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United 
States, directed to the Presideut'of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then 
be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the Presi- 
dent, if such number be amajority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person 
have such majority, then from the person-i having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Kepresentatives shall choose immedi- 
ati-ly, bv ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by 
States, the repre.sentation from each State having one; a quorum for this purpose shall consist 
of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
necfissarv to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President when- 
ever the light of choice shall devolve ujwn them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional 
disabilitv of the President. The i)erson having the greate.st number of votes, as Vice-Pres'.. 
dent, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 
appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the 
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of 
the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
■choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be eligible to 
that of Vice-President of the United States. 

(This Amendment should be read in connection with Section 1 of Article II. of the Con- 
stitution of the United States, to which it is an amendment). See Constitution of the United 
.States, page 123 

ELECTORAL VOTE OF EACH STATE FROM 1808 TO 1820. 





1808. 1 


1812. 


1816.* 1 


1820.t 




pres't I 


vice-pees't 


pk'st 1 


v.-r. 


pres. 


v.-pkes. 


PRES.I 


V.-PRE8. 


STATJES. 


i 

ej 
% 

% 

£ 

5 


c 

a 

.if! 

i: 


c 

5 


a 

q 
O 

£ 


1 


1 

a 


a 
S 

a: 

i 

►-5 


o 
o 

5 

'-5 


a 
o 

S 

1 


c 
S 

5 


o 
-a 


c 


o 

c 
o 

O 

1 


5 


a: 

a 

P. 
1 

P 

S 
R 




u 

^ 
^ 


o 

2 

c 

1 

a: 

1-5 

3 
9 
4 
8 
3 
3 

12 
3 
9 


< 

c 




3 
1 

H 

n 

3 
9 


1 


be 

a 

& 

a 

35 


, , 








9 
3 




"g 


9 
3 








"k 


9 
4 


"k 


9...I 


9 
3 


"e 




9 
3 








4 


"s 


4 








8 
3 
3 

12 
3 
9 

10 
7 
3 
7 
8 

29 

15 
8 

25 
4 

11 
8 
8 

25 

21fi 


'e 






.. 




























3 

12 
3 




3 

1-2 
3 


-■ 














7 










12 
3 




12 
3 




.. 




.. 






















Maryland 


9 


2 
19 




9 


2 
19 


•- 






6 


5 
22 


6 
2 


5 
20 


8 




8 


22 




11 
15 
3 

7 
8 

29 

15 
8 

25 
4 

11 
8 
8 

25 

'231 


"i 

1 


1 








New Haiupsbire 


"8 
13 
11 
3 
20 

io 

5 

6 

24 


7 
3 

"a 

L 


6 


"8 
13 
11 

20 

in 

5 
24 

iin 


7 
3 

■i 

47 


3 

6 
9 


3 
3 


3 


15 

7 

25 

A 

B 

8 

2.') 

121? 


8 

8 

29 

4 

89 


1 

15 
7 
25 

ii 

8 

8 

25 

Il31 


7 
8 
29 

i 

86 


8 
8 

29 

15 
8 

25 
4 

11 
8 
8 

25 


'J_ 


8 
8 

29 

15 
8 

25 
4 

11 
8 
8 

25 


" 


12 


1 










<3hio 


.. 




.. 


Khode Island .- • 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 


■'• 








— 1 — 


Total 


102 47 


183 


34 


183 


_22 


e 


! 6 



♦ In 1816 Connec'icut gave five votes to James Ross, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-PrpRident, 
id lour to John MniBhall of Virginia (Chief-Justice Marshall) for the same office. Delaware 



cave three vot.-s for Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, for Viio-President . ^. „ 

\ In 1820 Jolin Ouincv Adams received one Electoral Vote for President (from >ew Hanip- 
ahiro) anil'lJiiharct Rush, of Pennsylvania, one for Vice-Pr.-sident. Richard Stockton, of New 
JirHey received H vot<^s from T^Iassachusetts for the Vice-Presidency. Dajiiel Rodney, of Dela- 
ware, 4 from hi.'* own State, and Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, one from his own State, for the 

" "There in no record of the Popular Vote by States previous to l)'-24 known to be exiatence. 
Many of the StateH chose the Electors by joint convention of the Legislatures previous to 
that time, us a few did later. 



PRESIDEXTIAL VOTES. 



61 



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c.>. : = 
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El 


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1 each State in 1832 


' 


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election, it 
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.■S.-.0 










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^aa:|sH§= 

o-S 






■ >~ = o t o a 

L- S ='aH "J3 

i5h 5 S S>? 



C2 



PliESlDEMIAL VOTES. 



aauiuiofj 



•aauiuiON 






- ir^ c<xo -+00 r^\o — vc 00 < 
I u"oo t^oo — :**- o '■ o — 



CO -v TTO^O ' 






c^cr rC-t^p^ ( 



uasAnii I 

Suiiajj aaopoaiix I 



SBiiBQ K aS-ioao 



jCtjO jCauspi 



^lioj -3 SOlUBf 



• ui^ r'.^o • o 



•aauiiuof^ jfaaAisis I 
-liuv 'Aaujig -of j 



oauiuiONinaa 






53& 5 



51IOJ •}{ SaiUL'I' I 



UaAvazTix w q 



uosiiuof K v^qoitt | 



jaiXx uuof 



uajug "^A laWBK 



uosu.n!n -H '"lAi 






CO >: i> d 

S-i'S 2 



^ c: ^ ^ 



2 2-p 

5 C "^ a 
w ^ o 0* 

C.o£ 



■S .lau ^. fj-o p mMo 

miOK SiUAV 'lunS ! u:,_-od rf-f-f . 
UBK PUi! jajsqa^ I -' " " •" 



^£^,S8S 



ouio(i 'uaang uba I 



ilJiuis m«!ii!Ai 



jai/fX nqof I 



aaSusjy sioubj j 



UOSUllOf •]( PiUO?a 



luiiSuBKa ailltAi I 



_aojsqOAiiouiBaJ_ 
a)!MA\ T iN'inH I 



11OSU.IV11 H iHiU 1 



uajng uba uiiJi^K 



« r i ; 



•Hic^-S 



JRK5iS:^:K*^v. 



"c S^ 

: a « 2 






•0»8I Ni I ^f^aiw; 

aivxs iiovs JO HiuA iraoioxia | 



N 2^ >? 
f= « e 01 







«>is 










°=-^ 


,^ig; 


feWOo 








■goSii 




■s*-c,° 




^ji-^ti 








mi 


e-w:::'- 




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gw|i 


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^"^^ 


s ►.- c t.; 


s^iS? 


•-tfcao 






S-.ti 5 



PRESIDEXTIAL VOTES. 



G3 






:r; s 









. o-u- -r-T 




g O D 














aauiiuofj 


■qndaH ! : 


\o t^c^ 


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I SJ o vT' i£;. •TOO CO 00 o o « TO vi-iOvo^ Tcy^e^'.oO'^ TO o ^00 c- a>jD en i on 

t^ CTi d CT> O e<) »i^i f;--© ^OvD — O'-W — T'-C^ OvoO C^ CO t-^^ "t vi-i T, lt ^ on — 

aaumion -uiaa ! -o « m -foo^o'vo' -^odvo" -f <n- - rf rf « mod c'^' ./,» d dS>^ ^ ~- o 5 „' I oo" 



uospuoQ-f A^ipuy I 



UOJ^fBarjuiUIIITAi. 



a^puuaqooja'O "f 



O^Tl•'*■ ■ mco 



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c^ • t^ ■ o 



juoiuojj "O uqOf 



UBUBl[Ona SOlUCf 






aounuoji ipy 
33JJ ■•nVHd illlOf 






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luuuvao 'V lUAV I 



SUTJI H uit?i[I!Ai 



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}}03S P101)U!A\ 



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c rj-vo CO c<i o — en ^ -^ooooo -vo i 



93UTUI0fJ IlOg 83-ld 



•oiujQ ssvo siM.a7 i " 



DauiuiOfi ST^Ai ot 

'aO[A"BX AJBIJOBZ I "^ 



.lanng o "iBIinAi 



Bjouunj p-iBinK 



SSBO siAia'j 



JOiA»j, .C.IBtl3i:z 



O CO • • \rco 



c« O ~ 



3 00 CO t-.\0 O — VO t^I^rJ-^H MvO -T<30 ( 






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o^ T Tf\o d^eoo - co»*ctooox f^-o t>' ON lA t>* i; 



1r>.^Os« ^u~iL 



64 



PREHIDhXTIAL VOTES. 



'inouiXay oijcaon i 



I/". CWO f I 00 f^. •- — 



aauioioji uBOTiqnd ! 



3 N CO u^ u-i ■ -r crx» CNOO vi3 CO eriao t^ o \r^ 
>>-«ooc^c^ •COO'^CJ^ ^t\o \o ^ t^xr^-t 
n M^ "^. CTi'O • ^^ CO i^. CO O u-i M -t •* -r 1^ U-. 



JIBla d SpUBJJ I 



xBjioo jai.«nuos 



I 00 i^\r\\o • en -o cooo co 



jnouiAag oijBJoH 



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r'^o' o' o' « CH cT "O" ; Tf 



' ■'»\0 O ■ iTi 



O O w 



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1 c^ — cr^ Tj-vo o o u~. o tAQO 









I uo;aipu9jHoaO | 
uosuqof Avajpuy 



^ utJliaiOOK -g "030 I 



a uiooutt; TOBH^aqv 






> C030 CO - • l^t^OCO ■^ 



■vo coco en ■ • t^t--NOO ■* 






I ;: 



tggi ui ajOA iBJopaia ' 



I CO o ov£j cooo CO ■- O r^t^CNQO " 



■ COvO -to O O " 



aoui 
-raox Siqji 8un p[d 
pUB UOIUJl 'u^g t'U"r 



aauiiuofj I ^'fj n^Cf.g'giSJS'&.l 



1^ O cv-j - 
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10 C7*c^ 00 



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: \fi^ fi ci rC «o^o' tC M 



aauiuiox 
onuJOoniaaiiaqs'P-ii'H 



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•3H 



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:< < * C c t -i = 5 ^ li u: -J ?; -^ ?;_5 S^^iOO'^i^ 



-.-TC CI i JO » ' .! 



i>» ff> o o ir. t^ » 



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D * O 

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<r :-' 
■«■=■■>» 

= 5^ 

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k^ n tJ ^ 

1! «•' 

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rilE '<1DEMIA L VOTES. 



65 



ELECTORAL AND I'OI'L'LAK VOTE I.\ 1872 AXD 187G. 



1873. 



,0 Alabama i jq 

6 Arkansas 6 

6 California g 

o Colorado 1 

5 Connecticut 

Q I Delaware... 

4 Florida 

,1 Georgia 

2i Illinois 

-- Indiana 

II Iowa 

c Kansas 

,2 Kentucky... 

i Loui-^iiana... 

- Maine 

8 Maryland 



ELECTORAL VOTE. 


PRKS. 1 V.-PRES. 








6 




IX 




S 










;:::; 


K 




o 


o 


o 


S 


c 










c 


>. 


o 


o 


r^ 


i 


9. 


ra 










cc 


u 


is 




a 


r> 


>. 


C 


^ 


cs 




"^ 


>-. 


O 


3 




5 


S 


". 


ffl 



POPULAR VOTE. 



5 •■ 



Mas?acliuset:.s 
ii Michigan 

; Minnesota. ... 

8 Mississippi 

5 Missouri 

3 Nebraska 

3 Nevada 

5 .V.Ham 11 shire. 

Q New Jersey.. . 
35 New York 

') No. Carolina 



131 



22 Ohio 22 



3 O cf-'tm 
29 Pennsylvania. 

4 Rhode Island. 

7 So. (Carolina.. 
12 Tennessee 

8 Texas 

5 Vermont 

li Virginia 

5 West Virginia. 
i6| Wisconsin 



366' To a 



S. 
Grant, 



Horace 
Grec- 
lev, of 

J»C'W 

York, I 



Illinois AV/ji^/.^'- 

J^epuhli- nut nil, I 

i-an I Jirtiin- 

Nonii- r.aJir 

nee. .'^■mi- 






50,638 
11,115 
17.76s 
62,715 
241,248 
18 .144 
131,233 
66,942 
88.970 
7 ,6^3 

61,4 2 
66,750 
133.472 
138,455 
54,556' 
82,-106, 
119,196 
18,24s, 

8,4 3 
37,184, 
91,661 

440,749, 
94.3041 

281,852' 
11,820; 

349.689! 
13.665 
72,290 
83,655! 
47,426 
41,487 
92,953: 

32.,323 

104,992 



I 90.272 79-444 ■■■ 
6|..-- 41.373 37.927, ■•■ 
6].... I 54,044 40.749 >.' 



45,880 j 204 

10,200 487 

15,428; 

76,2781 4,000 

184.770! 3,os8 

163,637 1.417 

71,119' 2,22! 

32,970! 596 
100.208 2,374 

57.029 

29,087 

67,685 

59,260 

78,365 

34.327 

47-287 
151-433 



2,861 



2.429 



6.236 
31.423 
76,801 
387.279 
69,474 
244,321 

7.746' 
211.961 
5.329 
22.703 
94.391 
66,455 
10,926, 
91,424 

29,S37i 
86.477 



100 

630 

1.454 

1,163 
572 



187 



2.499 
593 
42 
600 
834 



ELKCTORAL. 



P I PRKS. V.-P 



5=1^ 



POPULAR VOTE. 



Ruther 
lord B. 
Hayes, 
. of 
Ohio. 

R<ri>ilhli 

raw 
Nomi- 



15,... 
II II 

5 5 
121... 

81 -tS 



I3i 13 

III II 

§ 5 



104,9921 86,477 834 10 10... 10'... 130,668 123,927 1,5091 27; 

300: *66' 300 *66 3-594,109 2,833.889 29.40 369 185 184,185 18414.033.295i4.284, 265 81.7379,522 539 _ 



68.230 

38.669 

78.614 

By Leg 

59.034 

10.752 

+23.849 

So,446 

278.232 

208.011 

171,327 

78,322 

.97.156 

+7S,I35 

66,300 

71,981 

150,063 

166.534 

72,962 

52,605 

145,0291 

31,916 

10,383! 

41.539' 

103.517 

489.207 

108.417 

330.698 

15.206 

384.122 

15.787 

+91,870 

89,566 

44,800 

44,092 

95.558 

42,698 

130,668 



Samuel 

J. 
Tilden, 

of 
New 
York, 
Demo- 
cntlie 
Aomi- 

nee. 



102,C02 

58,071 

. ,75.845 

islature 

61.934 

13.381 
+22,923 
130,088 
258,601 
213,526 
112,699 

37,902 
15 .690 
+70,636 

49.823 

91, -So 
108,777 
141,095 

48,799 
112,173 
203,077 

17,554 
9.308 

38,509 
115,962 
521,949 
125,427 
323,182 

14,149 
366,158 

10,712 
+90,906 
133,166 
104,755 

20.2';4 

139,670 
56,455 
123.927 



Pi 



44.- 



774 378 



17,233! 
9.533; 

9.001 
7,7761 

1-944; 



141 28i 



663 

.331 

779 

9,o6o| 

2,311 



84.... 
7661 71 



3.4981 
2,320 I 



76,. 
I, 987! 2 



3,0571,6361 76 
510 .. 



.319, 8j 
60 



•The 66 electors were chosen to cast their votes f- r Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown, but Mr. Greeley 
dyin before the day on which the Electoral Colleges met, the 66 votes for Presid<nt were cast as follows : it 
for Thomas A. Hend. icks, 18 for B. Gratz Brown, and 6 scattering. The 66 votes for Vice-President were aU 
cast for B. Gratz Brown. 

+ These are the figures of the Returning Boards, the highest vote given for any elector of cither party 
being stated. In Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina other counls wire mi'.de—irrogularly, of cour.se— 
which gave the following results: In Florida, Hayes, 24.240: Tilden, :*;,434; and the election of the Tilden 
electors was claimed by 94 majority. In Louisiana, by iucUuling he jiarishcs and precincts thrown out for 
alleged intimidation, Hayes, 77,174; Ti den, 83,723; giving a majority for the Tilden electors of 6,549. In 
South ('aroliiia, a committee appointed by the I'. S. House of Representatives coinpl-ed the precinct returns, 
giving the result of 92,128 for the highest Hayes elector, and 91,462 for the highest Tiiden elector, thus Conflrm- 
ing the election of Hayes electors in that State. 




CC PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIOX AXD IXAUGURATIOX. 

HISTORY OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND INAUGURATION, 

SUBSEQUENT TO THE MEETING OF THE ELECTORAL COLLEGES. 

The doubt in regard to the result of the Presidential Election was not removed 
by the returns from the Electoral Colleges which met December 6, 1876, for in 
South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana two or more lists of Electors were returned, 
though some of them lacked the rec[uired authentication, and in Oregon, one name 
was returned who had confessedly not been elected, and there were in consequence 
three Electoral Certificates from that State, one containing the elected list, one 
gubstituting one name not elected for an elector declared to have been ineligible, 
and one made up of the names of this substituted elector and two others whom he 
had appointed. The confusion seemed constantly growing more hopeless, and the 
danger of revolution or violence constantly greater. Investigating Committees 
had been sent to South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana by both houses of Con- 
gress, and informal commissions sent by the President and by the Chairman of the 
National Democratic Committee. A joint committee was at last appointed from the 
Senate and House of Representatives, with instructions to consider and report a 
bill for regulating the counting of the votes for President and Vice-President. 
The questions which were to be solved were these : whether as one party claimed, 
the Vice-President or Acting Vice-President of the United States was vested M'ith 
the exclusive power of opening and counting, or causing to be counted, the electoral 
vote; whether his functions in this matter were purely ministerial; whether in case 
of two returns he alone had the right to decide which were valid; and if not, 
whether the Senate or the House, or either or both, separately or together, as a 
joint convention, or the House voti g by States, bad a right to decide the question 
for him ; whether the House had a right, after objecting to the electoral vote of any 
State, to declare that there was no election, and to proceed to vote for a Pn sident 
by States, the Senate thereupon electing the Vice-President. There were other but 
minor cpiestious also involved, and it was felt that there was need of great caution 
and wisdom in digesting a plan which would prove satisfactory to both parties and 
avert the threatened conflict. The committee was selected with great care, and con- 
sisted of some of the ablest men in each house. The President of the Senate named 
four Republicans and three Democrats, and the SiJeaker of the House four Demo- 
crats and three Republicans, so that each party might be represented by an equid 
number. The Senators on the committee were Messrs. Edmunds, Freliughuy.st'U, 
Morton, Conkling,Thurman, Bayard and Ransom, and the members of the House, 
Messrs. Payne, Hunton, Hewitt, Springer, McCrary, Hoar and "Willard. The 
committee thus constituted, after long and careful deliberation, reported the follow- 
ing act on the 18th of January, 1877. 

THE ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION. 

AN ACT to i^rovide for and regulate the countiu':; of votes for President and Vice- 
President, and the decision of questions arising thereon, for the term com- 
mencing March li'ourth, Anno Do . ini eighteen hundred and seventy-seven. 
Be it enacted by the Senate aixl House of lieprefteittativrs of the United States of 
America in Comjress assembled, That the Senate and House of Representatives shall 
meet in the hall of the J louse or Representatives, at the hour of one o'clock post 
meridian, on the first Thursday in February, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and 
sevcnly-seven, and the President of the Senate shall be their presiding olhct'r. 
Two tellers shall be previously appointed on the part of tlie Senate, and two on the 
l)art of the House of Representatives, to whom shall be handed, as they are ojiened 
by (he I'resideiit of the Senate, all the certificates, and i)ai)ers i)urporting to be 
certificates, of the electoral votes, which certificates and papers shall be opened, 
presented, and acted upon in alphabetical order of the States, beginning with the 
letter A; and said tellers having then read the same in the ])resence and hearing of 
the two Houses, shall make a list of the votes as they shall a])pear from the sjiid 
cerlilicatcis; and th(! votes having been ascertained and counted as hi this act juo- 
vided, the residt of Ih • same shall be delivered to the President of the Senate, who 



rnEi^IDEXTIAL ELECriOX AND INAVGVltATlON. 67 

shall therenpon announce the state of the vote, and the names of the persons, if 
any, elected, which announcement shall be deemed a sufficient declaiatiou of the 
persons elected President and Vice-President of the United States, and, togetlur 
with a list of the votes, be entered on the journals of the two Houses. \]\wn such 
reading of any such certificate or paper when there shall bo only one return from 
aSt;xte,the President of the Senate shall call for objections, if any. Every ob- 
jection shall be made in writing, and shall state clearly and concisely, and without 
argument, the ground thereof, and shall be signed by at least one Senator and one 
member of the House of Kepreseutatives before the same shall be received. When 
all objections so made to any vote or paper from a State shall have been received 
and read, the Senate shall thereupon withdraw, and such objections shall be sub- 
mitted to the Senate for its decision ; anei the speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives shall, in like manner, submit such objections to the House of Representatives 
for its decision ; and no electoral vote or votes from any State from which but one 
return has been received shall be rejected, except by the affirmative vote of the two 
Houses. When the two Houses have voted, they shall immediately again meet, 
and the presiding officer shall then announce the decision of the ciuestion sub- 
mitted. 

Sec. 2. That, if more than one return, or paper purporting to be a return from a 
State, shall have been received by the President of the Senate, purporting to be the 
certificates of electoral votes given at the last preceding election for President and 
Vice-President in such State (unless they shall be duplicates of the same return), 
all such returns and papers shall be o ened by him in the presence of the two 
Houses when met as aforesaid, and read by the tellers, and all such returns and 
papers shall thereiapon be submitted to the judgment and decision as to which is 
the true and lawful electoral vote of such State, of a commission constituted as 
follows, namely : During the session of each House, on the Tuesday next preceding 
the first Thursday in February, eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, each House 
shall, by viva voce vote, appoint five of its members, who with the five associate 
justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, to be ascertained as herein- 
after provided, shall constitute a commission for the decision of all questions uijou 
or in respect of such double returns named in this section. On the Tuesday next 
preceding the first Thursday in February, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and 
seventj'-seven, or as soon thereafter as may be, the associate justices of the Supreme 
Court of the United States now assigned to the first, third, eighth, and ninth 
circuits shall select, in such manner as a majority of them shall deem fit, another 
of the associate justices of said court, which five ijersous shall be members of said 
commission ; and the person longest in commission of said five justices shall be the 
president of said commission. The members of said commission shall resiiectively 

take and subscribe the following oaths: "I, ■ , do solemnly swear (or 

affirm, as the case may be) that I will impartially examine and consider all questions 
submitted to the commission of which I am a member, and a true judgment give 
thereon, agreeably to the Constitution and the laws : so help me God ; " which 
oath shall be filed with the Secretary of the Senate. When the commission shall 
have been thus organized, it shall not be in the power of either House to dissolve 
the same, or to withdraw any of its members ; but if any such Senator or member 
shall die or become physically unable to perform the duties required by this act, 
the fact of such death or physical inability shall be by said connnission, before it 
shall proceed further, communicated to the Senate or House of Kei^resentativcs, as 
the case may be, which body shall immediately and without debate proceed by viva 
voce vote to fill the place so vacated, and the person so appointed shall take and 
subscribe the oath hereinbefore prescribed, and become a member of said com- 
missio I ; and, in like manner, if any of said justices of the Sujareme Court shall 
die or beeome physically incapable of performing the duties required by this act, 
the other of said justices, members of the said commission, shall immediately ap- 
IDoint another justice of said court a m* mber of said commission, and, in such 
appointments, regard shall be had to the impartiality and freedom from bias sought 
by the original aiDpointments to said commission, who shall thereupon immediately 
take and subscribe the oath hereinbefore prescribed, and become a member of said 
commission to fill the vacancy so occasioned. All the certificates and papers purport- 
ing to be certificates of the electoral votes of each State shall be opened, in the 
alphabetical order of the States, as provided in section one of this act ; and when 
there shall be more than one such certificate or paper, as the certificates and impei-s 
from such State shall so be opened (excejiting duplicates of the same return), the\ 
shall be read by the tellers, and thereupon the President of the Senate shall call for 



68 FRESIDE.\TIAL ELECTIOX AND INAUGVRATION. 

objections, if any. Every objection slaall be made in writing, and shall state clearly 
and concisely, and without argument, the ground thereof, and shall be signed by 
at least one Senator and one member of the House of flepresentatives before the 
same shall be received. When all such objections so made to any certificate, vote, 
or paper from a State shall have been received and read, all such certificates, votes 
and papers so objected to, and all papers accompanying the same, together with 
such objections, shall be forthwith submitted to said commission, which shall pro- 
ceed to consider the same, with the same powers, if any, now possessed for that 
purpose by the two Houses acting separately or together, and by a majority of 
votes, decide whether any and what votes from such State are the votes provided 
for by the Constitution of the United States, and how many and what persons were 
duly appointed electors in such State, and may therein take into view such i^etitious, 
depositions, and other papers, if any, as shall, by the Constitution and now existing 
law, be competent and pertinent in such consideration; which decision shall be 
made in writing, stating briefly the ground thereof, and signed by thf members of 
said commission agreeing therein ; whereupon the two Houses shall again meet, and 
such decision shall be read and entered in the journal of each house, and the 
counting of the votes shall proceed in conformity therewith, unless, t\p(m objection 
made thereto in writing by at least five Senators and five members of the House of 
Representatives, the two Houses shall separately concur in ordering otherwise , in 
which case such concurrent order shall govern. No votes or papers from any 
other State shall be acted u^^on until the objections previously made to the votes 
or papers from any State shall have been finally disposed of. 

Sec. 3. That, while the two Houses shall be in meeting, as provided in this act, 
no debate shall be allowed and no question shall be put by the presiding officer, 
except to either House on a motion to withdraw ; and he shall have power to pre- 
serve order. 

Sec. 4. That when the two Houses separate to decide upon an objection that 
may have been made to the counting of any electoral vote or votes from any State, 
or upon objection to a rei^ort of said commission, or other question arising under 
this act, each Senator and Represen ative may speak to such objection or question ten 
minutes, and not oftener than once; but after such debate shill have lasted two hoars, 
it shall be the duty of each House to put the main question without further debate. 

Sec. 5. That at such joint meeting of the two Houses, seats shall be provided as 
follows: For the President of the Senate, the Speaker's chair; for the Speaker, 
immediately upon his left ; the Senators in the body of the hall upon the right of the 
presiding officer; for the Representatives, in the body of the hall not jjrovided for 
the Senators ; for the tellers. Secretary of the Senate, and Clerk of the House of 
Representatives, at the Clerk's desk ; for the other officers of the two Houses, in 
front of the Clerk's desk and upon each side of the Speaker's platform. Such joint 
meeting shall not be dissolved until the count of electoral votes shall be com- 
pleted and the result declared ; and no recess shall be taken unless a question shall 
have arisen in regard to counting any such votes, or otherwise under this act, in 
whifh case it shall be competent for either House, acting separately, in the mauner 
hereinbefore provided, to direct a recess of such House not beyond the next day, 
Sunday excepted, at the hour of ten o'clock in the iorenoon. And while any 
question is being considered by said commission, either House maj' proceed with 
its legislative or other business. 

Sec. 0. That nothing in this act shall bo held to impair or affect any right now 
existing under the Constitution and laws to (piestion. by proceeding in the judicial 
courts of the United States, the right or title of the person who shall be declared 
elected, or who shall claim to be President or Vice-President of the United States, 
if any such right exists. 

Sec. 7. That said commission shall make its own rules, keep a record of its p.ro- 
ceedings, and shall have i)ovver to employ such persons as maybe necessary for the 
transaction of its business and the execution of its power. 

Approved, January 2U, 1S77. 

This act pushed the Senate January 25, 1877. forty-seven Senators voting for it, 
seventeen against it, and ten not voting. It jjasscd the House, Jan. 2(!, one hun- 
dred a d ninety -one voting foi- it, eighty-six against it, and fourteen not voting. It 
was apjiroved liy the President, Jan. 2'.), ](S77. 

():i the 'M)\\x of" January the Stiiate and House each elected their members of the 
ComiiiiHsion, and the lui":r Judges of the Supreme Court virtually named in tho 
act, proceeded to elect a fifth, choosing Justice Joseph P. Bradley, ofN. J. The 
Commission was thus constituted as follows: 



I>RESIDf-:M'IAL ELECTIOX AND ISAUGUKATIOX. G9 

Justices of the Supreme Court. Senators. Representatives. 

NATHAN CLIFFORD, rit-si- GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, Yt. JAMES A. GARFIELD. Ohio. 

dent Me. FRED. T. FRELINGHUY- (fp:ORGE F. UOAR, Mass. 

SAMUEL F. MILLER, Iowa. SEX, N. J. HENRY R. PAYNE, Ohio. 

WILLIAM STRONG, Peun. OLIYER P. IMORTON, Ind. EPPA IIUNTON, Ya. 

STEPHEN J. FIELD, Cal. ALLEN G.THURMAN, Ohio. JOSIAH G. ABBOTT, Mass. 

TOSEPH P. BRADLEY, N. J. THOMAS F. BAY'ARD, Del. 

Ou the 31st of January the Commission met and adopted the following rules ; 

RULES OF THE COMMISSION. 

EuLE I. The Committee shall appoint a Secretary, two Assistant Secretaries, a 
Marshal, and two Deputy Marshals, a Stenographer, and such messengers as shall 
be needful; to hold during the i^leasure of the Commission. 

Rule II. On ay subject submitted to the Commission, a hearing shall be had; 
and counsel shall be allowed to conduct the case on each side. 

Rule III. Counsel, not exceeding two in number on each side, will be heard by the 
•Commission, on the merits of any case presented to it, not longer than two hours being 
allowed to each side, unless a longer time and additional counsel shall be specially 
authorized by the Commis.sion. In the hearing of interlocuting questions, but one 
counsel shall be heard on each side, and he not longer than fifteen minutes, unless 
the Commission allow further time and additional counsel; and printed arguments 
will be received. 

Rule IV. The objectors to any certificate or vote, may select two of their num- 
ber to support their objections in oral argument, and to advocate the validity of 
any certificate or vote, the validity of which they maintain; and in like manner 
the objectors to any other certificate may select two of their number for a like pur- 
pose ; but, under this rule, not more than four persons shall speak, and. neither 
side >hall occupy more than two hours. 

Rule V. Applications for process to compel the attendance of witnesses, or the 
production of written documentary testimony may be made by counsel on either 
side, and all process shall be served and executed by the Marshal of the Commis- 
sion or his deputies. Depositions hereafter taken for use before the Commission 
Ghall be sufficiently authenticated if taken before any Commissioner of the Circuit 
•Courts of the United States, or any clerk or deputy clerk of the United States. 

Rule YI. Admission to the public sittings of the Commission shall be regulated 
in such manner as the President of the Commission shall direct. 

RiTLE VII. The Commission will sit, unless otherwi.se ordered, in the room of 
the Supreme Court of the United States, and with open doors (excepting when in 
consviltation), unless otherwise directed. 

Washington, D. C , January 31, 1877. 

The first case requiring the action of the Commission was that of the electoral 
vote of Florida. There were three certificates presented to the President of the 
Senate, two of them certifying — though on different grounds — to the election of the 
Hayes Electors; one of them having been issued by order of the Supreme Court of 
Florida some weeks after the meeting of the Electoral College, on account of an al- 
leged defect in the count, and the third certifying to the election of the Tilden 
^Electors, but not signed hy the requisite authority. There was also a further ques- 
tion regarding the eligibility of F. C. Humphreys, one of the Hayes Electors, who, 
it was alleged, was a U. S. Shipping Commissioner when chosen an Elector. After 
a long and able argument ou each side, the Commission voted Feb. 9 — eight in the 
affirmative and seven in the negative — " That the four Hayes Electors were duly 
appointed, and that the votes cast by them are the votes provided for by the Con- 
stitution of the United States ; that neither the second or the third certificates jDre- 
sented were the certificates of votes prescribed by the Constitution, and that the 
evidence did not show that F. C. Humphreys held the office of a Shipping Com^ 
missioner of the U. S at the time of his election. " 

This decision having lieen reported to Congress, it was sustained by the Senate: 
yeas, 44; nays, 24; not voting, 7; and rejected by the House: yeas, 1G8; nays, 103; 
not voting, 19; and, according to the Act, wis counted. Fob. 10. 

The Louisiana case was reached and laid before the Commission Feb. 13, where 
it was debated till Feb. IG, when the Commission decided, by a vote of eight tc 
seven, that the eight Hayes Electors were the lawful electors of the State 
■of Louisiana, and their votes the votes provided by the Constitution of the 



70 PRESIDE. \TIAL ELECTION AXD IXAUGUliATIOX. 

United States, and should be counted for President and Vice-President. This 
decision, like that in the Florida case, rested on the basis that the Electoral Com- 
mission did not possess any more or gretvter power than the Congress which had 
created it, and, therefore, had no power to go behind the legally-authorized report 
of the Returning Board, Board of Canvassers, or other authority prescribed by the 
State for this purpose. 

This decision was reported to Congress on the 16th of February, but was not 
acted upon until the 19th, when the Senate sustained the decision of the Commis- 
sion by 41 yeas; nays, 28; not voting, 6. The House rejected it bj'— yeas, 173; 
nays, 99; not voting, 18; and the votw was counted Feb. 20. Objection was made 
to one of the Electors in the Michigan, and one in the Nevada, certificate ; but as 
there was but one certificate in each case, and the objections were evidently invalid, 
they were not referred to the Commission. 

The Oregon case was reached Feb. 21, and referred to the Commission, which re- 
assembledFeb. 22. The arguments on both sides were heard, and on Feb. 23 the 
Commission decided "That'W. H. Odell, John C. Cartwright and John W. Watts, 
the persons named as Electors in certificate No. 1, were the lawful Electors of the 
State of Oregon, and that their votes are the votes provided for by tli« Constitution 
of the United States, and should be counted for President and Vice-President of 
the United States." This decision passed by the usual vote of eight yeas and seven 
nays. 

The fact of the election of three Hayes Electors in Oregon was not in dispute, 
but it was claimed that one of these, J. W. Watts, was a postmaster at the time of 
his election, and so ineligible; and Gov. Grover had assumed to throw out his 
name and give the certificate to Messrs. Odell, Cartwright, and E. A. Cronin, who 
had been Mr. Watts' competitor, but had fallen 1,000 votes short of an election. 
Thus, while the Secretary of State (the canvassing authority of the State) had cer- 
tified to the election of Messrs. Odell, Cartwright and Watts, Gov. Grover had cer- 
tified to the election of Messrs. Odell, Cartwright and Cronin. Mr. Cronin, failing 
to persuade Messrs. Odell and Cartwright to act with him, had resolved himself 
into an Electoral College, and had chosen two men who had not been voted for at 
all, as Electors, and sent— or rather brought in—a third certificate, declaring E. A. 
Cronin, J. N. T. Miller and John Parker the duly appointed Electors. This cer- 
tificate was rejected, as was Cronin's appointment, by the entire Commission. On 
the 24th of February the Senate .sustained the decision of the Commission by- 
yeas, 40; nays, 24; and 11 did not vote. The House rejected it by — yeas, 151; 
nays. lOG; not voting, 33. On the 26th of Feb. objection was made to Electors in 
the Pennsylvania and Rhode Island Colleges; but as there were only single certifi- 
cates in each case, they were not referred to the Commission. 

The case of South Carolina was reached Feb, 26, and Hon. A. G. Thurman hav- 
ing withdrawn on account of illness from the Commission, Hon. Francis Keruau, 
of'N. Y., was chosen in his place The case of South Carolina dift'ered from those 
which had preceded it in some important particulars. Although there were two 
certificates, it was not seriously contended that the Hayes Electors had not received 
a majority of votes, but it was urged that, owing to the failure of the Legislature to 
provide a system of registration, and to the disorders, irregularities and frauds at- 
tending the Presidential election, that election sliould bo declared void, and 
that the State, being at that time under duress from the United States troops stationed 
there, was incapable of holding a valid election. Tlu^ Commission, after hearing 
the arguments, decided unanimously that the Tilden Electoral ticket should be 
rejected, and, by a vote of eight to seven, that the Hayes Electors were lawful 
Electors for the State of South Carolina, and that the State was entitled to have 
her vote counted. The Senate the same day sustained the action of the Com- 
mission by— yeas, 39; nays, 22; not voting, 14; and the House rejected it by- 
yeas, 190; nays, 72; not voting, 28. To the vote was counted. 

Objection was made to Electors on this certiticatesof Vcrinnutand Wisconsin, but 
these did not come within the provisions of the Commission. 

On tlie morning of ISIarch 2, the completion of the cdunt of Electors was reached, 
andat 4:10 a. m. , of that dav, Mr, Allison, one of the Tellers on the part of the Senate, 
announced the result of the footings as 185 votes for the Republican candidates, and 
Iril VDles for the Democratic candidates, whereupon his I'.oiuu- Thomas W.Ferry, 
President of tlie Senate. diH-lared Rt'tiikufokd B. Havks, of Olno, the duly elected 
President, and William A. WiiioixKii. of New "i'ork, tlie duly elected Vice-President 
of the United States f< r the term of four y.-ars. commencing on the 4th of March. 
1877. 



DECLAliATIOX OF IXDEPEXDESCE. 71 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

When, iu the course of liumau events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bauds which have connected them with another, and to as- 
sume among the powees of the earth the separate and equal station to which the 
Laws of Natuee and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions 
of MANKIND requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created 
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator ^^th certain Unalienable Riylits; 
that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: Tliat to 
secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed: That whenever any form of government 
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish 
it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
SAFETY AND HAPPINESS. .Pvudeuce, indeed, will dictate, that governments long 
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly 
all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils 
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are 
accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usuepations, pursuing invari- 
ably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, 
it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide 
new guards for iheir future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of 
these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of Government. The history of the present king of Geeat Britain 
is a history of repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having iu direct object the 
establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts 
be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to Laws, the most 
wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to 
pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- 
tion till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neg- 
lected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accomodation 
of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Rep- 
resentation in the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants 
only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representa- 
tive Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the 
Rights of the People. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of annihila- 
tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in 
the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions 
within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of Justice, by refus- 
ing his assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges 
dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and pay- 
ment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept 
among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legisia- 



72 DECLAliATIOX OF IKDEPENDENOE. 

tnres. He Las aflfected to reuder the military independent of, and superior to, the 
Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving hii^ assent to their acts 
of Pretended Legislation : — For quartering large bodies of Armed Troops among 
«s:— For protecting them by a Mock Trial, from punishment for anj' Murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: — For cutting off our 
Trade with all parts of the world : — For imposing Taxes on us ^vithout our consent: 
— For deprivin;^ us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: — For trans- 
porting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended Offences: — For abolishing the 
free system of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an 
Arbitrary Government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at one j an 
example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Col- 
onies: — For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable La-ws, and 
altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments: — For suspending our own 
Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in 
all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of 
his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our Seas, ravaged 
our coasts, burnt our Towns, and destroyed the lives of our People. He is at this 
time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, 
desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy, 
.scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totall}' unworthj- the head of a 
CIVILIZED NATION. He has constrained our fellow-citizens taken captive on the high 
8eas, to bear arms against their countiy, to become the executioners of their fi-iends 
and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited Domestic In- 
surrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- 
tiers the merciless Indian Savages, whose known ride of warfare is, an undistin- 
guished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these 
OPPRESSIONS, we have Petitioned for Eedress in the most humble terms: Our 
repeated Petitions have been answered only by rej^eated injury. A Prince, whose 
character is thus marked by every act which may define a TYRANT, is unfit to be 
the ruler of a FREE PEOPLE. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our 
British brethren. "We have warned them, from time to time, of attemjDts by their 
legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- 
pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the 
ties of our common kindred to disavow their usurpations, which would inevitably 
interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the 
voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the nece sity 
which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in War — in Peace, Frie:;ds. We, therefore, the Representatives of the 
United States of America, in General Congress assemlded, appealing to the Sujjreme 
Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by 
authority of the good peojde of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare : That 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and Independent States; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political 
connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totalhj 
dissolvul; and that as Free and Independent States they have fidl power to levy 
War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts 
aiul Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of 
this I>ECL.VR.\TION, witii a firm reliance on the protection of DI^^XE Provi- 
dence, we uiutuidly pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 

BONUS. 



COSSTITDTloy OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 

- perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide 

for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the 

blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 

establish this Constitution of the United States of America : 

ARTICLE I.-Congress. 

Section I. — Legislative Powers. 
1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Section II. — House of Representatives. 

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the 
electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for 
electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

Qualifications of Members. — Apportionment. 

2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
to the age of tAventy-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
the several States which may be included within this Union, accord- 
ing to their respective nuujbers, Avhich shall be determined by adding 
to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to ser- 
vice for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths 
of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within 
three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United 
States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such man- 
ner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives 
shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall 
have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 
one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania 
eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. 
South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the rejn-esentation from any State, 
the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 



Y4. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ST.i TES. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and 
other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachmeiat. 

Section III. — Senate. 

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sena- 
tors from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; 
and each Senator shall have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of th6 
first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three 
classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated 
at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expi- 
ration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of 
the sixth year ; so that one third may be chosen every second year ; 
and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the 
recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may 
make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of tbe Legis- 
lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and w'ho shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of 
the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President 
pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall 
exercise the office of President of the United States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments ; 
when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath, or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice 
shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther 
than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy 
any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the 
party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 

Section IV.— Election of Members. 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators 
and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- 
lature thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter 
such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and 
such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
shall by law appoint a different day. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 75 

Section V. — Powers of each House. 

1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 
stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn 
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each 
House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish 
its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- 
thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
time to time pubhsh the same, excepting such parts as may in their 
judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without 
the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to 
any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section VI. — Compensation, Frivlleges, Etc. 

1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation 
for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treas- 
ury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, 
felony and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to 
and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either 
House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Eepresentative shall, during the time for which 
he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority 
of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emolu- 
ments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no 
person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member 
of either House during his continuance in office. 

Section VII . — Bills and Resohdions, Etc, 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose, or concur with amend- 
ments, as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives 
and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if 
not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it 
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, 
two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent^ 



76 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall, 
likewise, be reconsidered ; and if approved by two-thirds of that 
House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the jour- 
nal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner 
as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- 
vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Eepresentatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the 
United States ; and before the same shall take effect shall be 
approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
two-thirds of the Senate and House of Eej)resentatives, according to 
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section VIII. — Powers of Congress. « 

1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, 
imposts and excises to jDay the debts and provide for the common 
defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
posts and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the sev- 
eral States, and with the Indian tribes. 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws 
on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulat.e the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
and fix tlie standard of weights and measures. 

6. To provide for tlae punishment of counterfeiting the securities 
and current coin of the United States. 

7. To establish post-of&ces and post roads. 

8. To promote the pi-ogress of science and useful arts, by securing 
Cor limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to theii- 
respective writings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the 
high seas, and ollcnces against the law of nations. 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
rules concerning captures on land and water. 

12. To raise and support armies, 1)ut no appropriation of money to 
that use shall bo for a longer teriii than two years. 

13. To provide and maintain a navy. 



(jiyMAlHUliON OJ)' I'Mf tyilJUD aiATEli. 



77 



14. To make rules for the gov^*'nment and regulation of the land 
and naval forces. 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of 
the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 

16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, 
and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- 
vice of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the 
appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia 
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over 
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of 
the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority 
over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the 
State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines^ 
arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and, 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for car- 
ryinginto execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested 
by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in 
any department thereof. 

Section IX. — Frohibliions and Privileges. 
1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
States now existing shall think j^roper to admit, shall not be prohib- 
ited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars on each 
person. 

. 2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety 
may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex-postfacto law shall be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in propor- 
tion to the census or enumeration hei-ein before directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or 
revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall 
"essels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to ^ntei-, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence 
of appropriation made by law ; and a regular statement and account 
of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
lished from time to time. 

8. No title of nobility shal be granted by the United States ; and 
no person holding any office of profit or frust Tinder them, shall, with- 



Y8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED i<TATES. 

out the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foregin 
state. 

Section X. — State Restrictions. 

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; 
grant letters of marque and rejirisal, coin money, emit bills of credit, 
make anything but gold and silver coin a»tender in payment of debts, 
pass any bill of attainder, ex-post facto lavr, or law impairing the 
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobilit}'. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any im- 
posts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely 
necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of 
all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall 
be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such 
laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on 
tonage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger 
us will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE Il.-President. 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same 
term, be elected as follows : 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number 
of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled 
in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or j)erson hold- 
ing an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap- 
pointed an Elector. 

3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 
Oallot for two persons, of Avhom one, at least, shall not be an inhabi- 
tant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list 
;>f all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; 
\vhi(;h list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat 
of the Government of the United States, directed to the President 
of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
ilic Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
,ind the votes shall then be counted. The person having the great- 
est number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a 
rtiajority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be 
oiore than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 

votes, then the House of Eepresentatives shall immediately choose 
by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a major- 
ity, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like 
manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- 
ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all 
the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 
choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should 
remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose 
from them by ballot the Vice-President.] 

[This clause altogether altered arid supplied by the XII AmendTnent.] 
4 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, 
and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be 
the same throughout the United States. 

5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be 
eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty- 
five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties 
of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and 
the Congres may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resig- 
nation, or inability both of the President and Vice-President, declar- 
ing what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act 
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished dur- 
ing the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
receive within that period any other emolument from the United 
States or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the 
following oath or affirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
States." 

Section II. — Powers of the President. 

1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, 



80 CONSTITUTION OF THE V NIT ED STATES. 

svhen called into the actual service of the United States ; he may 
require the opinion, in wiiting, of the j^riucipal officer in each of the 
executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of 
their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases 
of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present 
concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers 
and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of 
the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro- 
vided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress 
may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they 
think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the 
heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section III. — Duties of ihe President. 

1. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information oi 
the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, 
and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time 
of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; 
he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- 
mission all the officers of the United States. 

Section IV. — Impeachvieni of Officers. 

1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 
States, shall be reuioved from office on impeachment for, and convic- 
tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

AKTICLE III.— Judiciary. 

Section I. — Courts — Judges. 

1. The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
Supreme Court, and in such inferior Coui'ts as the Congress may from 
time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme 
and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and 
shall, at Htated times, receive for their services a compensation which 
shall not be dimiuiBhed during their continuance in office. 



OONSTITVTIOS L F THE UNITED SIA'IES. 81 

Section n. — Judickd I'owers — G,vil — OnmlnaL 

1, The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, 
asing under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 

Ueaties made, or which shall be made under their authority ; to all 
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to 
aU cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
wiiich the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between 
two or more States — between a State and the citizens of another 
State — between citizens of different States — between citizens of the 
same State claiming lands under grants of different States — and 
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens 
or subjects. 

2, In all cases* affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme 
Court shali have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both 
as to the law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regula- 
tions as the Congress shall make. 

3, The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shaU be 
by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said 
crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within 
any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress 
may by law have directed. 

Section IH. — JVeason. 

1, Treason against the United States shall consiist only in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the 
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, 
or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attained. 

ARTICLE IV.-State Rights. 

Section I, — Bestitution and Privileges. 

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public 

acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And 

the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such 

acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section IL — Privilege o Qtizeris. 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and 
immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shaU 



32 CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES 

on demand ot the Executive authority of the State fiom -whicb he 
fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction 
of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or Jabor, but 
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or 

labor may be due. 

Section HL — Neic States. 

1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two 
or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legisla- 
tures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

2. The Congi-ess shall have power to dispose of and make all need 
ful rules and regulations respecting the territory or oUier propert^r 
belonging to the United States, and nothing in this Constitutior; 
shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the Vnited States, 
cr <jf any particular State. 

Section IY. — State Governments — Eepr/blican, 

1. The United Si)ates shall guarantee to every State in this Union 

a republican form of Government, and shall protect each of them 

against invasion ; and on application of the Legislature, or of the 

Executive (when tlie Legislature cannot be convened), agains*: domed 

tic violence. 

ARTICLE v.— Amendments. 

1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses Sivall deem 
it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on 
the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either 
<sase, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Consti- 
tution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourthr. of the sev- 
eral States, or by conventions ia three-fourths thereof, a 'the one or 
the other mode of ratification may be proposed by th Congress ; 
provided that no amendment which may be made prior io the year 
1808 shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clHV;ses in the 
ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its con- 
sent, shall be deprived of its equal sufirage in the Senat«3. 

ARTICLE VI.-Debts. 

1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered intO; before the 
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall 
be "Xiadr in pursuance thereof ; and all treaties made, oj which shall 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 83 

be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the 
supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be 
bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to 
the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and ju- 
dicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, 
shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; 
but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
office or public trust under the United States. 

AETICLE Vn— Ratification. 
1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be suffi- 
cient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States 
so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States 
present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our 
Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eij>-hty-seven, and of 
the Lidependence of the United State*! of America, the 
Twelfth. 
In witness whereof; we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
Attest : President, and Deputy from Virginia. 

Wm. Jackson, Secretary. 

AMENDMENTS. 
Articles in addition to, and amendment of the Oonstitution of the 
United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by 
the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth ar- 
ticle of the original Coustitution. 

ABTIdaB I. 

Congress shaii make no law respecting aa establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the £fee exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to as- 
semble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

Aeticle IL 
A well regulated militia being necessary t^ the security of a free 
State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 
fringed. 

Akticle HT. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be qnartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time Oi war but in a manner to be 
prescribed by law. 

ABTICIiE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers 



84 OONSTITUTION OF THE UNr£ED STATES. 

aud effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, sup- 
port-ed by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place 
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V| 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infa- 
mous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, 
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia 
when in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; nor shall 
any person be subject, for the same offense, to be twice pizt in jeopardy 
of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a 
witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, 
without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for 
public use without just compensation. 

Aeticle VL 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial by an impartial jui'y of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law ; and to be informed of the na- 
ture and cause of the accusation ; to be confi-onted with the witnesses 
against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in 
his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

Aeticle VTL 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of 
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article VlLL. 
Excessive bail shall not be requh-ed, nor excessive fines imposed, 
Qor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Ab.ticle IX- 
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
lonstrued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Abticlb X. 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Corstitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to tne States respect- 
ively, or to the people. 

Aeticle XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit iu law or equity commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States, by citizens of 'inother State, or by citizens 
or subjects of any foreign State. 



OONSTITVTION OF THE TTKITED STATES. 8$ 

abticle xn. 

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- 
lot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not 
be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name 
in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct bal- 
lots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make dis- 
tinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons 
voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, 
which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the 
s6at of the Government of the United States, directed to the Presi- 
dent of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall,, in presence 
of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number 
be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no 
person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as Presi- 
dent, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by bal- 
lot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall 
not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve 
upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the 
Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other 
constitutional disability of the President. 

The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President 
shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 
ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall 
choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

But no person constitutionally ineligible to the oifice of President, 
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

[An article intended as a thirteenth amendment to the Constitu- 
tion was proposed at the Second Session of the Eleventh Congress, 
but was not ratified by a sufficient number of States to become vahd 
as a part of the Constitution. It is erroneously given in an edition ol 
the Laws of the United States,published byBiorenandDuaneinl815.] 

[Note. — The eleventh article of the amendments to the Constitu- 
tion was proposed at the Second Session of the Third Congress; the 
twelfth article, at the First Session of the Eighth Congress ; and the 
thirteenth article at the Second Session of the Eleventh Gon^rei^'. 



8(5 CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES. 

Ajkticle Xin. 

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment 
for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall ex- 
ist within th-e United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
diction. 

Abticle xrv. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States^ 
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make 
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities 
of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any per- 
son of life, Hberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny 
to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the 
laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for 
President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives 
in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the 
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- 
habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens 
of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation 
in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of 
age in such State. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
gress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, 
civil or raiUtary, under the United States, or under any State, who, 
having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an 
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, 
or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con-, 
stitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection o^ 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House,, 
remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
not bo questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall 
assnme or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of in^urrectioa 
or rebellion agninstthe United States, or any cbiim for the loss or 



OONSTITVTIUN OP THE VNITED STATES. 87 

emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and 
claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this article. 

Abticle XV. 
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shaD 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
account of race or color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 




B8 



AOJilOULTURAL. 



AGKICULTUKAL STATISTICS, 1870-1878. 



-CROPS. 



Indian Corn — In this ctoy> Illinois ranks first ; Iowa, second ; 
Kansas, fourth. 



Missouri, third ; 



Tears. 



1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873 . 
1874. 
1875. 
1876 . 
1877. 
1878. 



Total 



Average 1,14-2,194,333 



1,094,255,000 

991,898,000 

1,092,719,000 

932,274,000 

850,148,500 

1,321,069,000 

1,283,827,500 

1.342, .558, 000 

1,371,000,000 



10,279,749,000 



38,646,977 
34,091,137 
35,526,836 
39,197,148 
4:,036,918 
44,841,371 
39,033.364 
50.369,113 
51,409,000 



§601,8.39,030, 
478,275,900] 
43,5,149,2901 
447,183,020! 
550,043.0801 
5.55,445,930! 
475,491,2101 
480,643.400, 
436,800,000! 



I 

28 3 

29 1 

30 7, 
23 8 
20 7 
29 4 
26 1 
26 6 
26 7, 



384,151 8641 |4,460.870.860 26 7: 



42,683,5401 $495,652,318 26 



Valne 
per Acre. 



54 9 

48 2 

39 s; 

48 0: 
64 7i 
42 
37 
35 8 
31.9 



44 7 



115 57 
14 02 

12 24 

11 41 

13 40 

12 38 
9 69 
9 54 
9 04 



111 92 



Wheat — Iowa and Minnesota lead on the wheat cro^j; Illinois and California 
not far behind. 



Years. 



1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

Total . . . 

Average 



Bushels. 



Value. 



235,884,700 
230,722,400 
249,997,100 
281,254,700 
308,102,700 
292,136,000 
289,356,500 
365,094,800 
422,000,000 



2,674,550,900 



297,172,322 



18,992,591 
19,943,893 
20,858,359 
22,171,076 
24,967,027 
26,381,518 
27,627,021 
26,193,407 
28,492,000 



Yield 



$245,865,045 
'290,411,8201 
310,180,375| 
323,594,805 
291,107,8951 
294,.580,990! 
300,25'^,300 
395,155,375 
329,000.005! 



12 4 
11 5 

11 9 

12 7 

12 3 
11 
10 4 

13 9 

14 2 



215.758,486 82,780,155,605 



23,973,165; §308,906,178 



12 2 



Price. 



Value 
per Acre. 



n 04 2' 
1 25 8 
1 24 
1 15 

94 4 
1 00 
1 03 7 
1 08 2 

78 2 



97.3 



812 94 
14 50 
14 87 

14 50 
11 66 
11 16 
10 86 

15 08 
10 97 

112 95 



$12 95 



3. Oats — Illinois takes the lead on this crop ; New York follows, and then Iowa 
and Pennsylvania. 



Years. 


Bushels. 


Acres. 


Value. 


Yield ' 


Price. 


Value 
per Acre. 


1870 ... 


247,277,400 
255,743,000 
271,747.000 
270,340,000 
240,369,000 
3.54,317,600 
320,884.000 
406,394,000 
411,8.55,500 


8,792,395 
8,365,809 
9,000,769 
9,751,700 
10,897,412 
11,915,075 
13,358,908 
12,826,148 
13,176,000 


$107,136,710 
102,570,030 
91,315,710 
101.17.5,7.50 
12.5,047, .530 
129,499,930 
112,f<65,90J 
lH,6til,,5.50 
140, .544, 000 


2.- I 
30 5 

30 1 

22 

29 7 
24 

31 6 

30 91 


$0 43.3 
40 1 
33 6 
37.4 
52 
36.5 
35 1 
29 2 
96 


$12 18 


1871 

1872 


12 36 
10 14 


1873 


10 37 


1874 


11 47 


1875 


10 r6 


1876 


8 44 


1877 


9 2.5 


1878 


11 07 






Total 


2.779,326,900 


98,084,216 


»l,028,f'17.110 


28 4 


$0 38.1 


$10 67 






Average 


308,81.5.211 


10,878,246 


iill4, 313,012 


28.4 


$0 38.1 


$10 67 



AGRICrLTVRAL. 



4. Bablet— California, New York and Iowa are the States which raise the largest 
part of the Barley crop . 



Tears. 


Bushels. 


Acres. 

1 10,^,924 
1,177,6661 
1,397,082' 
1.387,100 
1.. 580, 626 
1.789.902 
1,766,511 
1,614,654 
1.790,0.i0' 
1 


Value. 


Yield 


Prire Value 
^"*=®- per Acre. 


1870 

1871 

1872 


26,295,400 
26,718,500 
26.846,400 
32,044,491 
32,552,.00 
36,908,600 
38,710,500 
34,441,400 
42,000,000 


822,244,584 
21,541,777 
19,837,773 
29,333,529 
29,983,769 
29,952,082 
25 735.110 
22,028,644 
26,106,000 


23.7 

22 6 

19 2 

23 1 

20 6 

20 

21 9 
21 3 
23 4 


$0 84.5' 

80 6 
73 8, 

91 5, 

92 1' 

81 1 
66 4 
63 9| 
62 8j 


820 05 
16 29 
14 19 
21 15 

18 96 
16 73 


1873 

1874 

18-5 


1876 

1877 


14 .56 
13 6-1 


1878 


14 62 


Total 


296,517.791 


13,612,471 


S226 823.268 


' 


[ 










Average 


31,814,724 


1,477,809 


825,082,158 


22 3 


80 77 3 


8ia9i 



5. Rye — Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, Wisconsin and Kansas are in their 
order the principal States engaged in raising this crop. 



1870 

1871 


15,473,600; 
15,365,500; 
14,888,600: 
15,142,000 
14.990,9001 
17,722,100 
20,374,800 
21,170.100 
25,800,000 


1,176,137; 
1,069,531 
1048,654' 
1,150,355] 
1,116,716! 
1,35^,788' 
1,468,374 
1,412,902' 
1,021,000 


812.612,605 
12,145,646 
11,363,693 
11,548.126 
12,870,411 
13,631,900 
13,635,826 
12,542 895 
16,847,400 


13 1 

14 3 
14 1 
13 1 
13 4 

13 
13.8 

14 9 

15 9 


80 81 5 
79 
76.3 
76.2 
85.8 
76.9 
66.9 
59.2 
55.3 


«10 72 
11 35 


1872 


10 83 


1873 

1874 


10 04 

11 52 


1875 

1876 


10 02 

9 28 


1877 


8 87 


1878 


10 39 


Total 


160,927.600 


11,423,453, 


8117,198,502 


1 






Average 


17,8,-0,844 


1,269,272 


$13,022,056 


13 9 


80 74 1 


110 33 



6. Buckwheat — This is not a large crop, nor is it rapidly extending; about four- 
fifths of the whole is grown in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, 
and most of the remainder in three or four of the north-western States. 



Tears. 



1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

18.8 

Total . . . 

Average 



Bushels. 


Acres. 


Va'.ue. 


Yield 


Price. 


Value 
per Acre. 


9,841.500 


536,992 


87,725,044 


18 3 


80 78.4 


814 38 


8,328.700 


413,915 


6,900,268 


20 1 


82 8 


16 67 


8.133,500 


448,497 


6,747.618 


18 1 


82 9 


15 04 


7,837,700 


454,152 


6,382,043 


17 2 


81 4 


14 05 


8,016,000 


452,590 


6,477,885 


17.7 


80.8 


14 31 


10,082,100 


575,530 


7,166,267 


17.5 


71 


12 45 


9,668,800 


660,441 


7,021,498 


14 5 


72 6 


10 53 


10,177,000 


t;49,923 


6,998,P10 


15 6 


68 7 


10 76 


12,247,000 


673.{)()0 


7,22.5.230 


18 2 


o9 


10 74 


f 4 332 900 


4,871,040 


862,816,663 
















9,370,322 


541,326 


86,979,629 


17 4 


80 75 3 


$13 31 



Potatoes — New York takes the lead in the Potato crop, and Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin and Ohio follow, but the crop is a large one in most of the north- 
ern States. 



90 



AGRICTTLTURAL. 



Tears. 


Bushels. 


Acres. 


Value. 


Yield 


Price. 


Value 
per Acre. 


1870 


114,775,000 
120,461,700 
113,516,000 
106,089,000 
105,981.000 
166.877,000 
124,827,000 
170,092 000 
124027,000 


1,325,119 
1,220,912 
1,331,331 
1.295,139 
1,310.041 
1,510,041 
1,741,983 
1,792.287 
1 827.000 


$82,668, 59.- 
71,8.36,671 
08,09 1,12( 
74,774,1-91 
71,823,33( 
65,01 9, 42( 
83,8Gl,3yi» 
76,249,500 
73,000,000 


86.6 
98.6 
85 2 
81.9 
^0.9 
110.5 
71.6 
94.9 
70.3 


$0 72 
59.6 
59.9 
70.5 

67.7 
39 9 
65.5 
44 8 

58.8 


$62 38 


1871 


58 83 


1872 


51 14 


1873 


57 73 


1874 


54 82 


1875 


43 05 


1876 


48 14 


1877 


42 54 


1878 


41 33 






Total' 


1.146,645.700 


14,053 853 


$667,324,771 
















Average 


127,405,077 


1,561 539 


$74,147,212 86.7 


10 59.7 


$51 10 



Hay — New York leads in this great crop, and Illinois and Pennsylvania follow. 
We give only the statistics of 1876 and 1877, those of 1878 and the early 
years of this decade being unreliable. 



Years. 


Tons. 


Acres. 


Value. Yield 


Price. 


Value 
per Acre. 


1876 

1877 


30,876.300 
31,629,30(1 


24,769,605 
25.367,708 


Tons. 

$300,901,000 1 24 

271,934,950 1 32 


$0 9 74 
8.60 


$12 15 
10 7'^ 






Total 


62,505,000 


50,137.313 


$572 835 950 ' 


1 






1 




31,252,800 


25,068.65ti 


$286,417,975! 1.28 


$0 9-17 


$11 44 





Cotton — This product being only reported at the ports whence it is shipped, it 
is difficult to ascertain the exact product of each State. We give, therefore, 
only the gross amount of the crops and their values, premising that Cotton 
is grown as a marketable crop only in North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor- 
gia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee 
and Southern Missouri. A few bales may be grown one or two degrees 
further north, but not enough to produce any effect upon the market. 



Years. 


Bales 
Produced 


Value. 


US-: 

£§■ = 


Amount ! ^^ , /- 


Am't retain- 
ed for Home 
Con.'iump- 
tion. 


Value. 


Sept. 1,1876-7 

Sept. 1, 1877-8 .... 


4,81 K265 
.5,200.000 


$242,000,000 
194,000.000 


12 25 

8 25 


Bales. 

3,346,640 $171,118,508 
3,78:>,0U0 145500,000 


1,463,625 
1,415,000 


$71,000,000 
48,:)00,000 


Total 


10,011,265 t436000,000 




7,131,640 $316,618,508 


2,878.625 


$119,005,200 


Average 


5,005,632 




1 










i 1 







10. Tobacco — All the chewing, and a large proportion of the smoking tobacco 
and snuff used in this country are produced on our own soil, while about 
two thirds of the cigars and cigarettes are made here from native tob.icco, 
the other third being imported either in the manufactured or iiumauufac- 
tured state. 



AGBICVLTURAL. 



91 



£ Tobacco 
2 Crop of the 
>J Year. 



"Value of 
Crop. 



1876 



187'; 



1878 



408,000,000 



399,000,000 



490,000,000 



393,000,000 



65,280,000 



45,217,000 



38,487,000 



22,000,000 



Amount re- 
tuiued for 
Rev. Tax. 



Lbs. Manuf. 
Tob.&Suuff 

12;'.615.190 
I^o.ofCig'rs 
& Cigaret's. 
1,967,959, 6ti2 
Lbs.Mauuf. 

Tobacco. 

119,796,727 
No. Cigars 
&, Cigaret'.i. 
1, 908,141, .^70 
Lbs.Mauuf. 

Tobacco. 

127,481,149 
No. Cigars 
(feCigare'ts. 
1,958,391, 48-:i 
Lba.Manut. 

Tobacco. 

119,406,588 
No. Cigars 
&Cigai"et'.s. 
2,082;356,362 



Amount of j o H 
Tax. 



OnMan.Tob 
andDeal'sin 
§23,675,276 
OnCigars&c 
andMauufs 

9,494,147 
OnMan.Tob 
&, Dealers in 

28,526,823 
OuCgs, Cgts 
and Manufs. 

11,268,517 
OnMan.Tob 
ifeDealersin 

29,S81,907 
OnCigars&c 
&Manufct's 

11,224,650 
OnMan.Tob 
andDeal'sin 

28,204,045 
Cigars&c. & 
Maiifactur's 

ll,b87,7-20 



Am'ntof Value Amount 
Tobacco of Tobacco 
Importdi Imports Exported Exports. 



Value of 



6,663,843 



Lbs. To- 
bacco, 

&c. 
6.598,410 
No. of Ci- 
gars, <fcc, 
599,086 

Lbs. 

7,188,718 



8,603,641 



6,812,496 



5,730,966 



6,439,868 



Lbs. 



120174377, 28,547,862 



Re-Expts Kc- 
759,798 



Expts 
547,278 



108200734 25,682,670 



I 
Re-Ex])rt Re 

706,393, 



•Exp'ts 
398,278 



149347670, 32,079.047 



Re-Exprt Re 
266, 1 01 



-E.xp ts 
292,315 



283986557, 28,484,482 



Re-Exprt Re 
464,481 



Exp'ts 
313,691 



* Besides Cigars and other manufactures of Tobacco, to the value of 52,864,975. t Besides 
336,000 Cigars. I Besides 2,082,000 Cigars and other manufactures of Tobacco, to the value of 
$3,673,492. § Besides a large number of Cigars and other forms of manufactured Tobaceo, val- 
ued at $3,298,743. 



11. EicE. — This crop has passed through great fluctuations M-ithin the past thirty- 
years, both in the quantity produced and the districts in which it is grown. 
Formerly the crop was very large, and was almost wholly produced on the 
Atlantic coast, in the States of South Carolina and Georgia, and in a small 
district of lower North Carolina, and ranged from 200 to 215 millions of 
pounds. Now, the total product in the best years, does not exceed 85,000,- 
000 pounds, of which about one-half is grown in Louisiana. 



1869 

1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
187 



Amount 
of Crops. 



Pounds. 
73,635,000 
50,244,000 
39,550,000 
42,636,3f0 
411,548,600 
55,123,290 
83.635.001 j.-^ 
86,000,000:5 
,60,.i0.=i,9.50'3 



Value 
of Crop. 



154,450 
517,080 
361,750 
517,493 
765,694 
858,630 
770.815 
160,000 
932,886 



Imports. 



Ct.'f. Pounds. 
7.00 .53,065,191 
7.00 43,123,939 
8 50J64,655,S27 
8.25 74,642,631 
7.60 83,755,225 
7.00 73,257.716 
6 90'59,414,749 
6.00 71,561,8.52 
6..50 60.978,639 



Value. 



1,325,234 
1,007,612 
1,876,786 
3,317,172 
2,304,696 
2,083,248 
1,547,697 
1,693,547 
1.439,767 



Re- 
Exports. 



Pounds. 

8,886,664 
15,212,833 
10,212,920 
12,651,959 
20,204,774 
25,840,877 
12,352,330 
16,610,614 
14,483,645 



Value Total 

Value;Dom'.stCj Donih' Total Value 

Exports Expts Exports. Expts 



§ iPouuds. 8 I Poi'ud.-;. j $ 

284632 2,232,833'l4.5934i 11,101. 497, 430466 

454316 2,133,014 1276,55 17,345,^^47 681971 



280463 
378996 
591417 
763497 
342894 
406553 



44.5,8+ 
403,835 
276,637 
558,922 
277,337 
439,991 



369235 1,306,982 



22502 10,658,762 H02965 
2~',68 13,05,5, •;94 4(17764 
19740 20,479.1(ll't;ill57 
27075 26,399,799 711(1572 
19831 12,629.61 7 362725 
30918 17,0.-.0 605 4:i7471 
78112 15.790,(;27 447347 



12. SuGAK AND Molasses. — The cultivation of Cane Sugar in the United States is 
conducted under such disadvantages that the amount produced has not, since 
1862, much if at all exceeded one-eighth of the amount imported. The pro- 
duction of Maple and Sorghum Sugar has been increasing, but has not yet 
reached an amount of more than one-sixth of the whole domestic production. 
It has lately been charged by the Government, that owing to frauds in grad- 
ing imported sugars, the annual income from sugars is from seven to ten 
millions dollars less than it should be. The following tables give all the 
facts relative to the production, importation, exportation, and duties on 
sugars and molasses, from 1870 to 1H79. 



92 



AGRIGVLTURAL. 



xxxxotxxxoe 

X-305tni*>-tOt01-»0 


Teah. 


to 

O 

f 

CO 

o 

o 

p 

0) 

m 
o 

el 
B 

p" 

pp 


XXOOXXXXOOQO 

x-^cjienrf».cotOH-o 


Tear. 




COtOtOtObOtOIOCOlO^ 

o X ^ Ci ,»*»■ en ~a o p O 
CO "co en *» CO 'tt*. OD "to oi H. 
on4-oococoeot*»co;r 
o ^ p pD en p p to to 5 
"o"o en o ~3 to Ven VI ? 
o-arf^-oBcocntooci 
ocoentf^Oirfi-ooi-'Co 


3 

o 

2 


i 

p 


Lbs. 
132,979,178 
208,196,046 
186,106,426 
163,955,047 
141,629,424 
184,536,695 
214,974,473 
241,286,958 
278,000,000 


1 


b 

o 
a 

w 

p 


^ CO rf^jp^ tsjw to to Q 

">f^ *>."t^'^">^''o^1 CO to » 

~q^OCi*'OntOi+.co — 
_^1 p 00 p -q p p p p = 

O 00 *^ to CO 00 "oC' "l-i Ci ^ 

tf^tOH-COOCO>ti.H-^l 

vj^totoencioocoto 


o 


rf>- en en CO >-' I— 

rf»- _>*»-j.opp p 4^ p rfi.. 

o o"o"aj"en to en o "en m 
00 ^ to «o QD to CO' >;- o b- 

p P *. J*^ p to p p 1^ JD 

"o CO CO bo On"-q CD CO "to ' 
COH^^OO xtocototo 
CO*^C5X^IXtOC0 — 


t-; 
2 


tOCOeo>ik.rfi.Hi^>*k>;^Cno 

"rf^ I-' o"^ "h-' 01 "to "hb. CO — 

COXtOH-QCiC0«— o^S 
p X p J^ J^ CO *-_- p g 

o CO to to"Qo CO "►^"co en ■ 
ociocncoooenco 
~qeooen~3coeocovi 


2 
t 


5 

5 


Lbs. 
1,196,289,389 
1,277,525,009 
1,509,249.50, 
1,568,393,877 
1,701,354,312 
1,797,586,806 
1,491,065,427 
1,623,973,537 
1,505,120,551 


5 
>=; 
o 
■1 


o 
S 


XCOOCiCOenCOOOiS: 
►i^oenrf^Cneni-'OCC 
*. J.O JX 00 QD OOp top O 

"to "oo~x ">f^ to "to "en o"to od 

ocoi-icxjooxxx^a' 
cii-'enooocDXi*>-to 


w 

1 

3- 

50 


Lbs. 
18,333,902 
10,364.161 
12,122,280 
23,930,453 
19,310,777 
11,200,857 
15,870,600 
3,122,956 
6,016,855 


■-I 


tOtOCO^-K^H^rf^t^-O-Q 
p p jO jX Ci J.O rf^ CO *- f, 

"o5"x"co he'"to co"cD CO ^1 o: 

Kt-XOiCJiCO-JOCOOiS 
p p ;^ CO H- p p o ;<l J 

bcoco-jenc;x">-'to" 

0~qXOient0.i-'~aCi 
I-' is3 en ~3 ~:i O en en en 


s 


(*^OiKf^~5CiCnt*^tOi-> 

COlO^XXtf^COCi--} 
p p 00 p JO *.- ;<l M X j_, 

OenCOOOi*'CitOOiCO» 

p p *" p p p ^ p p ■ 
"ci en X "co en *- to "x "hP>- 

CO00tOtt-C0lOtOrf--X 

C5>-'-Jcoent*^~ax-J 


b 

i 

3 

o 


$11,345,631 

10,953.639 

10,108,889 

10,424,652 

11,122,174 

10,409,255 

8,712,156 

7,335,194 

6,860,317 


5" 

2 

B 
<1 
sa 


> 
r 

W 
o 

o 

1 
O 

r 
> 

i 

oc 
O 

O 

z 

m 
G 

Si 
PI 

a 


$60,270,688 
60,849,370 
76,029,805 
79,513,278 
81,491,851 
71. 800, ,598 
67,030,351 
73.780,829 
70,464,869 


1 

c 


<1 

>; 

W 

O 
»i 

o 
S 
c 
s< 

c 

O 
>; 

O 
iS 

c 
w 


4^ 

y-^ h-» _to to JO JO to p p 

"C3 X*rf^"rf»-"c^ to ►-"OO 00 
vi^Hf^-COCiOOtOtO 
jX JO j-qpp en JO p h- 

hU en ci't-i'to ci"x '►(^ "►*» 
xtoenxoctocDCiOi 
encnacotOh-citOH- 


s. 

c 


$36,829,037 
30,758,057 
28,876,131 
29,842,942 
32,499,835 
34.662.057 
39,450,917 
35 274,468 
37,075,427 


s 


$15,167,fi92 
13,779,491 
12,211,785 
12,630.273 
13,482,456 
12,904,444 
11,159,774 
9,147,719 
8,538,802 


H 

o 

< 

a 
a 
? 


$97,099,725 
91,608,027 
104,905,996 
109,3.56,220 
113,991,686 
106,462,655 
106,481.268 
109,055 297 
107.540,296 


H 
c 

i 

B 


Gallons. 

47,768,267 

47,260,021 

42,057,924 

44,112,413 

47,205,641 

43,220,697 

39,213,805 

29,000 397 

26,855,764 


2 
c 


H 

t- 

o 
p 

d 

o 


Lbs. 
1,216,4.59,872 
1,231,H83,061 
1,412.219,4.38 
1,48.5.6.57,1'.)! 
1,644,76.5,505 
1,619,100.179 
1,6.58,719.324 
1.505,086,114 
1,589, .506 ,338 


2. 
a 


o 

r 

O 
o 

•A 

O 


Gallons. 
26,333,091 
27,1:96,398 
2.5,103,570 
22,350,418 
22,457.893 
21.668,792 
23,177,133 
24,876.252 
28,872,953 


b 

c 
3 

9 


toi-'l-'l-' — — l—tOl-' 
CO 7- Ci i4- to yi X o to 
p _.-! to t- p p ►-' ^(*- 00 

CO io CO X o -^ ai to >f^ t^ 

.- — *.'h4- »;- *» H- C-, ^1 C 
p 'CO -Ol ^ CO JO p o ^-^ ? 
CO 'CJ en X X CO *. 1-' CO 

Ci 4- CT O CO ^ O to CI 
►-vt.~qvi^lcC4-C0~.7 


b 

o 
E 

CD 


Gallons. 

74,101.358 

74.5.56.419 

67,161.494 

66.462 831 

69.663.-534 

64.889.489 

62,390.938 

53,876.649 

55,728,717 


H 
o 


Lbs. 
1,341,937,829 
1.436,1.33,184 
1,594,434,932 
1,639,389.510 
1,770.809,342 
1,797.941.986 
1,821.668..-'81 
1,692.299.7.58 
1.823 516.299 


E 



AGRICULTURAL. 93 

n.— LIVE STOCK. 
This department of agricultural production increases in a much more rapid ratio 
than the population, much of the land west of the ^lississippi, as well as the prai- 
rie lands, east of the river, being admirably adapted to grazing, and the breeding 
of neat cattle and swine for slaughter, and sheep, both for their fleece and for 
slaughter, being conducted on a large scale. Horses and mules are also reared in 
great numbers for domestic use and for exportation. For many years past we have 
exported large quantities of salted and smoked meats to Europe, mess beef, mess 
pork, hams, shoulders, jerked beef, bacon, &c., as well as lard, and in moderate 
quantities, tallow, butter, cheese and condensed milk; but for the last three or four 
years, a large export trade has sprung up in live stock for slaughter, neat cattle 
and sheep, and in fresh beef and fresh mutton, as well as much greater quantities 
of butter, cheese, and liquid condensed milk. This has speedily developed into an 
enormous traffic. Oysters and fresh fruits are also exported in considerable quan- 
tities. In the following tables we have given the numbers, average price and esti- 
mated value of the live stock of the couutrj' in 1876, 1877 and 1878, and also the 
exports of animals and animal products for the last three years. We deem these 
statistics of great importance to the farmer, agricultural settler, and to the shipper, 
as indicating the directions in which agricultural labor may be most profitably 

emploved. 

1.— FARM AUriSf ALS at the Xnd of each Year. 



December, 1876. 



December, 1877. 



Xumber. iAv.Pr Value. Xumber, Av.Pr Value 



Horses 

Mules 



Milch Cows 

Oxen & oth- 
er Cattle.. 

Sheep&G'ts 
Swine 



10,401,527 58.69 
1,609,428 64.57 
10,758,120 28.29 

17,647,381 19.04 

I 
33,981,726j 2.31 

34,653,280 5.03 



610,372,845 
103,916,231 
304,347,205 
336,006,128 
81,000,000 
171,345,321 



10,329,700 
1,637,500 
11,300,100 
19,223,300 
35,740,500 
32,262,50C 



58.16 
63.70 
26.41 
17.14 
2 25 
4.98 



December, 1878. 



ISTumber. Liv.Prl Valt 



600,813,681 10,618,800 61.25 650,401,500 
104,323,939 ! 1 ,667,000 64 . 01 106,604,670 
298,499,866' 12,206,600 22.91 1 279,653,206 
329,541,703 21,077,000,18.10, 381,493,700 



80,603,062' 38,482,600 
160,838,532 34,331,400 



2.40 92,358,240 
5 00 171,657,000 



2._AXIMAI.S and AXIMAL PKODTTCTS Exported In each Xear. 

These are for the Fiscal year ending June 30, except where marked with a *. 





1876. 


1877. 


18 7 8. ' ToTAUs KoK 3 Years 


asd animal 
Pkoducis. 


Number or 
Quantity. 


Value. 


Nnib'r or 
Quantity. 


Value. 


Nmb'r or 
Quantity. 


Value. 


Nmb r or 
Quantity. 


Value. 


LiveSfkExpt 

Hogs 

Homed Cattle 

Horses 

Mnles 

Sheep 


68.044 

51,593 

2,030 

1,784 

110,312 


g 
670,042 
1,110,703 
234.964 
224,860 
171,101 
24,017 

1,743,211 

39,064,456 

3,186,304 

998,002 


65,107 

50,001 

2,040 

3,441 

179,017 


699,180 

1,593,080 

301,134 

47(^,434 

234,480 

18,895 

4,552,523 

5,244,668 

49,512,412 

2.9.")0,9.52 

3,939,977 

36,480 

4,424,616 

12,700,627 

123,801 


29,284 

80,040 

4,104 

3,860 

183,995 


267,259 
3,896.818 
798,723 
501,513 
333,499 
46,841 


162,435 

181.634 

8,174 

9,085 

473,324 


1,636,481 
6.600,601 
1,334,821 
1,204,807 
739,080 
90.353 


FreshBt-ef.lbs 
-Fr'hI5eef,lbs 
Bac'n.Hiuslbs 
B'f,Salt,Cornd 
Meats Prs'rvd 
Mut'n.fr.sli.lbs 
Butter, lbs .. 
Chee.SP, lbs . . 
CondnsdMilk 


"i9,'838,895 

327,730,172 

36,596,150 


49,210,990 
55,362,736 
460,0.i7 146 
39,155,153 


.54,046,771 
53,340,696 
592.797 481 
38,831,379 

' "130", 582 
21,837.117 
123,763736 

" ' 94,265 

71,889,155 

2,216,676 

343,097 464 


5,009,nr,i\ 
4,808,612 
51,7.^.0,205 
2.973,2:54 
5,099,918 
9,272 


103,257 761 
128.5423.54 
1380584799 
114,582682 


9,562,379 
11,796.491 
140.927073 

9,110.490 
10,037,947 


349,368 
21,527.242 
107,364 666 


479,950 


45,752 


4,644,894 
97,670,264 


1,109,496 

12,270,083 

118,549 

8,300 

5,744,022 

173,654 

22,429,485 


3,931,8221 48,009,253 
14,103,529 328,824066 

128,818 

14,880 156,489 

4,913,646 195,755167 

1,221.718 3,016,968 

30,014,023 746,245036 


9,404,934 

39,074,239 

371,168 


Eggs, dozen . . 

Pork, lbs 

Anm'10il8,gal 
Lard 


29,633 

54,195.118 

168.954 

168,405,839 


32,5911 8,429 

69,671,8941 6,290.414 

631,247 450,381 

234,741233 25,562,66.1 


31,609 

16,954,082 

1,845,753 

78,006,173 


Total Values 




89,881,899 


114.576625 


124,814 330| 1329,271 854 



These amounts are for the calendar year. 



94 



AGRICTTLTURAL. 






2 >- 



ggggggggggggSgSgg8gS£S = gg£gSS: g-ggSI Wheat 




CO- oo- 



iOCCOOO- 



I Corn on tlie Cob. 



• • • ■ £• : : - : t Corn Meal and Rve 

O OC O C • • 00 ■ O • ^ ■ • ■ O O O • O O I iu , £1 1 . 



I Malt. 



gggg- 


g: 


g g g g g g g g g g g S ■ 


ggg: : 


: ggggggi 


^1 


Potatoes, Irish. 


: : S: 




: g: ga: : ggg: g: 


g: gg: 


:£:::::: 


: 1 Potatoes, Sweet. 


: g: : 




:;:::: g; :;:: : 




: ; : g: : g: 


g 1 Carrots. 


ggg: 




SjSSS33Si: g£SHJSg. 


Sj: y; : 


: S;: gggg: 


gl 


Onions. 


ggg: 




: g: g: : feSgg: : : 


g: g; : 


: : : g: : g; 


g 1 Turnips, English. 


: ggg: 




:::::;§:::::: 




: : : g: . g: 


g ( Beets. 


: gggg: : 


ggggg: gggggg: 


ggg: 


: ggg: : gg£ 


Beans. 


: g: g: 




: : : g: : : g: g: g: 


g; £: 


: ggg: : ggg 


Pea.s. 


■*.•■• 


si 


; : 00^ 00^ ^j^: : : : ! 




: g: : : : S;: 




Apples, Peaches, 
Pears and Quinces. 


: CC- ■ • 


g: 


: e-SSegSEIEESIS: 


SS^g: 


; g: ; : : : : 




Dried Apples. 


: S§: : : 


g: 


: -^^^'&'&■^^^'&'&'&^^■ 


^g5Eg: 


: £S: : : : : : 




Dried Peaches. 






: £:tt,g:: • •^%i^%: : 






: 


Castor Bean.-;. 


: : : g: 




■ £ggg: gggg: g: 


ggg: 


: gg: : : : : 


: 


Flax-Seed. 


: : £: : 




rf. .(> ^ li. rf^ . . r(>t(.^^tf^ 


rf*- tf-- 






Hemp Seed. 






: g: sfcg;: : g: g: g: 


: : g: 




: 


.Millet Seed. 


: SSS: 


"^^ 






: ; S: : : S: 


: 1 Timothy Seed. 












: 


Blue-Grass Seed. 








■ ■ J*-.- 




: 


Hunsarian-Grass S'd. 






: g: gg: : g: g: g: 


: sgg: 


S 


gggggggggggg: 


ggg: 


g£g: : : g: 


: 


Clover Seed. 


; ; gg: 




ggggg: : g|i!S: ; 


• - CJi' 


gs: : : : : 
3^': : : g: : 
g:v: : : : : 




Salt. 






=1 ^N N "N i 


; s; ; 






Coal, Bituminous. 


: : : g: 




: g: gg: : : gg: : 


g: g: 






Coal, AnthrtJcite. 


: : : g: 




gg: gg; : gggj: 2 


g: g: 






Lime. 






• OC- 00- ■• ■ oc-». • 


»: (»: 




z 


Hair. 







CO ;i' 



-J • ' rjj'yj^ « • rJ X Cf- 00 _ oo •^o^ ojOooocorxooQCj-; 



^^~* (X ^> 

""— " L.'H 

C-. ^ Ol *^ "^ 

fe-I V 2S(p 

l^_W " CO 

_p ■ Jt^ 00 



i§ .-- 



5 a 

C 1-3 
CO 2 
O S) 

>- c 

JO 

w a 

e ™ 
M «> 

S° 

O X 
•^ M 

5 -^ 

^^ 

O H 

R M 
>■ ^- 

5 ^ 

> 5 
a; - 

ii 

2 a 

a. gs 



AGRICVLTVRAL. 95 

ADDITIOXAL TO THE FOREGOING TABLE. 

In addition to the articles named in the foregoing table, the following weights 
per bushel, of the following articles, are established by law in the States indicated, 
viz; 

Coke: Pennsylvania, 40 pounds to the bushel; Ohio, 40 pounds to the bushel; 
Iowa, 38 pounds to the bushel. 

Hominy: Massachusetts, 50 pounds to the bushel; Ohio, 60 pounds to the bushel. 

Peas, ground: Georgia, 25 pounds to the bushel ; Kentucky, 24 pounds to the 
bushel. 

Parsnips: Connecticut, 45 pounds to the bushel; Wisconsin, 44 pounds to the 
bushel ; Montana, 50 pounds to the bushel. 

Euta-bagas: Maine, 60 pounds to the bushel; Connecticut, 60 pounds to the 
bushel; "Wisconsin, 56 pounds to the bushel. 

Mangel-wurzel : Maine, 60 pounds to the bushel ; Connecticut, 60 pounds to the 
bushel; Washington Territory, 50 pounds to the bushel. 

Vegetables not specified : Rhode Island, 50 pounds to the bushel; "Washington 
Territory, 50 pounds to the bushel. 

Onion top sets; Virginia, 28 pounds to the bushel; Nebraska, 25 pounds to the 
bushel. 

Dried fruit — Plums : Michigan, 28 pounds to the bushel. 

Peaches, peeled : Virginia, 40 pounds to the bushel ; Georgia, 3g 
pounds to the bushel. 
Currants, gooseberries, and grapes: Iowa, 40 pounds to the bushel. 
Other berries : Ehode Island, 32 pounds to the bushel ; Michigan, 40 pounds to 
the bushel; Iowa, 3"2 pounds to the bushel. 
Chestnuts: Virginia, 57 pounds to the bushel. 
Peanuts ; Virginia, 22 pounds to the bushel. 

Seeds — Broom-corn: Iowa, 30 pounds to the bushel; Dakota, 30 pounds to the 
bushel. 

Cotton : Georgia, 30 pounds to the bushel ; Missouri, 33 pounds to the 
bushel. 

Osage Orange ; Virginia, 34 pounds to the bushel ; Michigan, 33 pounds 
to the bushel ; Iowa, 32 pounds to the bushel ; Nebraska, 32 pounds 
to the bushel. 

Eape : "Wisconsin, 50 pounds to the bushel. 

Sorghum : Iowa, 30 pounds to the bushel ; Nebraska, 30 pounds to the 
bushel. 

Orchard grass: Virginia, 14 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounds 
to the bushel. 

Redtop : Virginia, 12 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounds to the 
bushel. 
Sand: Iowa, 130 pounds to the bushel. 



96 



THE LABOR QUESTION. 



In a ■work like this, devoted to the highest interests of the workingmen of all 
classes, whether their labor is mechanical, agricultural, commercial, manufacturing 
or intellectual, it is due to the large and intelligent clientage which we desire to 
represent, that questions pertaining to the employment of labor, the hoi;rs of work- 
ing, the average remuneration of different classes of workingmen, and the advanta- 
ges and disadvantages of labor unions, should be fairly though briefly considered. 

There is a prevalent disposition among workingmen to regard the employer and 
employed as classes hostile to each other, and as having interests which are dia- 
metrically opposed to each other. 

This we believe to be not only a very narrow, but an entirely false view. "Were it 
true, there would be no work done in civilized countries, except what every man 
could do for himself. A man wants a house built ; he must build it for himself, on 
this theory, though there might be a hundred workmen who desire to labor on it ; 
for, the moment he seeks to employ others to do this work, he becomes an emploj'er, 
a capitalist, and his position is hostile to that of the men he employs, and he can 
have no object in life, but to use his money to oppress and distress them; while they, 
in return, look upon him with envy and hatred, because he has more money than 
they, and is their natural antagonist and oppressor. The theory once stated in this 
plain way, even the most ignorant can see its fallacy. What we have to say in re- 
gard to the labor question here, concerns only labor in the United States. We have 
nothing to do with the labor question in Russia, Germany, France, Italy or Great 
Britain. The government of those countries, and the conditions under which alone 
labor is possible there, are entirely different from ours , and whatever exciise there 
may be for making the labor question a political one there, no such excuse avails 
here. So long as he violates no law, and does no injustice to his fellow man, the 
workingman possesses the same rights and privileges as the capitalist. For him to 
resort to violence, and oppose the government which he himself has had a hand in 
making, is as absurd as it was for the petted child who when his wearied mother 
said "Well, let him have what he wants," to exclaim, "I won't have what I want." 

If the workingman has not all his just rights under our government, it is his fault. 
He is one of the law makers; let him ask for these just laws and he -will get them. 

A word, then, about that much abused title, "Capitalist." What is a Capitalist 
in this country? He is, in most cases, a man who, beginning as a workingman, and 
often in early life steeped to the lips in poverty, has, by industry, economy and 
good management, saved his earnings to such an extent, as to be able to emj^loy 
others ; and his income being thus increased, extends his business till he employs 
hundreds and perhaps thousands of his late fellow workmen. Is it supposable that 
such a man will forget that he himself has been a workingman, or that he will be- 
come hostile to the interests of those with whom he has wrought day after day? 
I suppose that the late Cornelius Vanderbilt was the largest Capitalist employing 
labor, in our time. Yet who that has read his history does not know that in early 
life he was not onlj' a workingman, but one of the most laborious of workingmen? 
The venerable Peter Cooper is another example of the advancement of an indus- 
trious and prudent workingman to the ranks of the employers ; Asa Packer, the 
largest proprietor of Coal Mines in America, and the man who single handed, has 
been able, for many mouths, to prevent the great Coal Companies from forming a 
combination which would prove disadvantageous to the public, was, at the age of 28, 
a day-laborer, earning but tifty or sixty cents a day. Thomas Scott, the controlling 
spirit of the Pennsylvania Central Railway and all its affiliated roads, came up from 
the ranks of the workingmen. So did William Orton, late President of the Western 
Union Telegraph Co., and hundreds more whom we might name. 

These men have, or had, large amounts of capital at their disposal, and they chose 
to dispose of it in such a way as to employ great numbers of men. This was cer- 
tainly no wrong, but a benefit, they were obliged to lix upon some terms on which 
they would employ such help as they needed. No one was compelled to work for 
them, if their rate of compensation was less than could be obtained for the same 
work elsewere ; and it is not, we believe, pretended that they paid, on the average, 
less wages than the others. So far, then, there is nothing to awaken hostility be- 
tween employers and employed. It was not assumed that these men were perfect, 
or honest, upri-ht, and benevolent in their business, beyond the average of men. 
They were men of like passions and dispositions with the rest of us. 

liut now, after a season of excessive commercial prosperity, and high prices, the 
result in part of an inflated currency, there comes a time of financial depression. 



THE LAliOli qVESTIOX. 



97 



If our capitalist is a manufacturer, he finds his goods ^\-ill not sell, or if they are 
sold at all, it must be at a price below their actual cost, and consequently, in the long 
run, he must reduce the cost of manufacture, or become a bankrupt. The cost of 
the raw material has depreciated, ami he tries to make up his loses by buying it 
lower, but if the depression is of long continuance he is still a heavy loser His 
employes have been receivmg high wa-es in the past ; is it wrong, that he should say 
to them, I cannot afford to pay the highest prices, I must reduce your wages by such 
a percentage. If others -will pay more, of course they have the right to go where 
they can receive the largest wage, but if a part of their number, or others, who are 
out of work, choose to accept his terms, which it is fair to presume are the best he 
can afford, those who leave his employ have no right to molest or obstruct those 
who choose to remain in it. 

If the capitalist has reduced his wages too low, below those paid by others in the 
same business or below what is, under the circumstances, a living rate, and all his 
employes leave him, and others as competent will not take their places, he soon 
finds out his mistake, and is ready to compromise. 

Much is said of the soullessness of corporations, and it is often asserted that the 
cases of oppression of workingmen are more frequent where they are employed by 
corporations than elsewhere. We doubt this— a company or corporation which is 
honestly and ably managed, is governed by the same motives and principles as an 
individual capitalist. It must manage its affiiirs carefully and economically or its 
stockholders will suffer loss ; as a general rule, corporations pay higher wages, es- 
pecially in prosperous times, than individual capitalists, and the difference comes 
out of the pockets of the stockholders. Happy is that corporation whose stock is 
mainly or largely owned by its employes. Individual capitalists and corporations, 
engaged in the same or similar lines of business, sometimes associate themselves to- 
gether, and through this association, act in concert in regard to the amount of pro- 
duction, -wages and other matters appertaining to their united interests. Working- 
men often take exception to these associations, and denounce them as oppressive and 
as hostile to the working classes. 

We cannot see the reasonableness of this. It is a fundamental principal in our 
republican form of government, that men have a right to associate together for the 
protection of their just and lawful interests, though not for purposes of wrong and 
violence. As a general rule, these associations have proved beneficial to both em- 
ployers and employed. A comparison of views has tended to shorten rather than 
protract the hours of labor, and to advance as fast as it could justly be done the 
amount of wages. It has also led to what workingmen should be thankful for, a 
classification and discrimination in regard to the skill and capacity of employes, 
by which higher wages have been paid to the industrious and skilled workman', 
while the indolent and incapable have either been dismissed, or remanded to low 
wages till their work was imj^roved. 

This much we have felt it right and just to say for the employers. Now let us see 
what, the rights and privileges that theworkingman and working woman may claim. 

Let us begin negatively. No human being has an absolute right to compel an- 
other to ernploy him, be that other an individual cai^iialist, a corporation, or the 
state. Man has a right to live, if he can. by honest toil, of hand, of foot , or brain ; 
but he has no right to compel an individual, a corporation or the state, to snijjiort 
him. He has no right to obtain his living by theft or violence. In a normal con- 
dition of society, there is enough work to employ every honest, intelligent, temper- 
ate and industrious man who has the health to work. But for the purpose of bring- 
ing the employers and employes together it is sometimes necessary that there 
should be changes of location, or, in other words, emigration on the imrt of some 
of those desiring employment. 

In a normal state of society, when business is depressed, the intemperate, the 
improvident, the ignorant, and the worthless are sure to be thrown out of employ- 
ment. This result is inevitable, no Trades Union or organization can prevent it. 
Hence the necessity, that workingmen and their children should be educated for 
their business, that they should be'strictly temperate, honest and industrious. They 
should be more than this. The employe who seeks to make the interest of his em- 
ployer his own interest, and is watchful again.st any loss or injury to it, may tliink 
his faithful services unappreciated, but in the time of trial, in ninety-nine cases out 
of a hundred, he will find that his faithfulness has been noticed, if it has not been 
commended, and that though others may be dismissed, he will be retained, if his 
retention is possible. 

It is the undoubted right of every workingman to refuse to work for an employer, 



98 THE LABOR QUESTION. 

if his wages are reduced, below what he regards as a just and Uving compensation ; 
it is the right of any number of workiugui. n who are ihus aggrieved, or who feel 
satisfied that they should receive a higher price for their work than they are now 
receiving, to refu-e to work any longer at those wages. This is usually called "a 
strike," and whether it produces its intended effect or not, that of compelling the 
employers to raise the price of work, it is none the less the ri^ht and privilege of 
the workingman to refuse the work. 

But when the strike is made, he has no right to take any steps to prevent others 
from obtaining the work he has refused. 

When an employer, from whatever motive, reduces the wages of his employes, or 
refuses to advance them, and they strike, it is his right and privilege to obtain 
other equally competent help at the reduced price, if he can. _ He may be actuated 
by good or bad motives in doing this ; it may be, and often is, the case that the 
condition of the market for his goods, renders it impossible for him to go on giving 
his present wages without becoming bankrupt, and thus this act, hard as it s ems, 
may be really one of kindness to his employes, by furnishing them employment at 
moderate wages, instead of throwing them out of employment entirely by failure. 
But whether his motives are good or bad, as soon as he has applicants for work at 
the reduced price, who are competent for the work, and emijloys them, the law 
throws around them and him its protection. Those who had previously been in his 
employ, must not obstruct the new-comers, or use violence toward them in any way. 
If they do, they become law-breakers and will receive punishment, and justly too ; 
for these new workiugmen are only doing what they in their circ amstances would do. 

The workingmen on a strike may remonstrate, may urge the restoration of the 
higher wages, may protest or petition, for redress. That is their right. 

We have alluded to the association of workingmen together in strikes. This, too, 
is one of their rights, and we would not confine this association of workingmen to 
the time of a strike. 

Trades Unions are not objectionable in themselves, on the contrary they maybe, 
and often times are, the means of doing great good to the workingmen who are 
members, and to their families. It is only when they are perverted from their true 
purpose that they become mischievous. In the early history of the Trades Unions 
in Great Britain they were hot-beds of crime. The M'orkingmen goaded to revenge 
by the oppression which they suflered, resisted by arson, assassination and murder, 
all the attempts of the employers to employ non-union men, or to employ any greater 
or less number of men, or men of greater efficiency, or at any other wages than they 
prescribed. Charles Eeade in his "Put yourself in his Place," has drawn with per- 
fect fidelity the picture of the horrors of that time, and we have had an example of 
them of nearly as great enormity, in the Molly Maguires organization among the 
miners of Pennsylvania. 

But these times and deeds have passed away, never again to return. Workingmen 
now understand better than they did formerly the natural laws which govern labor; 
they know very generally that in a period of financial depression, such as we have 
been passing through, that no force can compel the capitalist to pay for any length 
of time, higher prices than he can afford; and if it could, the end would be still 
more di'?astrous, because capital would be annihilated, or rendered so timid, that it 
would not venture to employ labor at all. 

Trades Unions, as at present constituted, are mainly Mutual Benefit Associations, 
which by small weekly payments, usually of from 20 to 30 cents per week, provide 
a fund for the care of sick members, the burial of the dead, the providing for ^he 
widows and orphans, the aid of the infirm, disabled or unemployed, if temperate 
and of reputable character. They albo negotiate with the employtrs, with whom 
they endeavor to maintain friendly relations, keep a general supervision over wages, 
recognizing the dift'erence (which the old Trades Unions did not) between skilled 
and unskilled workmen, prevent strikes, when po.ssible, by mediation, and where 
they jirove inevitable, grant such assistance to the strikers in money or supjilies as 
)uay bo required. The best and strongest of these Unions avoid carefully any po- 
litical action, and will not sell themselves to any party. 

In Great Britjiin within the past twenty-five years these Unions have attained to 
great infiuence, and embody great numbers of niembeis, the total number of mem- 
bers in England in lt!78, being, itis said, about 1,500.000. Among their other work 
there they encourage emigration, and aid emigrant nii'mbers to find a new home in 
Canada, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and to some extent in the United States. 
One of the largest and most efficient of thewe Unions is the Amalgamated Society 
of Engineers, Machinists Millwrights, Smiths and Pattern Makers, founded in Jan. 



THE LABOR QVESTION. 99 

1851, but reorganized after severe misfortunes toward the close of 1852. Its mem- 
bership has risen from 9,737 in Jan. 1853, to 45,472 in 1878; its funds from $25,000 
in the first named years to $1,376,350 in 1877. It has about 4U0 branches in aU 
parts of the world, of which 36 are in the United States. Its discipline of its mem- 
bers is very strict. "All persons, " says its constitution, ' ' admitted into this Society , 
shall be possessed of good ability as workmen, of steady habits and good moral 
■character,'' and their records show that their rules are enforced with great rigor. 
The dues are from 25 to 60 cents per week. The benefits are considerable. The 
Tmemployed members, where the lack of employment is the result of an author- 
ized strike, or of the general depression of business, receives $3 per week for 14 
■weeks, and $2.10 per week for the next thirty, if he is unemployed so long. Sick 
benefits are S3 per week for 26 weeks, and $1.25 for a longer period. Funeral ben- 
efits, (to members $60, to the wives $30, ) are a considerable item. Accidents result- 
ing in permanent injury, causiug further inability to work, are compensated by a 
payment of $500. The disabled member by keeping up his contribution of 12 cents 
per week is still entitled to receive sick and funeral benefits provided that the sick- 
ness is not the same complaint for which he received the $500. The superannuated 
members receive an allowance varying in different cases, and ca^es of exceptional 
distress receive extra allowance. Their expenses are light. The following state- 
ment of the President of the Society, John Bennett, will explain very fully its prin- 
ciples and purposes: 

' ' But the great and primary object of this organization is to maintain the condition 
of the trade, is to see that the benefit to members out of work is so much, and 
given under such circumstances as will leave them no excuse for underselling their 
labor, or of agreeing to regulations which are injurious to their fellow-workmen — 
all these benefits are instituted for the purpose of providing for the wants of mem- 
bers when in adverse circumstances, of cementing a feeling of brotherhood through- 
out the society, and enlisting every member in the good work of supporting the 
best interest of the trade. To provide only for merely benevolent benefits is to 
satisfy the sympathetic feelings of our nature; but we must never lose sight of the 
great and all-absorbing fact that we are a Trade Society, established to protect the 
interests of trade; and the consideration, far above all others, should be how that 
protection can be secured with the means at our disposal." 

In general. Trades Unions of the better class have not been as successful in the 
United States as in Great Britain. There is some reason to hope that they may 
become more so in the future. They have in many cases been only organizations 
of a single trade, as the Typographical Unions for the Printers, the St. Crisijins for 
the Shoemakers, the Locomotive Engineers for that class, &c., and have, in many 
instances, come into violent and protracted collisions with the employers which have 
engendered a bitter hostility. Of late the inclination to consolidate several trades 
or calhngs in one society, has been gaining ground, and every such organization is 
to be encouraged, as it liberalizes and enlarges the field of the workingmen, and 
renders them more tolerant of the rights of employers, and less disposed to violence. 
The Workingmen's Central Union of Boston is one of the latest and most successful 
of these. The movements for Trade Protection by means of Secret Societies, (the 
Patrons of Husbandry and the Sovereigns of Industry) combined too many objects, 
Co-operation , Trade Protection, Mutual Benefits, Intellectual and Social Culture, 
and the forms of Secret Societies, to be able to give each its full necessary attentio». 
Still these organizations have accomplished some good for the working classes, and 
given a new impulse to Co-operative Stores, Manufactories, and bu-siness operations. 

The tables heretofore inserted in this work of the wages paid for labor in Great 
Britain in 1872 and 1873, and of the prices of Provisions, Groceries and other lead- 
ing articles in the Provincial Towns and Cities, are now valueless ; since the ter- 
rible depression in every department of trade since 1878, has efl'ected such changes 
in the rate of wages and the prices of provisions that they afford no clue to the 
present condition of things . Emigration has largely increased, and the great re- 
duction in the amount of goods exported to the United States, and the equally vast 
increase of food products imported from thence, have revolutionized the price of 
provisions, Ac. The future for British workingmen has a gloomy outlook, while 
in our own country we seem to be passing into an era of great prosperity. 

The following table gives the wages actually paid in Massachusetts, on the gold 
standard, in 1860, 1872 and 1878, the last being a year of great depression. The 
probabilities are that there, as well as elsewhere, wages will appreciate to a moder- 
ate degree with returning prosperity. We also give the average retail prices of Gro- 
ceries, Provisions, Fuel, Drj' Goods, Eents, kc. , for the same years. 



100 



TEE LABOR QUESTIOX. 



A\^ERAGE WEEKLY WAGE— 1860, 1872 and 1878. 



OCCUPATIONS. 


Average M'keklv 
Wage, (ioLD Stnd'ud 


i 


OCCUPATIONS. 


VVKRAGE WeEKLYi 

iVAGE, Gold Stn'dI 


Ill 


1860. 1872. 1 1878. 


I860.' 1872. ! 1878. 


Agriculture. 
Labrs i)frmo.A:l>oard 
Lab'rs pr day, uo bo'rd 

Arms <& Ammunition. 


1 
^3 63 i 
90 

14 00 
37 50 

12 00 
30 00 

13 00 
9 75 
9 45 

10 00 

11 00 

12 00 
6 00 

5 10 

8 00 

6 50 
11 30 

11 00 

10 50 
6 83 
5 00 

9 30 

27 50 

25 00 

5 00 

5 50 

25 00 

23 50 

5 00 

5 50 

6 00 

11 10 

5 00 

7 00 

6 00 
5 50 

4 25 
3 37 

2 75 

5 25 

17 00 

14 85 

13 89 

5 21 

5 66 

12 00 

10 50 

13 50 
10 50 
10 50 

14 50 


1 
{23 09 

16 44 

20 77 

12 01) 

21 33 

7 09 

8 00 
26 67 
21 3:; 

6 88 

8 00 
8 00 

13 33 

10 67 

14 67 
8 00 

12 00 


H5 72 

I 25 

18 00 
37 50 

15 00 
30 00 

16 50 

17 12 

14 25 

12 50 

13 50 

15 00 
8 00 
00 

18 00 
8 00 

12 75 
8 00 

15 00 

14 40 

II 50 

13 50 

8 63 
6 75 

13 75 

20 77 

11 00 

26 40 

6 65 

6 00 
25 00 
23 80 

5 50 

5 75 

7 07 

6 00 
6 00 
6 75 

9 00 
9 00 

8 40 
13 50 

6 12 
8 90 


62 00 
35 

4 00 
3 00 

3 50 
7 37i 

4 80^ 
2 50 

2 50 

3 00 

2 00 
90 

1 50 

3 67 

50 

3 00 

2 00 
1 75 

4 45 

*6 73 

1 40 

1 65 

5U 

30 
50 
25 

1 07 

2 40 
1 12 
1 90 
1 50 

83 
70 
53 

85 

1 12 

3 00 

2 92 
2 31 

84 
66 

* 95 
21 
75 

1 50 

* 30 

*2 75 


Boots (£■ Shoes — Cont'd 

iiJdge-S tters 

Shueniakers 

Maclime Hands, w'mn 

McKay Operators 

Beaters 


$ 

12 00 

10 33 
8 25 

11 50 

15 00 
5 50 

11 20 

5 71 
3 50 

8 06 

7 83 
19 60 

9 55 

6 93 

9 95 

13 50 

8 00 
10 00 
10 50 

9 66 

12 19 

12 00 
witb 
b'rd. 

3 10 

2 97 

3 12 
3 43 

7 50 
6 00 
6 00 
6 00 

6 00 

9 83 

2 9(i 

3 23 

3 00 

4 00 

14 00 

7 0.. 
14 80 

13 66 
21 00 

12 64 
12 47 

7 50 

5 27 
5 05 
4 00 

9 9- 

u o; 

10 2^ 

14 3'. 
12 9-. 
114 0.- 

10 If- 

11 4.- 
7 If 
7 14 


$ $ 
17 78 13 00 
14 66; 8 00 
8 89i 7 33 
22 22 17 75 
1 8 00 

16 89 15 00 

17 78 12 25 

8 00 

13 3311 57 

5 48 5 09 


$ 

1 00 

2 33» 
92* 


Machinists, foreineu.. 

Inspectors 

Inspectors, foremen.. 


3 50* 




2 75* 


Women 


2 50 


Tool-Mall er 


Boxes. 








Watchmen ■ 


37 


Women and Girls 

Boys 


62* 




4 77 


6 00 


1 50 




Bread, Crackers, Etc. 

Bread-Bakers 

jCrackerBakers 




■Rovs 




Artisans' Tools, 
Pattern-Makers 


13 10 11 97 

12 44112 00 

il6 61 

(12 00 

1 7 87 


3 91 

4 11 

4 01 


Shippers 


2 45 




Packers, Women 

Breweries. 
jTeamsters 


94 












12 00 12 OO' 2 05 


"Wood- Workers 


13 78 14 75' 1 25 


Watchmen 

Carpenters 

Painters 


12 15 9 661 1 66 




16 00 12 00 2 OO 




16 Olt 12 00 1 50 


Blacksmiths 




11 11 10 96, 1 30 




11 55! 12 81 1 62 


Bleach' g,I>y'ng, Prntg 


ICooi)er8 

Bricks. 


16 00115 00 3 00 
No jwith 1 


Enjiine Tenders 


b'rd. 1 b'rd 

11 36| 3 37 27 


Back Tenders 


LSorters 


7 60 3 12 15 

7 69l 3 96 84 






8 82] 3 85 42 


Engl avers 




13 33| 8 501 1 OO 




15 921 7 50 1 50 


Starchers, . .. . ". 

Finishers and Packers 




14 lel 6 00| = 




10 04 5 36 64* 


Face-Brick men 

Baniers' Assistants.. 

jLaborers 

jTeanisters 

'Hostlers 


10 04 7 01. 1 1 06 


Dyers and Steamers . . 


18 12 13 5T1 3 74 
8 40j 3 001 04 




7 78! 3 771 54 


Carpenters 


7 7H| 3 00 = 




12 89! 4 oo; = 


Mechanics, repairs. .. 


' Brushes. 

Fini.shers 

Finishers^low gr'dw'k 

i Nailers 

jPainl-Brush Makers. 

L)o Fine Work 

Painters 


16 89 


1 
1 




13 481 5-2* 




7 50 


6 00 


1 00* 




3 31 

19 32 

18 36 
C 66 
6 74 

14 81 
16 00 

1 14 2S 
' 16 OC 

1 17 7f 


6 33 
4 95 

3 90 

4 80 
3 60 
6 37 

20 00 

17-77 

16 20 

C 05 

6 32 

11 05 
10 71 
14 25 

12 00 

10 0( 

12 0( 

11 7r 

19 5fl 

13 7r 


15 55; 17 10 

17 78|18 00 


2 30 




4 34 




17 78 
14 41 
14 52 

6 22 

4 88 
j 4 44 

14 66 
11 11 
19 55 
Hi 00 
11 82 

14 v;-- 


•J5 01 
15 10 

15 11 
14 24 

8 01 
8 00 
5 01 

4 71 

5 01) 

11 33 

13 h.'" 

12 11 
12 51 

16 4: 
18 01 


4 00 


(9 iris 




Boys and Girls 

Laborers. 

Bookbinders. 


Borera 


3 46 

1 77 


Combers, low gr'd w'k 

1 Washers 

Pan hands, women — 
Drawers, wiimeu 


50 
26« 




35* 




1 00 


F'ltlrs &Sewor8, w'mn 
Collators, •women 

Boots and Shoes. 

Cuttorfl 

Bottomers 

MachineCloBers. . . . 


1 Building Trades. 

Carpenters 

I'aiiiters & Glaziers.. 
Steam it Gas Fitters. . 

Slaters 

Paper-Ilangers 

Plumbers 

I'lastereri 


1 41 

2 82 
1 88 
1 h9' 

3 48 
3 95 




21 33 12 2: 

21 33 13 3* 

8 2! 


2 07 




1 92 




( 'ariipnters' Laborers 


1 13 


BtilVcrH 


1 Mas. &. Plast. laborers 


12 22 8 131 39 


Heolers 




U — 













THE LABOR QV EST ION. 



101 



OCCUPATIONS. 



Cabinet Making. 

Chaii-Makers 

Decorators 

•Gilders 

Turners 

•Carvers ... 

Cabinet-Makers 

Mill-Men 

Polislieis & Finishers. 

Upholsterers 

TJpholst. sewers, w'mn 

Carpetings. 

"Wool-Sorters 

Wool-Washers 

Wool-Preparers 

•Combers 

Finishers 

Dyers and Dryeis 

Drawiucj in 

Filling Boys 

Drawers 

Dressers 

Weavers 

Burlei s 

Section Hands 

Drawers and Spinners 

Doffers 

Frame-Spinners 

T-wisters 

Carders 

Firemen 

Packers 

•Overseers 

Machn'sts (feCarpnt'rs 

Watchmen 

Laborers 

Laborers' BoyB 

Carriages. 

Body-Makers 

Painters 

Carriage-Part Makeis 

Wheelwrights 

Trimmers 

Blacksmiths 

Blacksmiths' Helpers 

Corsets. 

Forewoman 

Overlookers 

Embroiderers 

Needle-Hands 

Finishers &. Packers. 

Machiue-Hands 

Boners 

Eyeleters 

Binders 

Cntters 

Cutters, men 

Pressers 

Pressers, men 

Custom Work 

Olothing-Ready-Made 

Overseers 

■Cutters 

Trimmers 

Pressers 

Basters, ■women 

Mach'n-oper's, wonier 
Finsh'rs.athome,wmn 
Fini.shers, shop, wm'n 
Finishers, contr. wm'n 
Finishers, cust'm.wmn 
Pants, Vest, Cust. Wrk 



Average Weekly 

WAGK,(iOLDSTAND'RD 



imO. 1872. 1878. 



110 11 
•20 50 
15 00 

11 80 

12 60 
10 56 
10 05 
10 00 
10 90 

6 00 



fi 50 
5 50 

5 50 

6 00 

5 25 

6 00 
4 bO 

2 50 

6 00 

7 50 
G 50 

3 50 
7 50 

3 00 

4 50 

7 50 

6 00 

24 00 
9 00 

7 00 

5 00 



11 82 

11 90 
9 50 

10 6-1 

12 62 

11 20 
7 50 



111 56 
22 22 
17 33 

15 11 

16 00 
14 66 
12 44 
11 34 
14 66 

6 07 



8 i; 

9 it; 



19 45 

13 92 

11 06 

9 17 

6 32 

5 53 
4 00 

4 56 

6 00 

5 58 



22 67 

9 87 



19 55 
17 3:i 

17 48 
17 77 
17 77 
16 00 
12 43 



10 67 
7 11 
7 11 

7 11 

8 00 
7 11 
7 11 



16 00 

8 89 



24 45 
19 8.j 
11 26 
16 0."> 

7 77 
10 81 

4 74 



S5 £• 



ijll 00 
24 00 
17 00 

11 60 

12 33 
11 03 
10 67 

10 25 

11 42 
7 00 



9 25 
7 25 
6 50 

6 30 

5 57 

7 50 

7 13 

3 50 

6 50 
10 50 

8 50 

4 70 

10 33 

4 3.T 
3 00 

5 00 

9 00 
16 75 

7 00 
7 50 

27 00 

11 00 
10 00 

7 05 
3 75 



15 -0 
14 56 

14 1-1 
13 70 

15 80 
15 24 

9 00 



7 06 

5 71 

6 47 

5 37 
4 50 

6 02 

4 00 
6 37 

6 78 

7 00 
12 00 

7 50 
14 00 

5 00 



24 8; 
16 00 



|0 89 

3 50 

2 00 

20- 

47' 
<■' 
62 
25 
52 
1 00 



2 75 

1 75 

1 00 

30 

32 

1 50 

2 33 

1 00 
50 

3 00 

2 00 

1 20 

2 83 



OCCUPATIONS. 



50 
1 50 

1 00 

3 00 

2 00 

3 00 
2 05 



3 88 

2 66 

4 64 

3 06 

3 18 

4 14 
1 50 



5 37 

2 08 



14 31 


3 25 


10 28 


1 U 


6 46 


14 


5 92 


39 


3 46 


54* 


4 58 


02 


3 50 




8 00 


2 00 


6 90 


1 32 



Cotton Goods. 
Openers and Pickers 
' Do Boys . 

Strippers 

Stri])pers &. Grinders 

Grinders 

Frame Tenders 

Drawers 

Riulway &, Alley Boys 

Slubbers 

Overseers of Carding 

Section Hands 

Second Hands 

OMrsiers of Spinning 

Second Hands 

ScctionHands 

(iciieral Hands 

Young Persons 

Sjwre Hands 

Mule Si)inners 

]\rult> Siiiiiners, wm'n. 
]\Iiili' Spiiiuere, boys. 

ISiick-lnos 

Dotlers.." 

Frame Spinners 

Frame Sp'nrs, b's&g's 
Frame Spinners, girls 
Frame Spinners, boys 
Frame Spinners,w'nin 
Ring Spiiiners.overs'r 
KiiiuSiiiiiners, 2dh'nd 
Kii],i;Siiin)ier.«, 3dli'ud 
King Sjiiuners, girls. . 
Do spaj-ohiids. g'ls 
Dott'ers, boys & girls 

Dott'ers. Boy.s 

Fly & J'k Fr'mTndrs 
Reel'g &Warp'g, ov'rs 
j Do second hands. . 
I Do spare h'ds, girls 

I Do spocders 

! Do do overseers 
! Do young persons 

Reelers 

Reamers 

Warpt-rs 

Dressers 

Dres.sers' oveiseers. . . 

Sla.sher-tenders 

Thread-diessers 

Drawers 

iDrawers, second h'nds 
iDrawers, sect'n bands 
Drawers, third hands. 
Drawers, room bands. 

Quill rs 

Twi.sters 

Twisters, women 

AVinders 

Winders, women 

Winders, overseers... 

Weavei-s 

Weavers, o' erseers. . 
Weaver8,secoud Ii'nds 
Weavers, sect n h'nds 
Weavers. s]iai e liands 
Weavers, 4 looms.... 

Weavers, 5 looms 

Weavers, 6 looms 

Weavers, 8 looms 

Bobbin-boj'8 

Clotti-room, overseei's 
Cloth-room, sec'd h'ds 

Cloth-room, men 

Cloth -room , wm . &b'y s 
Packiiig-room,g'8&u'8 
Dyers 



Average W 


eekly 


SS- 


Wage, Gold Stn'd 


°So- 




lis 


1860.11872. 


1878. 


14 76 17 35 


$0 23 


$1 47 


2 57 


4 55 


3 45 


88 


4 48 


7 00 


5 06 


58 


4 50 


7 75 


7 95 


3 45 


6 51 


7 50 


7 34 


83 


3 4ft 


5 65 


4 47 


99 


2 33 




3 70 


1 37 


2 70 




3 45 


75 


3 .'■.0 


3 30 


4 80 


1 30 


16 70 


26 67 


18 7-' 


2 02 


12 00 




11 40 


00* 


8 0()!l6 0(1 


10 00 


2 00 


17 70,26 67 


19 45 


1 75 


7 00|14 6". 


8 00 


1 00 


9 00 




11 40 


2 40 


6 00 




6 44 


44 


3 4(; 


4 59 


3 72 


26 


3 45 


4 .53 


4 00 


55 


6 33 


10 70 


7 41 


1 08 




6 30 


4 00 




1 98 




1 68 


SO'^ 


2 07 


3 68 


2 32 


25 


3 00 




4 65 


1 65 


3 28 




3 96 


68 


2 6c 


4 55 


3 34 


66 


2 37 




3 52 
2 70 


1 15 




4 96 


2 83 




11 r^-2 




18 00 


6 48 


7 .^(1 




9 00 


1 50 


4 00 




5 50 


1 50 


3 6(1 




4 30 


70 


3 3(1 




3 90 


60 


1 .50 




2 42 


92 


2 56 


4 00 


2 £0 


24 


3 50 




5 80 


2 30 


9 00 14 67 


15 00 


6 00 


4 50 9 33 


9 00 


4 50 


2 40 1 48 


4 20 


1 80 


1 62 4 85 


3 96 


1 34 


13 50 1 


16 50 


3 00 


2 53: 4 53 


3 00 


47 


3 54 40 


5 35 


1 81 


7 35 


9 25 


1 90 


4 22 5 90 


5 30 


1 08 


8 19 15 47 


11 27 


3 08 


21 91 


31 33 


20 40 


1 51* 




10 00 


9 79 




6 75 




7 95 


1 20 


4 56 


5 64 


5 55 


99 


8 25 


14 .^7 12 08 


3 83 


6 25 


10 67 


8 34 


2 09 


6 00 


8 80 


6 90 


90 


5 00 




6 00 


1 00 


2 77 


3 68 


3 67 


90 


fi 00 


8 00' 9 00 


3 00 


4 50 


5 33: 5 00 


50 


8 33 


11 33 


3 00 


4 45 


5 94 


1 49 


15 00 


18 00 


3 00 


4 44 


5 f8 


1 44 


17 41 




•20 00 


2 59 


7 00 




y 00 


2 00 


7 74 


10 67 


9 71 


1 97 


4 50 


6 61 


5 25 


75 




5 78 


3 96 






7 81 


4 50 






9 50 


5 01 






11 33 


6 30 




4 00 




4 50 


50 


18 10 


14 67 


17 25 


85* 


7 17 


8 64 


9 30 


2 13 


5 44 


8 16 


6 45 


1 01 


4 06 


4 80 


4 27 


21 


4 03 




4 70 


67 


5 87 


8 93 


8 13 


2 26 



102 



THE LABOR QUESTION. 



OCCUPATIONS. 



Average Weekly 
Wage. Gold Stnd'rd 



1860. 1872. 1878, 



Cotton Goods — Cont'd. 

Bnndlers - - ■ 

Overseera of Repairs 

Mechanics 

ilechanics' Laborers 

Engineers 

Firemen 

Overseers of Yard 

Yard Hands 

"Watchmen 

Teamsters 



Cutlery. 

Forgers 

Forgers' helpers. . . 

Grinders 

Sawyers 

Haft ers and Finisli ei .s 
Hafters & Fin'rs boys 

Macbinists 

Packers 

Inspectors 

Inspectors, women 
Stampers, boy s & girls 

Men 

Women 

Boys 

Laborers 



Dressmaking. 

Managers 

Dressmakers 



Envelopes. 

Cutters 

Trimmers 

Folders, women 

Machine bands, wni'ii 
Overseer of Killing. . . 

Kulers, women 

Printers. 

Printers, women 

Box-makers, women. . 

Sewers, women 

Packers 

General Help. 

Laborers 

Foremen 



Glass. 



ec 00 
17 10 

8 35 
5 47 

9 00 
7 09 

11 56 

5 2-2 

6 83 
5 40 



9 40 
6 00 

12 60 

8 25 

9 00 

3 00 
11 00; 

5 75 
10 00 

6 50 
8 37 

13 60 
5 17 

4 53 

5 50 



9 94 
6 52 



Blowers 

Kiln-men 

Cutters 

Polishers 

Gaffers 

Servitors 

Foot -makers 

Presscrs 

Gatherers 

Stickcrs-np 

Ware-wheelers 

Engravers 

Mixers 

Men, nut in deprtm'ts 

Boys 

Women and girls. . 



Hosiery. 
Overseer of Carding. . 
Young p<-iH(>iis, c:ird'g 
Overs'r, bl'i litL>t dyi'g 
Men, ble\ h'g A,- (1\ eg. 
Overseer of Si)iiii]ing. 
Men ii, boys, spinning 

Shii]iiTS. ." 

Finisliers, wiiiuen. . . 
Cutters and Ixmrders. 



S8 69 
17 33 
12 16 

8 



8 76 
10 67 



19 50 


12 05 


7 75 


7 75 


18 00 


6 00 


11 00 


4 00 


9 00 



10 00 
10 50 

5 00 

6 00 
21 00 



OCCUPATIONS. 



13 33 

7 11 



7 33 
6 89 



8 89 

12 44 

13 33 
17 
16 00 
13 33 
13 33 
12 00 
10 67 

7 11 

9 H 
18 2 
10 6 

3 50 

4 44 



$8 88 
20 00 

10 72 
6 94 

11 37 
8 33 

16 05 
6 32 
8 12 
8 01 



12 00 
6 00 

11 65 
9 00 
10 6 

3 30 
14 25 

6 00 
10 50 

7 50 
9 00 

13 60 

5 17 

4 53 

6 00 



12 19 

7 43 



10 50 
10 80 
6 75 
6 75 
15 00 
4 50 
9 60 



3 00 

8 00 

9 00 
9 75 

4 50 
00 

21 00 



2 90 
2 37 

1 47 

2 37 
1 24 
4 49 
1 10 

1 29 

2 01 



2 60 



1 62 
30 

3 25 
25 
50 

1 00 
63 



Average Weekly 
Wage, (iOLD Stn'd 



1860. 1872. 1878. 



Hosiery — Cont'd. 

Winders 

Knitters 

Twisters 

Sewing-girls 

Menders 

Rotary-knitters, men 

Engineers 

I Yard hands & watch'n 
] Leather. 

Liners and Beamers. 

Tanners 

Shavers 

Finishers 

Splitters 

Knife-men 

Table-men 

Foi emeu 



50 



2 25 
91 



3 00 
1 l!l- 
1 ou- 
1 00 
3 00 
1 50 
1 40- 
1 00' 
1 00* 
1 00- 
75* 
50* 



12 00 

10 50 
9 00 

12 00 
20 00 

13 00 

11 00 
13 00 

12 00 
8 00 
6 00 

12 00 

12 00 

10 50 

4 50 

4 00 



13 50 

6 00 
16 62 

7 87 
13 50 

6 75 

7 50] 
b lol 

8 40) 



i Linen Goods. 

Hacklers 

Preparers 

Preparers, boys. . . 
Preparers, women . 
Preparers, girls... 

Bleachers 

Finishers 

Spinners 

Spinners, boys 

spinners, girls 

Spinners, women. . 

Spinners, men 

Ruffers 

Spoolers 

Warpers 

Dressers 

Winders 

Miicbine boys 

Mechanics 

Jute Goods. 

Carders 

IWeavers 

Hovers 

Drawers 

Feeders 

Bundlers 

Callenderers 

Batchers 

Shifters 

Piecers 

Bobbin-carriers . . . 

Winders 

Rcelers 

Oilers 

Yard hands 



MacliiiieKcfMachinery 

Pattciii Milkers 

Iron Moulders 

Bra-s Moulders 

ICorc, Milkers 

JBliuksniitlis 

Bliieksuii til's helpers 

Machinists 

CleiiniMS aud Clipper! 

Cliuekers 

Fitters 

Pohshers 

Settcisui) 

Ki vet brat ers, boys.. 

liivctt IS 

Wood- workers 

Painters 

Labori'is 

Wiitchnien 

Teiiinsters 



M3 



50 

83 10 
00 
50 

25 10 
00 13 
00 13 
00 



2 00 

5 00 

6 00 



2 3: 

4 00 
8 00 

5 00 
1 75 

4 50 

5 75 

3 25 
3 12 
8 00 



I 6 60 
! C 85 
1 6 00 
I OO 
1 5 70 
15 OO 
12 00 
7 80 

11 00 
41 8 60 

15 00 

11 00 
00 16 00 
77 13 50 
25 1 8 80 

20 00 



6 75 
6 15 
3 30i 

5 45 
3 09 

6 80 

7 50 
5 18 
3 00 

3 00 

4 80 
11 40 

5 70 
1 80 
5 40 
7 50 
3 55 
3 90 

10 09 



6 571 6 00 

7 84 6 
5 78' 3 90 

4 OOJ 4 20 

5 ;8| 5 40 

7 56 1 

8 89 

6 22 
3 33 
3 5(; 

6 67 
3 5J 

7 11 
6 82 



3 50 

1 77 
6 00 

2 50 
1 75 
1 SO' 
1 00 
5 00 



4 

7 


00 
02 


5 


70 


»2 


40 


3 


00 


,") 


10 


3 


00 


4 


80 


6 


30 


8 10 



63 
80- 

3 4a 

70 
05 
90 

1 75 
30 
78 

2 OS' 



11 50 

9 50 
10 00 

5 00 
9 15 

6 50 
9 64 14 
C 00 ( 

6 75l 
W 83,14 

8 00 

10 00 12 
4 00 1 

9 50 14 
9 16 

6 OOi 

6 00 8 

7 00| 
7 501 



60 


15 24 


3 74 


07 


12 30 


;i 80 


67 


13 25 


3 25 




00 


1 00 


00 


12 15 


3 00 


20 


7 70 


1 20 


40 


13 05 


3 41 




7 50 


1 50 




9 75 


3 00' 


40 


10 00 


1 fii 




9 7.") 


1 75 


80 


12 00 


2 00 




5 00 


I 00 


67 


12 (M) 


2 ;"iO 




10 31' 


1 23 




8 00 


■i 00 
















9 00 


2 00 




10 00 


2 50 



THE LABOR QUE ST J Oy. 



lOJ 



OCCUPATIONS. 



Matches. 

Men 

Women 

Girls 

Boys 



Metalsd-MetallicGoodB 

Haniniersmen 

Heaters 

Rollers 

Pudtllers 

Shinglers 

Helpers 

Wire-drawers 

Annealers & Cleaners 

Rufiers 

Finishers 

Billot ers 

Stockers 

Reelers 

Strikers-in 

Brick-masons 

Brick-masons' helpers 

Sinkers 

Sinkers' helpers. . . 

Machinists 

Laborers 



Average Wekklv 
Wage,! oldStand'rd 



1860. I 1872. I 1878. 



fl6 O0'$10 .10 
4 00 4 00 
3 00 
3 50 



SIO 85 
6 35 



2IfUdMetl'cG'ds, Fine 

Wood-workers I !J 00 

Women 1 4 50 

Men ... 7 50 

Boys and Girls 3 75 

Moulders 8 50 

Gold-workers 15 00 

Steel-worker-s | 10 50 

Metal-workei s i 7 00 

Watchmen ] 7 50 

Engineers 10 50 



Millinery. 



Managers. 
Milliners.. 



Musical Instruments. 

Case Makers 

Yarnishers 

Finishers 

Mill-men 

Action-Makers 

Action-makers, wm'n 

Tnne7-8 

Laborers 



? ft? 



Paints. 

Foremen 

Mixers and Grinders. 
Boys 

Paper. 

Foremen 

Millwrights 

Rag-engine tenders.. . 
Paper-machinetend'rs 

Tbresher-\\ omen 

Rag-cutters 

Finishers 

Finishers, girls 

Finisher.**, boys 

Finishers' helpers 

Cutters 

Cntter.s, girls 

Bleachers 

Rag-sorters 

Men on Stock 

Mechanics 

Engineers & Firemen 
Laborers 



21 23 
10 67 
24 00 
24 00 



12 00 
23 40: 

13 80 

18 00 

19 50 
12 75 
12 75 

9 90 

21 60 
27 00 

9 60 

9 60 
10 80 

8 10 
18 00 

7 95 

22 50 
12 00 

14 42 
7 38 



10 .50 
6 00 

10 50 
4 65 

11 75 
18 00 

12 00 
9 00 

10 57 
12 00 



7 84 
5 72 



13 50 

7 85 

10 85 

12 38 

13 67 

6 72 
16 40 

7 17 



15 00 
7 931 

3 91 

16 63 
9 86 
7 90! 

10 OOi 

5 7o; 

7 50 
7 70 
3 92 
5 50 

5 80 

6 90 
3 40 
6 70| 
3 27! 

5 88 i 
9 75 

6 64 
5 50 



13 33' 

7 11; 



9 62 
7 16i 



13 12 
10 12 

14 46 

14 19 

14 09 
7 11 

15 00 
7 70 



38* 

2 27 

3 61 
1 M 

•12 

iill 

1 40* 

53 



18 501 3 50 
10 46 2 53 
5 41 1 50 



16 00; 2H 49 
10 OOl 15 21 
14 67 10 41 
16 00: 15 25 
8 89' 7 40 
8 40 
10 20 
5 27 
7 00 
7 27 
7 95 

5 00 
7 56 
4 53 

6 57 
13 20 



11 33 

6 93, 



8 89 
5 33 

8 89 
4 00 

9 33 

10 52 
8 33 



6 55| 



9 80 
5 35 
2 51 
5 25 

1 70 
90 

2 50 
1 35 
1 50 
1 47 
1 05 
1 60 

86 

1 26 
09 

3 45 

2 13 
1 05 



OCCUPATIONS. 



Preserved Meats, 
Fruits and Pickles. 

Men 

Women and Girls 

Printing. 

Job Compositors 

Job Com jiosi tors 

Proof-readers 

Proof-readers, women 

.Job Pressmen 

; Job Pressmen 

Xe ws-work 

I Press Feeders 

Pre>^s Feeders 

Press Feeders, wom'n 

Coni])ositors, daily. . . . 

I'roof Readers 

Prcs.smen, daily 

Book Compositors 

Book Comps., women. 

, Kubber Goods, 
' Elastic Fabrics. 

• Rubber- workers 

! Rubber-workers, wmn 

Overseer of Weavers. 

Weavers, women 

Dyers 

Dyers, Foremen 

Sewing girls 

Overseer of Spoolers. 

Spoolers, men 

Spoolers, women 

Overseer, Leather w'k 

Men on Leather work 

Boys on Leather work 

Quillers, boys &. girls. 

Wood-workiers 



Average Wekki.v 
Wage. Hold Stn'd 



1860. 1872. 1878 



11 67 12 67 
5 OO; 4 44 



19 
71 

45 28 
67 1 
95 14 
60 16 

17 
65 

77 

83 

54| 

1917 

2815 

42! 7 



-1 = 



« I 

12 30 
4 05 



f 

63 
95* 



14 12 

15 47 
20 09 

11 07 

12 60 

16 S3 
LI 11 

6 40 

6 38 

5 80 

18 28 

25 26 

55 18 11 

22 12 87 

11 7 22 



12 00 
5 55 
15 00 

5 40 

7 871 
18 00; 

6 30 

15 00 

8 75i 
4 75' 

16 501 
8 40; 
4 37' 
2 75; 

14 25: 



3 93 
2 76 
2 64 
2 40 

2 6S 

5 93 

6 34 
1 23 
1 73 

1 03 

3 45 
5 72 

4 92 

2 59 
1 80 



Safes. 

Safe Makers ,10 60 15 33 

Painters 10 33 

Helpers 6 28: 8 89 



12 67 
11 11 
7 56! 



2 07 

73 
1 28 



Ship-Btdlding. 
Carpenters, old work. 24 00 21 30 9 00 l.") 00* 
Carpenters, new work, 21 00 16 0(i! 7 '>n 13 50* 
Calkers, old work. . 
Calkers, new work. 
Joiners, old work.. 
Joiners, new work. . 

Painters, 

Riggers 15 00118 66 15 OOl = 

Blacksmiths 15 OOl 9 7o' 5 23* 



Silk. 

Winders 

Dou biers 

Spinners 

Spoolers and Skeiners 

Dyers 

Silk Cieaner.s 

Watchmen 

Machinists 

Engineers & Firemen 
Soap and Candles. 

Men 

Caudle Makers 

Stone. 

Quarrymen 

I'axiug-cutters 

.stone-cutters 

Pidishers 

lilacksmiths 

Tt amsters 

Laborers 



27 00 -J 1 30 l-J 00 l."i 00* 

24 00 16 00 10 .''lO 13 50* 

22 .'iOil 30 12 00 10 50* 

21 00 1() (lO! 9 00 12 00* 

18 00,13 32 12 Ool 6 00* 



4 20 

4 80 

5 35 
80 
75 
00 
50 
50 
50 



8 50 12 

9 50 10 



5 70 

6 00 
13 50 

7 50 
10 22 

8 17 
5 00 



5 40| 

5 40 

6 75 
5 70' 

10 50 
3 60 
12 flO| 
15 00 

10 .^ol 



9 47 

11 00 

6 80 
6 75 

12 00 
9 00 

10 50 
9 75 
6 OOl 



1 at 

69 

1 49 

S» 

3 75 
60 

4 50 
7 50 
3 00 



97 
1 50 

1 10 
■75 

1 ar 

I 5» 

as 

1 5S 

1 00 



134 



THE LABOR QUESTION. 



J 



OCCUPATIO.VS. 



Straw Cluodm. 

-Bleachers 

Blockers 

I'lessers 

Packer " 

Machiue Sewers 

Plaster-Block luakers 

Whittlers 

Menders 

Tippers 

Trimmers 

"Wirers. . 

Braid-winders 

MacLiiiists 



AVKRAGE VVkKKLV i ^E' 
W.4GE . (iOLD StND'Kd! '-^--' 



1860. I 1872. i 1878. 



OCCrPATIO.N.S. 



Average Weeklyi ?§••? 

WaGK. (iOLD St.V'D Q — 'i. 

Ill 



1860. 1872. '1878. 



Tobacco. 

Strippeis I 

Cjnainiakers ' 

Cijiar-iiiakeis, womeu 
Packers 

Type. 

Caster>i 

Dressers 

!Not designated 

Rubbers 

Setters 

Breakei's 



9 00 
12 00 
12 00 
12 00 

10 50, 

11 2.5 
18 CO 

7 50 
9 00 
9 00 

10 50 
9 00 

18 00 



S4 50, §C 66 7 80||3 30 

12 00 16 00: 12 75' 75 

7 50 j 9 00 1 .'50 

16 00 17 77' 18 00; 2 00 



16 70 

17 64 

18 00 i 



TVoolle7i Goods. 

Wool-.sorters 

"VV'asbers <fc Scourers 

Dyers 

Dryers 

Yoimg Persons 

Dyers aud Scourers. . 

n asbers 

Dyers and Dryers 

W'sb'rs, Scour's. Dry's 
Drjers and Pickers'. . . 

Scourers 

Gardens i 

Carders, women 

Card ers, war n, b 'y 8, gls 
Carders.young pers'ns 
Carders, boys & girls. 

Carders, overseers 

Strippois 

Strippers, boys 

Strippers, boys& girls 

Spinnois 

Sidniicrs, boys 

Spinners, women 

Spiuuer.s, y'ng persons 

Jack-spiiuu^rs I 

Jack-spinneis. boys.. 
Jacks|)u'i s,y 'ng per's 

Sj)oolers, women 

Spoolers, girls i 

Siioolers.wom'n&girls 
Dressers and Wari)er8 
Drcs'rsife Wrj) 'rs, wm n > 

Dressers.. _J 

Dressers, men. 
Weavers .. 
W 

\V 

Weavers, men&wm'u 

Fullers 

Shearers 



6 98 


5 48 


5 72 


5 68 


5 00 


4 27 


C 33 


4 90 



rs.men. 

women 



5 50 
4 50' 

4 50: 

5 32 

3 74 

4 00 
4 00 

2 62 
12 00 

4 97 

3 30 

2 70 

6 79 

3 00 

4 75 
4 00 
(> 41 

2 71 

3 50 

4 08 

3 37 
2 40 
(i 48 

4 61 

7 60 
9 00 

5 50 
7 50 
5 25 

,5 55 
5 23 
5 40 



10 001 
22 00 



9 50 
8 00 
7 95: 
7 13 



7 30 
4 92 



9 20 



6 85 
4 80 



18 56, 1 86 

19 60 1 96 

20 001 2 00 
7 27 

5 89 
4 64 



8 56 
(i 06 
6 66 
6 12 
6 00 
6 50 
8 15 

6 90 

7 12 
6 00 

5 75 

6 19 
4 54 
4 93 
4 50 
4 00 

18 00 

6 19 
4S5| 
3 60 

7 64; 

3 00 = 
6 15 1 40 

4 50' 50 

8 Oil I 60 



1 i:2 
95 
90 

85 



3 91 
5 00 
5 64; 

4 22! 



1 20 
1 .'50 
1 5(i 

85 



4 60 2 20 
7 68! 1 21) 



9 49 



7 47 
7 41, 



6 73, 

9 18; 
12 75; 

7 00' 
9 ."JOi 

6 95 

7 15 
6 89 
6 60 1 



2 12 
1 58 

3 75 

1 50 

2 111) 
1 70 
1 IW 
1 66 
1 2(1 



^ 33 



9 97 



1 52 


1 1 1« 


t 94 


j 44 


' 1 00 


2 23 


1 82 


2 00 


1 62 


1 50 


1 25 


87 


80 


93 


50 


1 38 
R on 



\ Woollen Goods-C on t ' d $ 

iShearers, men & boys 5 00 

Shearers, men <fcwm'n 5 26 

Shearers, boys | 4 00 

IFuUers, giggers, and 

I Shearers 5 28 

jGiggers 5 04 

Burlers 5 08 

j Burl ers, women 3 81 

, Burlers, girls 3 00 

Finishers fi 04 

Finishens, women 3 08 

jPackers 5 00 

Packers, women 3 78 

'Mechanics 8 90 

Boys and girls 3 05 

Pressmen C 50 

ISection hands 7 33 

Firemen 6 56 

iEngiiieers & firemen 9 00 

Laborers 5 44 

Watchmen 7 08 

jTeamsters 7 50 

jEngineers 12 00 

Wool Hats. I 

Carders j 10 94 

ICarders, boys I 5 33 

jCarders, foremen 

ICarders, second hands 

iDyers, first grade 

Dyers, men j 

Hardeners, foremen.. 

Hardeners, men 10 67 

jHardeners, boye | 

Machine-girls' 

Trimmers, women .., I 8 89 

Carpenters ] 

Blockers 1 114 40 

Blockers, overseers. . . 

Finishers 1 17 33 

Plankers jio 22 

I'lankers, foremen . . ! 

Plankers, see udh'nds ' 

Plankers, boys j 

i Worsted Goods. 

Wool-Sorters 7 00 

Wool-AVashers 6 00 

Wool-Preparers 6 Oil 

Wool-Combers 5 75 

Wool-Fini.shers 4 70 

Drawers 5 co 

Roping tenders 4 00 

Si)inners 4 60 

Dofi'ers 3 00 

Bobbin-.setters , 3 00 

Dyers c 00 

Dres.sers 12 OOJ 

Twisters 13 00 

Diawers-in 6 7."< 

Sleyeis I 3 00 

Weavers I c 50 

Section hands ' 00 

l''illiiig-tender8 | 4 00 

liiirlers 4 20 

I-'iiiisliers I 6 50 

•'liibbers I C 50, 

I>iiei» ' fi 80 



5 81 

6 60 

5 40 

6 75 

5 90 

6 34 
4 59| 

3 25 

7 08 

4 95 
7 23 

5 23 
12 33 

3 50 

7 50 
9 33 

8 78 
10 50 

6 69 

9 41 
9 00 

18 00 



10 66 

3 70 
21 00 

9 00 
12 66 

9 00 
10 50 

9 00 

6 00 
12 00 

7 50 
15 00 

9 83 
21 00 
15 00 

9 50 
21 00 

7 50 

6 00 



81 
1 34 
1 40 

1 47 
86 

1 26 
78 
25 

1 04 

1 87 

2 23 
1 45 

3 43 
45 

1 00 

2 00 
2 22 
1 50 

1 25 

2 33 
1 50 
6 00 



9 00 


7 50 


7 50 


' 7 ^0 


i 5 04 


G 32 


5 82 


5 70 


: 3 :to 


2 70 


7 14 


14 92 


N 94 


1 9 18 


1 3 90 


7 02 


|.) ]0 




:> 58 


5 40 


7 02 


7 50 


7 98' 



2 00 

1 50 

1 50 

1 75 

34 

52 

1 82 

90 

30 

" 30 

1 14 

2 92 

1 94 

2 43 
90 
52 

3 12 
1 58 
1 20 

52 
1 00 
1 18 



* Indicates decrease iu wages. = No cliange in wng.-s. Blanks, wages not (d.tained. 

LIVING EXPENSES. 

Tlic above result coiuM'rning wases beinpr arrived nl, tb ■ KTil)ject of tbe cost of 
uvmg becomes au lutore.stiug (luestiou. We i>reseut a table sbowiug tbe prices of 



THE LABOR QVESTIOX. 



105 



o-roceries, provisions, fuel, dry goods, boots, reut, and board, for 1860, 1872, and 
1878, together with a column showing the per centage of increase or decrease on 
each item of expense for 1878. as compared with 1860 : 



Quantities. 



Barrel 

Barrel 

Pound 

Pound 

Pound 

Pound 

Quart 

Pound 

Pound 

Pound 

Pound. ... 
Pound. . . . 

Pound 

Gallon 

Gallon. . . 
Gallon . . . 

Pound 

Pound. . . . 



Pound.. . 
Pound.. . 
Pound. . . 
Pound. . . 
Pound. . . 
Pound. . . 
Pound.. . 
Pound. . - 
Pound.. . 
Pound.. . 
Pound. . . 
Pound.. . 
Pound. . . 
Pound.. . 
Pound. . . 
Pound.. . 
Pound. . . 
Pound.. . 
Pound.. . 
Bu.shel . . 
Quait... 
Dozen.. . 



ARTICLES. 



Ton.. 
Cord. 
Cord . 



Yard . 
Yard. 
Yard. 
Yard. 
Yard. 
Yard. 
Yard. 
Yard. 



Month . 
Month . 



"Week. 
Week. 



Groceries. 
Flour, Wheat, superfine.. 

Flour, Wheat, family 

Flour, Kye 

Corn Meal 

Codtish.'-dry 

Rice : 

Beans 

Tea, Oolong 

Cotiee, Rio, green 

CotFee, roasted 

Sugar, good brown 

Sujrar, cotfee 

Sugar, granulated 

M'llasses, Kew Orleans... 

Molasses, Porto Eico 

Syrup 

SoB]), common 

Starch 



Pkovisioxs. 

Beef, roasting 

Beef, soup 

Beef, rump steak... 

Beef, corned 

Veal, fore-quarter 

Veal, hind-quarter... 

Veal, cutlets 

Mutton, fore-quarter. 

Mutton, leg 

Mutton Chops 

Pork, fresh 

Pork, salted 

Hams, smoked 

Shoulders, corned . . . . 

Sausatres 

Lard 

Mackerel, pickled 

Butter 

Cheese 

Potatoes 

Milk 

Eggs 



Fuel. 

Coal 

Wood, hard 

Wood, pine 

DuY Goods. 
Shirting, 4-4 brown . . . . 
Shirting, 4-4 bleached.. 
Sheeting, 9-8 brown. . . . 
Sheeting, 9-8 bleached . 

Cotton Flannel 

Ticking .'. 

Prints 

Satinet 



Boots. 
Men's heavy 

Rents. 
Four-rooms tenement . 
Six rooms tenement 

Board. 

Men 

Women 



Average Retail Prices. 
Stasd.\rd, Gold. 



Percentage 
of Increase 
orDecrease 









for 1878, as 


I860. 


is-ra. 


IS'TS. 


compared 
with 1860. 


$7 Gl 


SIO 75 


§8 63 


13 


7 14 


12 75 


7 96 


10 


3 


3 


3 


16 


2 


1 


2 


' 4 


5 


8 


6 


13 


7 


11 


9 


22 


8 


9 


8 





54 


69 


60 


10 


21 


34 


23 


10 


23 


42 


26 


16 


8 


10 


8 


5 


9 


10 


9 


3 


lOVa 


12 


10 


' 3 


1 50 


70 


57 


13 


57 


le 


68 


18 


i G3 


75 


86 


35 


8 


8 


7H 


* 7 


11 


12 


9 


*16 


11 


19 


14 


32 


4 


t 


5 


10 


14 


29 


20 


41 


C 


10 


8 


26 


7 


10 


10 


39 


11 


17 


15 


40 


14 


28 


20 


40 




10 


10 


39 


12 


19 


17 


39 


1 13 


15 


18 


38 


1 11 


12 


10 


' 7 


11 


11 


9 


*11 


! 1^ 


13 


12 


* 4 


1 8 


10 


9 


7 


1 11 


12 


n 


* 1 


i 13 


12 


10 


'19 


9 


13 


12 


32 


! 21 


39 


25 


15 


13 


17 


12 


* 7 


1 59 


1 02 


97 


65 


4 


8 


5 


13 


20 


30 


25 


22 


6 40 


9 25 


6 45 


1 


6 49 


10 12 


6 74 


4 


4 42 


7 00 


5 04 


U 


1 9 


13 


r. 


-18 


10 


16 


9 


>*13 


10 


14 


9 


■'16 


13 


19 


11 


*11 


t 15 


27 


14 


' 7 


1 17 


24 


17 


h 


11 


11 


I 


*30 


1 56 


59 


54 


* 3 


i 2 75 


3 94 


3 24 


18 


4 45 


14 75 


5 55 


25 


7 54 


10 00 


9 43 


25 


2 79 


5 62 


4 19 


5B 


1 79 


3 75 


2 63 


47 



* Decrease. All the rest Increase in coat. 



106 



ADVICE TO THOSE SEEKING NEW HOMES. 



" GO WEST, YOUXG MAN.'— i/oroce Greeley. 

For some years after the late civil war, emigration from Europe increased, and 
the average number of arrivals of immigrants, for the port of New Yorli alone, for 
the nine years 18C5-1873, both inclusive, was 240,000. But in 1874 there was a 
sudden reduction in the numloer of arrivals; falling off from 266,818 in 1873 to 
104,041 in 1874; 84,560 in 1875: 68,264 in 1876, and 54,536 in 1877. In 1878 the 
trade began to rise again — 75,347 coming to the port of New York, and 138,469 at 
all points. It should be said, also, that a larger number than formerly came into 
the country by way of the Dominion of Canada, and other Atlantic and Pacific 
ports. In all, about 4,612,000 immigrants have arrived in this country since 1861. 
The past falling off in immigration was due to several causes; the depression in 
business and finances, which had lasted from 1873 to 1878, had caused many busi- 
ness failures, and the reduction in values, a necessary prelude to resumption, had 
almost paralyzed manufacturing. Our immense agricultural crops were sold at very 
low prices, because there was not, until 1877 and 1878, a large demand for them 
from Europe, the cereals of Southern Russia being marketed at a lower price— and 
the prodiaction was too great for the consumption of the home market. Meanwhile 
the demand for labor at remunerative prices was, nntil 1877, taking all things into 
account, better in Europe than here— and the number of emigrants who returned 
to their homes in Europe was greater than at any previous period. As our con- 
dition began to improve, and business grew more brisk, and manufacturing revived 
here, the state of affairs in Europe became rapidly worse; in Great Britain the in- 
debtedness in India was crushing the wealthy firms engaged in that trade ; the 
demand for their manufactures from this country and other countries was rapidly 
diminishing, and, to a large extent, our goods were taking their place. There was 
little demand, except from India, which could not pay, for British iron and steel; 
Belgium, France and Germany were underbidding English iron masters on their 
own soil. The goods of Manchester and Sheffield remained on their shelves, and 
American goods of better quality were offered in those cities at lower prices. The 
failure of the Bank of the City of Glasgow in October, 1878, of the West of England 
Bank in December, and of one or two smaller institutions subsequently, caused 
great numbers of failures; and the extensi\e strikes which followed the attempt of 
the manufacturers, ship builders and mine owners to reduce wages, added to the 
general gloom. While this reduction was a matter of necessitj- on the part of the 
capitalists, it bore with great severity on the working classes. When, in addition 
to this, the government was carryiug on war in Afghanistan and in Zululand, and 
had accepted heavy responsibilities in Asia Minor, Cj'prus and Egypt, involving 
increased taxation, and India was hopelessly in debt, there was great room for 
apprehension, and the tendency to emigration is a natural consequence of that 
apprehension. 

On the Continent the condition of things was not much better. Germany. Italj% 
Spain and Frauco were in a condition of npheiival. Socialism on the one side and 
Ultra-montiinism on the other, are threatening the peace of all four, and attempts 
at repression only aggravate the difficulty. Kussia is permeated by Nihilism, the 
worst form of socialism, because it is only destructive, with no desire or inti-ution 
of reconstruction. Turkey is in a deplorable state, but her peojiU^ do not migrate 
westward. From the other countries named, as well as from tbe Scandinavian 
States, the probabilities are strong of a greater immigration to this country than we 
have ever seen. Neither Canada nor Australasia ofter any such inducements to the 
industrious and peace-loving immigrants as we can offer^and we shall, unquestion- 
ablj', receive the larger portion of them. 

Let us, then, give some friendly and disinterested advice to those who are in- 
tending to come and make their linmes in our country. We are not interested in 
any land scheme any railroad or transportation company; we are not citizens of 
any of tlie so-called land States or Territorit s. and do not own an acre of land in any 
ono of them; we are sim])ly intelligent cili/.ens of the United States, patriotic 
enough to desire the growth'and ]irosi)erity of our country, and its settlement by 
honest, upright, law-abiding, industrious citizens, who will build up for themselves 
and their children homes here in which they may enjoy long life and prosperity. 



SEEKIXG SEW HOMES. 



107 



We have taken the utmost pains to obtain the most thoroug'i information possi- 
ble in regard to the diflerent States and Territories which are inviting immigration, 
und what we have to say here, will be foiind to be entirely true, and without any 
coloring of personal interest. 

But it is not alone for European emigrants that we have collected this informa- 
tion. Since 1873 more than two million American citizens have migrated from the 
Eastern States to the States and Territories west of the Mississijjpi ; and perhaps 
as many more, most of them mechanics and young fanners, though including also 
other professions and trades, are fully determined to go within the next year or two. 
We would not seek to detain them at the East, for there is a grand field for devel- 
opment in the West, and the greater the number of intelligent, industrious and 
patriotic Ameican citizens who shall settle its vast prairies and carry thither the 
religious, literary and political institutions which have caused the East to prosper 
in the past, the stronger will be the guaranty of the perpetuity of our Union with 
its noble heritage of free institutions. 

To both classes, then — the emigrants from foreign lands and our own sons, 
brothers and friends — who are setting their faces westward, we would address our 
counsels. 

1. We would say, first, to all intending emigrants, whether from our own or foreign 
countries, do not go West without some ready monej' beyond your travelling ex- 
penses, and the amount necessary to secure your lands. If j'ou are intending to be 
farmers, you -mil need money to stock yottr farm, to buy seed and food for yottr 
stock, and to support your family tiutil j-ou can realize on your first crop. The 
emigrant who is thus unprovided will fare hard in a new country, thotigh the settlers 
there are as generous and helpful as they can be. The larger the amount of ready 
money an emigrant can command, the more easily and pleasantly will he be situated. 
The building of a rude house, and furnishing it in the plainest way, will consume 
considerable money — and the first breaking up of his land, the necessary agricul- 
tural implements and machines, and the hire of help in putting in his crops, aside 
from the cost of stock and fodder, will add to his early expenses. The man who 
can go to any of the western States or Territories and take up a farm and have on 
hand, after paying the necessary fees and land expenses, $1,000 (£200), will have 
a very comfortable time, and will, under ordinary circumstances, be well situated 
for the future. The man who has a much smaller sum will find that he has many 
hardships to undergo, and will do better to seek employment as a hired laborer for 
the first year, purchasing his land meanwhile, and if possible, getting in a crop. 

The mechanic or operative who goes West for a home also needs capital , though 
perhaps not as much, if his calling is one of those which arc indispensable in a new 
country. A good carpenter, mason, blacksmith, miller, sa^vyer,stone-ctatter, brick- 
maker, painter and plazier will be reasonably sure of remunerative work very soon; 
but two or three hundred dollars at least, and as much more as they can command, 
will be needi- d. For professional men there may be a longer waiting required. The 
clergyman may have a congregation to preach to, but the salary he will receive 
from them at first vrill be very small, and unless he can derive at least a part of his 
salary from other sources, he will be very sure to sutfer. The phj'sician will find 
his services in demand but his fees will, many of them, be collected with difficulty. 
The lawyer may have to wait long for business, but will generally manage to get his 
pay for his services. The editor, the artist, the bookseller, and the dealers in lux- 
uries generally must wait till society reaches its second stage of development. 

2. I5e deliberate in the choice of a location, and do not decide until you have 
carefully weighed all the advantages and disadvantages of each. It is our purpose 
to set these before you so fully and fairly as to aid you in this matter. 

It is not necessary to go to the West in order to find land at a reasonable prico, 
in good and healthy locations, and within moderate distance of a good market. 
There are large tracts in Maine of very fair land, with ready access by river or rail- 
road to good, though not large , markets. The soil is not as rich as that at the West, 
and the winters are lonoj and cold ; the climate is healthy, except a strong teudcucy 
to pulmonary consumption, which is the scourge of most cold climates on the sea- 
board; but these lands compare verj' well with the new Canadian lauds, and are 
more accessible to markets. Wheat, rye and barley can be grown to advantage, 
but the summers are not generally long enough for Indian corn, though a very largo 
business is done at Saco, Biddeford, A'c, in canning the green corn for consump- 
tion. The long winters make the rearing of cattle and shof p less profitable than in 
southern regions. The other New England States have but little land which, at the 
prices at which it would be sold, would be attractive to emigrants. 



108 SEEKIXG XEW HOMES. 

The State of New York has much desirable hxnd for settlers. The eastern two- 
thirds of Long Island has a light, friable soil, easily cultivated, inclined to be sandy, 
but yielding very large cro])s when j^roperly manured, with abundant manvires, and 
railroad lines giving it speedy access to the New York and Brooklyn markets, the 
best on the Continent. The whole island might and should be covered with market 
gardens, and tlower gardens. Much ot this land is purchasable at from three to 
ten dollars an acre, and lor market gardening from 10 to 20 acres is sufficient. The 
climate is mild and healthful, and the prompt returns for labor sure It is neces- 
sary that the settler should know something of the business of market Rardening ; 
but this is as easily acquired as any other agricultural bttsiness. The Island is, in 
its greatest length, 104 miles long, and from 7 to 15 miles broad. The difficulties 
in regard to this region in the past have been due to the want of good railroad 
communication ; but these have now disappeared, and the railroads will multiply 
from year to year. Within ten years these lands will increase in value, certainly 
five fold and possibly ten fold. There are extensive tracts of laud in eastern New 
Jersey which might also be easily transformed into rich market gardens, as some of 
them have already been. But to return to New York. In the northern part of the 
State there is a vast tract known as the Johu Brown Tract, covering the greater 
part of several large counties, of excellent farming lands, much of it forest, with 
numerous lakes and streams — valuable land for grain crops, especially wheat, bar- 
lej', rye, o.its and buckwheat, and much of it excellent grazing land. It has been 
proposed to set it apart as a public park, with a view to the utilization of its lakes 
and streams for the supply of the canals and the upper waters of the Hudson. 
There are railroads and navigable streams on all sides of this vast tract, but as yet 
no railroad through it, though this difficulty would be readily overcome if it were 
fairly opened for settlement. All the cereals exceiDt Indian corn could be produced 
abundantly. There is much wild game in the tract, deer especially, and feathered 
game of ail sorts, and delicious fish in great abundance. There are some bears, 
catamounts, lynxes, badgers, and many foxes, woodchucks, rabbits, squirrels, &c., 
&c. The m^.rkets are Ogdensburgh, Oswego, Watertown, Rome, Utica, Little Falls, 
Schenectady and Albany. Land can be purchased at from 50 cents to $5 pjr acre. 

Pennsylvania has, near the centre of the State, a similar tract of desirable though 
mountainous land. 

But perhai:)s, in some respects, the most desirable region for some classes of 
immigrants and settlers is to be found in West Virginia. The region is hilly and 
parts of it too mountainous for cultivation, but wherever it can be cultivated 
the soil is rich and productive. The whole region abounds in valuable timber — 
black walnut, oak, ash, beech, hickory, chestnut, and other hard woods, with a fair 
proportion of hemlock and pine. These command high prices at markets readily 
accessible. Its mineral wealth of coal, of the best quality, petroleum, salt, lime, 
baryta, &c., is inexhaustible — and the markets of Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Richmond, 
Norfolk and Baltimore are easily accessible from nearly all points of the State. 
Three railroads cross the State, one at its northern border, one at its southern, and 
one nearly through the centre. The Ohio River also skirts the border of the State 
on the north-w-st and is navigable for large steamers. The climate is excellent. Land 
can be purchased in this State at from $3 to SIO per acre, and tracts not so desira- 
ble at lower prices. The Governor of the State will furnish all the information 
needed. 

In the Southern Atlantic States there is a fine climate and much good land oftered 
at reasonable prices, but, with the exception of Florida, the social, jMilitical, edu- 
cational and financial conditions of these States are not such as to make emigration 
to them desirable. The only way in which emigration to Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina. Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, or Arkansas, is jiractica- 
ble, is by colonics; and in most of those States, there would still be difficulties and 
disabilities wliich would make a residence there unpleasant. These States are ruled 
too much by the ])istol, the rifle, and the shot-gun, to make life agreeable there. 
Florida is obtaining a large populaticm of northern settlers, and though some ])or- 
tions of the State are subject to malarious fevers, and its princi])al towns sufi'er 
occasionally from yellow f. ver, the climate in the interior is delightful, and the 
culture of the oraiige, lemon and fig, and other semi-troi)ical fruits, is becoming 
large and ])rofitable. Lands in desirable portions of the State are much in demand 
and are bringing higher prices than those wo have named from other States. 

Texas has, since 1H70, been a favorite resort fiir those emigrants who desire a 
warm climate. The interior of the State is very healthy, and for rearing cattle, 
fiheej) and hdi-ses, its advantages are superior to those of any other State. The 



SEEEIXG NEW HOMES. 109 

lands, especially iu eastern and middle Texas, are very fertile and yield immense 
crops of Indian corn, horghuin, sugar-cane, cotton, rice and tobacco. The best 
modiP of settlement here is by ctilouies, and the region to be settled should be care- 
fully explored by a committee of the colonists in udvunce. Western Texas is very 
dry, and along the Mexican and northern borders, Mexican raiders, and Apache and 
Comanche Indians very often make plundering expeditions, carrying ofihorsesand 
cattle, and destroying property and occasionally murdering the settlers. The 
finances of the State are not so well administered as they should be, and the taxes 
are largely iu arrears. It is easier to obtain a clear title to lands here than in most 
of the States where the title does not come either from the U. S. Government or 
from the railways to which the government has made grants. Laud can be obtained, 
unimproved, at from $1 to |i5 per acre. 

Tennessee (East Tennessee in particular) has n.uch desirable land. The valleys 
along the Appallachian chain, in eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, extending into 
northern Georgia and Alabama, have a delightful climate, great mineral wealth, 
and much valuable timber, and in many places a fertile soil. For capitalists, min- 
ers, workers in iron, copper or zinc, colliers, and the mechanical trades generally, 
this region gives better promise of obtaining a competence than most others. A 
number of large colonies from Great Britain have already located themselves here, 
and, even under the financial pressure of the past five years, most of them have done 
well. Middle Tennessee has also much desirable land for settlers, and it is offered 
at low prices. The financial condition of the State is not good, and the party in 
power have shown a proclivity for repudiation of their past debts, which has given 
them a bad reputation abroad. East Tennessee is traversed by several railways and 
has for its markets, Chattanooga, Cincinnati, Charleston and Savannah. Middle 
and Western Tennessee raise large quantities of cotton, Indian corn and peanuts, as 
well as sorghum, wheat, barley, oats, &c. East Tennessee produces very little cot- 
ton, but more of the food products. Land can be obtained at low prices, especially 
if purchased for colonies in large tracts. 

Arkansas has iu its western portion large tracts of very fair land, hilly but pro- 
ductive, and with great mineral wealth. The mountains are well covered with 
heavy timber. The climate is salubrious and especially adapted for those having 
any tendency to pulmonary diseases. Rheiimatic and gouty diseases are much 
benefited by the Hot Springs. Yet the social , political and financial condition of 
the State is such that we hesitate to recommend it as a home for emigrants. 

While Missouri has many tracts of land suited for emigrants, we must, until she 
repeals her repudiation laws, regard her as an undesirable State for our own citizens 
or those seeking a home from foreign countries to make their residence. Mechanics 
and machinists will often find in St. Louis good and remunerative employment, 
and miners may find work in her iron, lead and coal mines. 

In Indiana, Illinois and Iowa there are no very desirable lands belonging to the 
United States Government, and certainly none which could be taken under the 
Homestead, Pre-emption or Timber Culture laws— and very little in Wisconsin. 
The Illinois Central R. R., Chicago & North Western, Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific, Burlington & Missouri River, and several others have laud grants and will 
sell alternate s^ ctions to settlers at from $6 to $10 per acre. These lands being on 
trunk railroad lines are, in many cases, desirable as investments. 

But in the States of Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, east of the 
Sierra Nevada, and the Territories of Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah, 
New Mexico and Arizona, there are still very considerable quantities of government 
lands; though in each of the States and in the Territories of Wyoming, Utah and 
New Mexico, there have been large grants to railroads. 

Of these States and Tcri'ories some are more desirable than others, though all 
have their advantages and disadvantages. Minnesota has a fertile soil, great enter- 
prise, and a magnificent future. The chmate in winter is cold, but dry and uniform ; 
in summer it is delightful. The western portion of the State, which forms a part 
of the valley of the Red River of the North, is the best land for Spring wheat in the 
United States, and the larger portion of the Minnesota wheat, which has a \yorld- 
vnde reputation, is raised there. This region is attracting gi oat numbers of immi- 
grants, and is traversed bv several railroads — the Northern Pacific, and the railroad 
now building through the Red River Valley from Pembina southward, are the most 
important. Lands every way desirable can now V)e procured in this region, by the 
use of cash or bounty land scrip, under the Homestead Act or under the Timber 
Culture Act. We shall explain these processes of obtaining lands further on. 
Lands can also be obtained by individual settlers from the railroads which gridiron 



110 SEEKING NEW HOMES. 

the state, at somewhat higher prices, but with the advantages of a ready acce^ to 
good markets. Considerable portions of the State are well adapted to grazing, but 
the cattle and sheep must be carefully housed during the lo 'g winter, and hence 
the cost of raising stock for food purposes is greater ihan in most Southern Sates 
and Te ritories. Butter, > beese and wool are largely produced, and with much 
profit. The principal cities and towns have had a very rapid but healthy growth, 
and are gooil plac s for industrious and enterprising mechanics to find abundant 
and remunerative employment. 

Dakota Territory, which joins Minnesota and Iowa on the west, is one of our 
newest territories. An effort likely to be successful is now making to divide it and 
to organize from it, with j^erhaps the addition of a small portion of Wyoming and 
Montana Territories, a new territory to be called Lincoln, which shall include the 
whole of the Black Hills region, where recent gold discoveries have built up a 
thriving district. This measure would work no ill to Dakota and would greatly 
facilitate the development of the new territory. The greater part of the settlements 
of the Territory of Dakota, as it will be after this new territory is organized, are in 
the eastern ad south-eastern portons; the Northern Pacific Kailroad crosses the 
State just below the 47th parallel, and Bismarck, its station on the Missouri River, 
is a town of some imp.irtance, and other towns are growing up on the line of that 
road. The eastern or rather north-eastern counties adjoining Minnesota are in the 
fertile valley of the Eed River of the North, and are admirably adapted to M'heat 
culture. South-eastern Dakota has also a very rich soil, and is equally well suited 
for grazing, and the culture of cereals or ruot crops. A correspondent of the Milwau- 
kee (Wis.) Sentinel, who had spent some time in S. E. Dakota in the autumu of 
1878, saj's that in Hauson County, 60 miles north of Yankton (the capital of the 
territory), on the 1st of December, 1878, "the ground was free from snow, and 
cattle and horses were f eding on the wil 1 prairie grass. No country in the world 
produces a more nutritious grass; oxen need no other food. For stock and sheep 
raising this region has perhaps no rival in a northern latitude, and offers special 
attractions to the dairyman." Another correspondent, writing about the same 
time, says of this region : "Dakota is par excellence a stock country, as the natural 
grasses are rich, and yield heavy crops of ha,y. All that is to be done is t > pay for 
herding in summer, aud to cut hay and cure it for winter iise. The cost of herding 
is about ten shillings per head for a season of five months. Sheep pay well, the 
climate being dry and the lands rolling. The soil will grow anything to perfection 
adapted to the latitude, as it contains an almost inexhaustible supply of plant food. 
I saw a carrot two and a half feet long, and it was not cosnidered much of a carrot 
either. " Mr. W . H. Swartz, for some years a highly respected citizen of that part 
of Dakota, writes to the Ex-aminer and Chronicle, "New York, in March, 1879, that 
" the chief business of the region is agriculture. Stock raising will return 100 per 
cent, on investment every three or four years, and caa be carried on regardless of 
grasshoppers (the Rocky Mountain locust, which has in some years destroyed the 
grain crops) and the influences that sometimes affect the small grains. Water is to 

be found at a depth of from 1.5 to 25 feet, mostly of a very goo>l quality." 

" The soil is eq\ral to any in the world, The climate is milder than in the same 
latitude east by some degrees. The Spring opens fully as early, ordinarily, as at 
Pittsburgh, Penn. The fall season is exceptionally fine, affording the farmer 
ample time to secure his crops. There is a railroad to Yankton, the capital, in the 
BOiath-east corner of the Territory, and several othersprojecteil but not finished ; there 
is also the Northern Pacific Railroad, already mentioned, just below the 47th parallel 
and crossing the territory from east to west. The Missouri River is navigable 
through nearly the wliole of its extent in the territory, for steamers. The eastern 
counties in the Red River Valley can send their grain to market by Minnesota rail- 
roads. Still it must be acknowledged that the want of railroads increases the ei- 
])ense of transportation of crops and goods. This is a present objection to Dakota, 
V)iit it will soon cease to be so for railroads in the west keep pace with the increase 
of the popnbition. Meantime, as this territory is the most accessible of any of 
those which contain a large amount of government laud, with a healthful climate, 
abundimtstreiuiis, and otlicr advantages for emigrants, we may as well describe 
here the proc(KS(!s by which uu (^migrant farmer can obtain 480 acres of govern- 
ment limd of the best quality at a very moderate cost. The same process will pro- 
cure these lajids in the other States 'and Territories where desirable government 
lands are y(4 for sah;— but it is not to be forgotten that desirable covernment lands 
are fast becoming scarce. 

The method of o1)taining them is thus described by Mr. W. H. Swartz, a prac- 



SEEKINO NEW HOMES. HI 

tical btisiness man, thoroughly familiar with Dakota, but now residing at Eyota, 
Minnesota: 

There being but few railroad land grants in Dakota, the only way to obtain these 
lands is to enter them under the Homestead laws of the U. S. A. Every citizen of 
the United States, or those who declare their intention to become such, over twenty- 
one years of age, whether male or female, except the married wife, possesses three 
rights entitling them to 480 acres of government land: the right of pre-emption, 
homestead, and an entry under the Timber Culture Act. A pre-emption is a fourth 
of a section, or 160 acres of land, obtained by occupancy and improvement, and 
the payment of $1 25 per acre, or $200 for 160 acres. Payment can be made at any 
time after 6 mouths or within 33 months from date of entry, and a deed obtained 
allowing to dispose of or hold the purchase at will. A homestead is a similar tract 
obtained by the payment of $14 government fees, and the continued occupancy 
and improvement of the land for five successive years. Persons are not required 
to remain on it uniuterruptedly, but an abandonment for six months works a for- 
feiture. Those who prefer, and are able, can secure a title after six months by 
paying the pre-emption price. A claim under the Timber Culture Act is secured 
by paying $14 government fee-, and the planting of tree seeds or cuttings to the 
amount of ten acres. Three yeai-s' time are allowed in which to do this, making 
the cost merely nominal. Persons entering a claim lor timber culture are not re- 
quired to occupy it, or even go upon it, if they do not desire to. The improve- 
ments can be made by employed help. Two years are allowed before any trees 
need be planted, and the entire expense, if done by employed labor, will not exceed 
$120 for the entry. Every individual may enter ei; her pre-emption or homestead 
and a claim under the Timber Culture Act at the same time, making 320 acres, and 
after fulfilling the requirements of the law regulating either of the former two, can 
exercise his remaining unoccupied right, giving him 480 acres. Persons wishing 
to enter these lands must appear in person at a Territorial United States Land- 
Office, or before a Clerk of the Court for the county in which the land is located. 
All persons, however, who have served in the army or navy of the U.S.A., or their 
widows or orphans, can enter a homestead through power of attorney for the sum 
of $2, and hold the land one year without occupying it. They have also the 
privilege of changing their entry to any other selection within six months, and if 
they fail to ratify their application at the end of the six months and enter upon their 
claim, no forfeiture is made excepting the privilege of filing again by power of 
attorney. 

Nebraska is one of the newer States of the Union, admitted in 1867. Its area is 
nearly 76,000 square miles, a little less than that of England and Scotland together. 
Its population, which was 122,993 in 1870, was not less than 450,000 in 1879. The 
increase by immigration alone, in the year ending June 30, 1878, was not less than 
100,000. There were sold to immigrants in that year 614,774 acres of pre-empted, 
homestead and timber culture lands by the government, and 303,991 acres of rail- 
road lands, making nearly 920,000 acres beside all sales of private farms and all 
the uncompleted sales of government lands. The unsold government lands 
amounted at that time to about twenty-eight million acres, but only a portion of 
these were desirable. 

The climate is excellent, though the heat of summer is sometimes intense 
for a few days, and the winds in winter sweep over the prairies with great force. 
Western Nebraska, beyond the 100th Meridian W. from Greenwich, is subject to 
drought, the rainfall being comparatively small; but the influence of settlement 
and cultivation, and especially of tree-planting, has been remarkable in increasing 
the amount of ram fall. The crop of cereals in 1877 in the State was about 50,- 
000,000 bushels ; in 1878 over 80,000,000 bushels. Much of the country is admir- 
ably adapted to grazing purposes— and with, at the utmost, a few weeks shelter, 
cattle can obtain their own living from the prairie grass. Many of the settlements 
are by colonies, and these have generally done well. Of the more recent immigrants, 
the greater portion are from the Eastern and Atlantic States. The Missoun Kiver 
forms the entire eastern boundary of the State, and is navigable and navigated by 
large steamers for the whole distance; the Platte River and the Niobrara, which 
traverse the breadth of the State from east to west, are not navigable throughout 
the year or for any consideralile distance. The Platte is a broad butshallow stream, 
and receives many affluents from its north bank, but very few from the south bank. 
The numerous branches of the Kansas River, which water the southern and south- 
eastern part of the State, largely supply this deficiency. The Union Pacific R.R., 
which follows the Valley of the Platte, Lodge Pole Creek, and the South Fork of 



112 SEEKIXG NEW HOMES. 

the Platte, crosses the State near the middle from east to west; and the Burlington 
and Missouri liivtr, the Atchison and Nebraska, St. Joseph and Denver City. Mid- 
land Pacific, and other railroads, aii'ord ready access to southern and south-eastern 
Nebraska. Portions of the State have suffered from the grasshopper > r locust 
plague, I ut it is believed that the measures proposed for their repression will be 
found eftV-ctive. The Colorado beetle or potato bug, which threatened at one time 
the destruction of that valuable tuber, is now regarded with indifference. Its 
prevalence m such vast n'.mbers, and perlia s that of the Eocky Mountain locust 
also, was due to the wanton destruction of the prairie hens and other descriptions 
of grouse, which had been carried on for several years. North- vrestern Nebraska 
offers less inducements for settlers than the rest of *the State. It is dry and sandy, 
and the soil is covered in summer with alkaline deposits. Water is scanty, and 
many of the small lakes or ponds are saline or alkaline. 

Kansas, the state next soiith of Nebraska, is an older state than Nebraska, but 
admitted into the Union so lately as 1859. It lies between the parallels of 37^ and 
40° N. lat., and the meridians of dry and 102"^ W. longitude from Greenwich , and is the 
Central State of the United States, and in some sense, the heart of the North Ameri- 
can Continent. Its area is 81,318 square miles, about the same as that of Englnnd 
and Scotland. Its population in i860, was 109,000, in 1870, 364,399, and is now 
probably not less than 730,000. In the year ending June 30, 1878, 1,711,572 acres 
of government lands were sold, and probably over a million acres of railroad lands. 

The climate of Kansas is healthful and pleasant, occasionally the heat is intense 
in summer, and the average rainfall, especially in Western Kansas, though increas- 
ing, is yet somewhat less than is desirable. Much of the soil is very fertile, and that 
portion of the state lying west of the 100th meridian, though alkaline, is tolerably 
well watered, and the profuse planting of trees there has so much increased the rain- 
fall, that these lands bid fair to yield excellent wheat and barley crops. 

The State is rapidly settling, and in productiveness ranks with the older states. 
Its crops of Indian Corn rank third or fourth in the Union, and the Wheat crops 
seventh or eighth. Its soil is well adapted to the growth of cereals and root crops, 
while it has excellent facilities for stock-raising. Though for so new a state it is 
traversed by an unusual number of railroads, and all portions except the north-west 
are readily accessible by means of the great lines and their branches and feeders, 
yet southern and south-western Kansas seem to be at present the regions most 
sought by settlers. Like its neighbors in the north and west, Kansas has had its 
visitations of drought, of grasshoppers or Eocky Mountain locusts, and of Colorado 
beetles, but has survived them all, and by the abundance of its crops for three or 
four years past, has recovered from its losses. It is hardly probable that it will be 
desolated by either of these scourges again very soon. The educational advantages 
of both Nebraska and Kansas are excellent, and the two states are in a good finan- 
cial condition. The principal towns in Kansas are thriving and growing rapidly, 
and offer good opportunities of employment to industrious and intelligent rnecbanics. 

CoLOEADO is the latest accession to the sisterhood of states, having been received 
in the Centennial year, 1876. It lies between the parallels of 37"^ and 41° N. Lat., 
and the meridians of 102° and 109^ west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 
104,500 square miles, a little less than that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
and Ireland, and its population, which in 1870 was 38,664, now probably exceeds 
200,000. Unlike the states and territories previously described, it is a mountain 
state; the Eocky Mountains in two nearly parallel ranges, pass through it from 
north to south nearly centrally, and have within the bounds of the state some of 
their loftiest peaks. The tal)le-lauds and foot-hills by which the Rocky Mountains 
are approached from the east, are themselves elevated, and most of the aralde and 
pastoral lands of the state are from 4.0("0 to 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
The mountain peaks rise to an altitude of from 12,000 to 15,000 feet. On the west- 
ern portion of the state beyond the Eocky Mountains, the surface is exceedingly 
rough, though with some beautiful valleys. The Grand. Green and San Juan Eivers 
and their affluents, which are the sources of the Colorado of the West, i)lough 
through these broken lands in canons varying in depth from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. 
This is one of the new mining regions, and gold and silver are found in paying 
quantities by those who are willing to undergo the hardships of the way and the 
still greater hardships which attacli to thi> miiur's life in such a region. 

Another peculiar feature f)f Colorado is ils vast natural parks. There are several 
of these, the largest being tlio North, the Middle, the South and the San Luis Parks. 
They are extensive fertile valleys, .surrounded by the lofty mountain walls of the 
Eocky Mountains, and are undoubtedly the beds of ancient lakes of vast extent. 



SEEKING NEW HOMES. 113 

which, in some of the upheavals of the geologic periods, have been drained, and 
formed these beautiful valleys. These parks are six or seven thousand feet above 
the sea. Their whole surface is covered with a rich and abundant herbage, and in 
the season, with the gayest flowers. 

Colorado has much good soil, but for the most part is better adapted to grazing 
than to the culture of the cereals and root crops. Its grasses are eagerly sought by 
cattle and sheep, and both thrive and fatten on them. At the close of the last 
year this new state had over half a million of cattle and 750,000 sheep in its pas- 
tures. Notwithstanding the elevation, both cattle and sheep seldom require to be 
sheltered and fed during the winter. Most of the arable lands require irrigation, 
for which, in many sections, provision has been made, and if properly irrigated, 
the lauds yield almost incredible crops. In the table lands of Weld County, in the 
N. N. E. part of the state, irrigated fields are reported by the very highest authority, 
to have yielded in successive years, over 300 bushels of Indian corn to the acre, a 
yield never equalled elsewhere. To the enterprising farmer with a small capital, 
perhaps no portion of the west offers a better opportunity of profitable investment 
and labor. The grains, vegetables and root crops, which by irrigation yield so 
abundantly, are in immediate deman^ at profitable prices, by the mining and other 
population. Those farmers who are engaged in stock raising, are large purchasers 
of vegetables and grain, and as from the salubrity, dryness and elevation of the 
country, Colorado has become a favorite resort for invalids, the towns form excel- 
lent markets for produce. Eastern Colorado is well provided with railroads. 
The Denvt-r Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Colorado Central, and 
several minor roads, some of them of narrow gauge, traverse these table lands, 
while the Unimi Pacific skirts its northern border. As yet the principal range of 
the Eocky Mountains in the State has not been crossed, and Western Colorado has 
no railroads in operation, but at the present rate of progress this will not long be 
the case. The recent discoveries of gold and silver in enormous quantities at Lead- 
ville, Silver Cliff, Eosita, and further West, near Ouray, are proflucing a stampede 
in that direction, and will compel the quick completion of railroads now in progress. 

Wyoming Teeeitoey lies between 41- and 45° of north latitude, and between 
the meridians of 104® and 111= of west longitude from Greenwich. The Eocky 
Mountains cross it diagonally from north-west to south-east, covering a breadth of 
more than 200 miles, though between the ranges there are some fine, arable valleys, 
especially those of Big Horn Eiver and its affluents, and the north fork of the 
Platte Eiver. Between the 42d and 43d jiarallels the Sweet Water Mountain range 
crosses the Territory from'we.-t to east, terminating at the east in Laramie Park. 
The two parallel diagonal ranges, are the Wind Eiver Mountains on the west, and 
the Big Horn on the east. A small portion of the Black Hills region, now noted 
for its gold mines, is in the north-east of this Territory, and the Yellowstone Na- 
tional Park, covering 3575 square miles, containing the most wonderful natural 
cariosities in the world, is in the north-west corner. Wyoming has an area of 97.- 
883 square miles, or 62,645,120 square acres, considerably more than England, 
Wales and Scotland, but only one-eighth of the whole had been surveyed, to July, 
1878. The mineral wealth of Wyoming is perhaps less abundant than that of some 
of the other States and Territories, though gold in paying quantities is produced at 
several points. The whole amount of deposits of gold and silver at the mint or its 
branches, from Wyoming Territory since its first settlement, is only $684,000. Cop- 
per is found at several points, but awaits development. There are, also, iron, lead 
and gypsum in large quantities. But the most profitable mineral product of the 
country is coal. It is supposed to be lignite, being found in tertiary deposits, but 
it is of very good quality, and is used not only on the Union and Central Pacific 
Eoads, which travers the southern part of the Territory, but in the towns and vil- 
lages along those lines. 

Wyoming is better adapted to the raising of cattle than to the culture of grain 
and root crops. In many quarters there is a good hay crop, but for cereals or 
roots, irrigation is required, and in valleys, with this aid, large crops are raised. 

The presence of a large pfjpulation of consumers of food will insure a prompt 
and ready market at high prices for vegetables and cereals, and will justify consid- 
erable outlay for irrigation. 

The rush of travel toward Yellowstone National Park, will make the stations on 
the route thither excellent markets for all kinds of produce. The Indians in the 
Territory are generally peaceful and friendly. 

Montana Tebkitoky lies north and north-west of Wyoming, extending to the 
boundary of the Dominion of Canada on the north, joining Dakota on the 55th 



114 SEEKING NEW HOMES. 

meridian, and extending to the Bitter Root and Wind River Mountains, the western- 
most range of the Rocky Mountains on the west. It lies between the 45th and 49th 
parallels of north latitude, the west portion dipping down to the 44th parallel, and 
between the 104ih and the 116th meridians west from Greenwich, Its area is 
143,776 square miles, or 92,016,640 acres, or one seventh larger than the United 
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a mountainous country, though it has 
mauy beautiful and some fertile valleys, and some extensive plains. The various 
ranges of the Rocky Mountains traverse the whole western portion, covering a width 
of from 150 to 180 miles. The Bitter Root range divides it from Idaho Territory. 
There are also lower ranges dividing the Yellowstone from the Missouri, as well as 
north of the Missouri, and south of the Yellowstone; they run from west to east. 
The Territory is well watered. The sources of the largest rivers of the continent, 
the Missouri with its great tributaries, the Yellowstone and the Madison, Jefferson 
and Gallatin, and the head waters of the Suake and Clark's Fork, the two great 
tributaries of the Columbia River, are in this Territory. The climate is mild and 
temperate except on the high elevations. The rainfall is from 12 to 16 inches 
annually, and is increasing, but the facilities for irrigation are generally good. 

The Territory is rich in mineral wealth, 120 millions of dollars of gold and 
silver, mostly gold, having been produced in* its mines since 1861. The yield in 
1878 exceeded $5,000,000. There are also valuable copper ores, coal beds, (lignite) 
and petroleum springs in this Territory. 

About one-ninth of the whole laud in Montana has been surveyed ; while there 
is much of the Territory which is unsurs-eyable, and worthless for agricidtural and 
pastoral purposes , there is also a much larger amount of valuable land than has 
hitherto been supposed. The sage-brush lands, covered with alkali,*and formerly 
supposed to be worthless, prove, under the increased rainfall, and especially with 
moderate irrii;atiou, the most fertile lands for cereals in the world. The wheat and 
oats produced on these lauds, surpass all others in the market in weight and qual- 
ity. But this Territory is especially adapted for stock raising, and has already 
very large herds and flocks. The returns in 1878 show 300,000 cattle and 100,000 
sheep, about 40,000 horses and mules. There are no railroads as yet, in the Terri- 
tory, but it is very accessible by the Missouri and Yellowstone, and has good wagon 
roads. The Indians are not likely to be very troviblesome. , 

Idaho Territory lies between the parallels of 42® and 49= north latitude and 
meridians of 111' and 117= west longitude from Greenwich. It is of irregular form, 
narrow at the north and broad at the south, its eastern boundary being the Bitter 
Root and Wind River range of the Rocky Mountains,«the westernmost range of 
these mountains. 

It is for the most part in the Valley of the Snake or Lewis River, the main tribu- 
tary of the Columbia River, and part of the great basin lying between the Rocky 
and the Sierra Nevada or Cascade Mountains, but Is crossed by several considerable 
ranges, those on the south-east and south forming the borders of the Great Salt 
Lake Basin, the Coeur d' Aleue Mountains in the north being outlying spurs of the 
Bitter Root Mountains, and the vast irregular mass of the Salmon River Mount- 
ains near the centre, dividing the upper Suake River Valley from the Salmon River, 
or lower Snake River Valley. The area is 86,294 square miles, about as large as 
New York and Ohio. The Territory is mainly drained by the Snake River and its 
affluents, the Owyhee, Salmon and Spokane Rivers, through the Clark's Fork of the 
Columbia, and some of its affluents cross it in the north, and the Bear River, a 
tributary of the Great Salt Lake, enters the TeiTitory on the south. The climate 
of Idaho is temperate and mild except at the highest elevations.^ Much of the land 
requires irrigation, but under a moderate amount of irrigation it yields very large 
crops of cereals and vegetables. The mountain sIoi)es are covered with heavy 
timber. There are considerable tracts of good pastoral lauds. Only about one- 
twelfth of the area of the Territory has as yet been surveyed. Much of what are 
known as sage-brush lands might be profitably settled, b > companies or colonies 
who would provide for irrigation on a large scale, by which the most bounteous 
crops could be secured. 

The mineral wealth of the Territory is very great, over 23 millions of bullion, 
mostly gnld, having been deposited in the mint and branches, jrevious to July 1, 
1878. The yield in 1878 was at hast $1,500,000, and might be almost indefinitely 
increased. There is one railroad in the southern jjart of the Territory, the Utah, 
extending from the Union Pacific at Ogden, to Old Fort Hall on the Snake River. 
The settlement bv colonies is the best method in this Territory. 

Utah, "the laud of the Mormons," lies between the parallels of 37° and 42= north 



SEEKIXG XEW HOMES. JJS 

latitude, and between 109= and 114= west longitude from Greenwich. It is for the 
most part in a deep basin surrounded by high mountains, the Wahsatch range form- 
ing the eastern rim of the basin. East of this range tlie country belongs to the 
Rocky Mountain system. It is drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, the 
Grand, Green and San Juan Rivers, all of which flow through deep canons, from 
2,000 to 5,000 feet below the surface of the elevated plain. 

West of the Wahsatch Mountains there are a succession of valleys, forming to- 
gether a part of the Great Salt Lake Basin, and the lakes and rivers have no outlet. 
The Great Salt Lake is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and has an area of 1,900 square 
miles. 

In the north-west and west the plains are alkaline, treeless and covered with sage- 
bush, but by irrigation, even these produce 40 to 50 bushels of wheat, 70 to bO 
bushels of oats and barley, and from 200 to 400 bushels of potatoes, to the acre. 
The Mountains are generally covered with timber, which belongs to the California 
forest growth, though not attaining its great height. There is about 4,000 square 
miles of timber of the 84,000 square miles in the Territory. The lower portion of 
the valley around Utah Lake, and the Jordan and Sevier, is fertile and requires less 
irrigation. The Mormon system of irrigation is very effective. 

The climate, though dry and cool from the general elevation of the surface, is 
very healthy. The rainfall is somewhat more than 15 inches annually, except in the 
norlh-west. Eastern Utah has a climate and soil much like Colorado ; the soil yields 
large crops when irrigated. About three-fourths of the inhabitants are Mormons, 
a peculiar people acknowledging Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and their succes- 
sors, as their supreme religous leaders and prophets, holding many strange and 
■crude views, practicing polj'gamy, and defying the authority of the United States 
in regard to it. The remainder of the people are not Mormons, and are engaged in 
mining, agriculture and other business pursuits. 

Utah is very rich in minerals. Mining for the precious metals has been discour- 
aged by the Mormons, but the yield of silver is now more than $5,000,000 a year, 
and considerable quantities of gold are also produced. It is riclaer in the best 
iron ores than any other portion of the United States. It has also copper, lead 
and sulphur in abundance, and has immense beds of both lignite and bituminous 
coals of excellent quality. The Union Pacific Railroad passes across the northern 
portion, and the Utah Railroad, 54 miles in length, extends from Ogden southward. 
There are 350 irrigating canals. 

New Mexico, a Territory largely inhabited by Spanish Americans and the Mex- 
ican or Pueblo (village) Indians, lies between the parallels of 31° 20' and 37= 
north latitude, and between the meridians of 103= 2' and 109° 2' west longitude 
from Greenwich. Its area is 121,201 square miles, almost precisely that of the 
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It forms a part of the elevated 
table land which forms the foundation of the Rocky Mountains, as well as of the 
Sierra Nevada. At Santa Fe it is 6,682 feet above the sea, in the Upi^er Rio Grande 
Valley, 5, 000 to 6, 000 feet, at Albuquerque, 4,800 feet, on the Llano Estacado, or 
Staked Plain, and at El Paso, 3, 000 to 3,500 feet. From this elevated plain rise hun- 
dreds of peaks from 3,000 to 10,000 feet above the plain. The Staked Plain, in the 
south-east, is a broad, almost level, treeless and waterless plain, sterile, but where 
it can be irrigated, capable of yielding immense crops, and producing abundantly 
the mesquite, a small but very valuable and deep rooted slirub of the Acacia family. 
West of the Rio Grande, wherever irrigation is possible, the soil yields abundantly, 
grain and vegetables, while the gramma grass on the hill slopes furnishes a delicious 
and fattening food for cattle. The raising of cattle is likely to become the favorite 
agricultural pursuit in the Territory, and many portions are admirably adapted for 
fruit raising. The climate is unrivalled for health. The rainfall in Santa Fe is 
about 13 inches annually; at Mesilla, in the south part of the Territory, on the west 
bank of the Rio Grand, it is not quite six inches. There are two railroads entering 
the Territory. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe comes from the east, and is 
now completed to Santa Fe. The Denver and Rio Grande comes from the north, and 
has also reached Santa Fe. The population is about 130,000 ; 100,000 whites and 
nearly 90,000 of them Mexicans, the remainder mostly from the Eastern States — 
there are 25 to 30,000 Indians of various races, including about 8,000 Pueblo or 
"Village Indians, of the ancient Mexican races. Education is in a very low con- 
dition; naore than three-fifths of the population cannot read or write. The piiblic 
Schools and most of the private Schools are under control of the Jesuits, or other 
Catholic orders, and the instruction is more religious than literary. Colonies will do 
well in this Territory. 



IIG SEEKIXG NEW HOMES. 

Aeizona Tebeitoky is sandwiched between California and Nevada on the west, 
and New Mexico on the east, having Utah on the north, and Mexico on the 
south. 

It is between 31° 37' and 37= north latitude, and between the meridians of 109= 
and 114= 25' west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 113,916 square miles, or 
a little more than the united area of Michigan and Illinois. The north and west 
of the Territory are drained by the Colorado River and its principal tributaries, the 
San Juan and little Colorado, with their affluents. These rivers plough through 
the mesas or tal le-lands, in canons from 3,000 to 5,*000 feet deep, and the lands 
through which they pass are dry, parched and sterile, except where they can be ir- 
rigated. A few artesian wells furnish a scant}' supply of water, and among the 
ruins of the Aztec towns are large reservoirs for holding the rain water, which 
rarely falls. The southern j^art of the Territory is watered by the Gila and its 
numerous tributaries, and is more easily cialtivated, as there is a large rainfall, 
and the banks of the Gila and lower Colorado are overflown in summer. The heat 
in summer in south and south-west Arizona is terrible, 120= and 120= in the shade, 
and 160= or more in the sun, is not an uncommon temperature in summer, but the 
winters are mild and delightful. On the table lands the temperature is pleasant 
during the year. Irrigation is necessary to agricultural production everywhere in 
the Territory, but it contains excellent grazing lands, and a sufficient amount of 
arable land to insure a sufficient sujjply of vegetables and cereals for the population. 
There is considerable timber on the Mountain sloiaes, and the various species of 
cactus attain great size there. 

The mineral wealth of Arizona is enormous, gold, silver, quick-silver, jjlitina, 
tin, nickel, very pure copper ores, lead, the best ores of iron, bituminous coals of 
excellent quality, salt, sulphur, gypsum and many of the i^recious stones, abound 
there. $500,000 of gold and $3, 000,010 of silver were sent from this Territorv in 
1878, and that amount is constantly increasing with the increasing population. The 
Indians are no longer troublesome. For miners, engineers, or herdsmen, the Ter- 
ritory is very attractive, and intelligent farmers can do well there. 

Nevada was admitted as a State when its pojaulation was notoriously too small, 
and though the number of inhabitants is increasing, it is still below the quota lor a 
member of Congress, though it is represented by one raember in the lower house 
of Congress. It lies between the 35th and 42d parallels of north latitude, and 
between the llith and 120th meridians of west longitude from Greenwich. Its 
area is 112,090 square miles, about the same as Arizona. Its mineral wealth sur- 
passes that of any of the western States or Territories. In 1877 the yield of silver 
from the mines was $41,594,616; in 1878 $47,676,863. The silver mines are scat- 
tered over the whole State. 

Its production of gold, mostly parted from the silver, is nearly 20 millions of 
dollars, and both gold and silver are increasing. It has also quick-silver, lead, 
copper, iron, antimony, sulphur, arsenic, graphite, borax, carbonate of soda, in 
immense quantities, rock salt, lignite or brown coal of good quality, kc, kc. 

The climate varies with the latitude and elevation. The cold of winter is intense 
in the mountains and lofty vuUey.s, the merciiry falling to — 10= — 16=, and much 
lower in the mountains, and the heat in the summer, is equally intense, rising to 
105= in June, but the nights in summer are cool ; July and Aiigust are not so hot. 
In south-east Nevada, there is much less cold, and cotton and the sugar cane are 
both cultivated there. 

The climate is generally healthy. The rainfall is larger than in the States and 
Territories lying east of it, but much of the land needs irrigating to be successfully 
cultivated. Much of the mountain slopes is well adajjtcd to grazing, and the 
State has already a large amount of live stock, for its population. The sage-brush 
lands where irrigated, yield very large crops of the alfalfa clover, the cereals and 
vegetables. Provision was made in 1878 for irrigating more than 100,000 acres of 
these sage-brush lands. 

The State has many lakes, mostly without outlet, the water in some is pure, in 
others brackish or alkaline, in a few salt. Pyramid Lake with its natural pyramid 
in the centre, the three Mud Lakes, Ilolloway, Humboldt, Carson, Walter's, Preuss, 
Franklin, Pahranagat, and on the border line of California, the beautiful Lake Tahoe, 
1,500 feet deep, and 0,000 feet above the sea. Southern Nevada is a barren and 
desolate region, but has vahiable mines. The Central Pacific linilroad crosses the 
State in a west-soutli-west direction, between the parallels of 41= 20' and 39= 30', 
and there are several local railioads. Nevada is a good State for miners, smelters, 
engineers, intelligent farmers, grazers, and enterprising mechanics. 



SEEKIXG ^'E^y homes. 117 

Califoknia has been so often described, that we can only speak of it now in re- 
ference to its adaptation to receive emigrants. It has a vast territory, extending 
from 32= 28' to 42= north latitude, and lying between the meridians of 114= 30' 
and r2'l= 45' west longitude from Greenwich. Recent surveys have reduced some- 
what its supposed area, which was formerly stated at 188,980 scjuare miles, but is 
now said, by the Uiited States land office, to be 157,801 .square miles, a territory 
.about as lar. e as that of the Kingdom of Sweden . 

The climate varies through all the gradations of the temperate and semi-tropical 
regions The average mean temperature of the year ranges from 61= 5' at Hum- 
boldt Bay, and 56= G' at San Francisco, to 73= 5' at Fort Yuma. The summer 
mean temiierature has a range of 33 degrees between Humboldt Bay and Fort Yuma, 
while the winter mean varies but 14=. The annual rainfall is equally varied, at 
Humboldt Bay, from 57 to C4 inches; in Klamath Co., from 81 to 110 inches, in 
Nevada Co., at latitude 39= 20', 64 inches to 81 inches; in San Francisco, 20.79 
inches; in Sacramento, 18.23; in San Diego, 10.43; in Fort Yuma, 3.24 inches. 
It is a land of lakes, rivers and mountains, with some of the most beautiful and 
fertile lands in the world, and some of the most desolate and forbidding. Its golden 
grain is famous the world over, and its vineyards and olive gardens, luscious fruits 
and abundant crops of every thing which will grow anywhere, are well known. 
About 50 millions of acres of its lauds are arable, but they are mostly taken up in 
large ranches or plantations, though these are now being divided, in manj' instances, 
into small farms. For the most part, arable lands are too dear for the farmer of 
small means. Many of these large ranches are on unsurveyed lands, and must 
eventually come into market, when there will be a good opportunity for purchasing 
farms. 

There are nearly 40,000,000 acres of grazing lands, and though stock-raising is 
generally carried out upon a large scale, it is possible for an intelligent stock grower 
to do well in the business. South-east California is a wild volcanic region, with its 
dry lakes covered with salt or bitumen, its vast sinks, many of them below the sur- 
face of the ocean, and its Death Valley, most appropriatelj' named. It is now pro- 
posed, by a short ship canal, to turn the waters of the Pacific into this valley and 
render it habitable, where it is not submerged. 

The mineral wealth of California is very great. Its production of gold and silver 
since 1849 has been nearly 700 million dollars, and it is still producing over 20 mil- 
lions a year, mostly in gold, quick-silver to the amount of about 2,000,000 annually; 
copper, tin, coal, tV'c. , &c. , are also produced. Most parts of the State are easily 
reached by railroads and steamers. 

California is a good St^xte for artisans, gardeners, vine growers and dressers, and 
farmers who are content to be employed at first by others; miners, metal workers, 
machinists, and operators in woollen mills, &c., &c., but less so for those who wish 
to purchase farms. 

Okegox, one of the two States lying on the Pacific. It is between the parallels of 
42= and 46= 18' north latitude, and the meridians of 116= 33' and 124= 25' west 
longitude from Gi-eenwich. Its area is 95,274 milts. About five-sevenths of its 
northern boundary is formed by the Columbia, or what is sometimes called the 
Oregon River, the largest river flowing into the Pacific Ocean, and at least three- 
fifths of its eastern boundary is washed by the Snake or Lewis River, the largest 
tributary of the Columbia. 

Most of the State is well watered, mainly from the affluents of the Columbia 
and Snake, though the Ivlamath, a California river, rises in the State, and the 
Umpqua, Rogue and other small streams fall into the Pacific. It is di^'ided by the 
Cascade and Blue ranges of Mountains into three sections, known as Western, Mid- 
dle, and Eastern Oregon. Western Oregon, that part lying west of the Cascades, a 
strip about 110 miles wide, though broken and hilly from the presence of the coast 
range, which is from 3, 000 to 4,000 feet in height, is generally fertile, and the Moun- 
tains are clothed with heavy timber to their summits. The Willamette Valley, lying 
between the Coast and Cascade ranges, and containing about 5,000,000 acres, is 
exceedingly fertile and beautiful. The rainfall in Western Oregon ranges from 44 
to 60 inches, the highest amount being reached at the mouth of the Columbia in 
the north, and near the Klamath Lakes in the south. The temperature is mild 
and delightful. The mean for the year being 52= 13 ', and the range very moderate. 
Middle Oregon is dryer, not so well watered nor so fertile. The rainfall is about 
'20 inches. 'The climate is agreeable, except in the south, where the high mountains 
make it sometimes excessively cold. Eastern Oregon is dry, but has many well 
watered and fertile valleys. The winters are cold, with deep snow. Western Oregon 



118 



SEEKING A'EW HOMES. 



is traversed for almost its entire length from south to north by the California branch 
of the Northern Pacific. The rivers abound with valuable fish. The salmon fish- 
eries send out about $10,OuO,000 worth annually, mostly in cans, and canned beef 
is also largely exported. The agricultural crops are good, and command a fair price ; 
wheat, oats ana potatoes yield largely. The timber trude is very large, the fintst 
trees of Oregon being very large, and the wood durable. Fruit is also largely culti- 
vated. It is an excellent country for raising live stock, especialy cattle and sheep. 
The wool product of the State is considerable, and mostly consumed in Oregon wool- 
len factories. 

The mineral wealth of the State is very great, but not so fully developed a-s it 
should be. Nearly $2,0 0,000of gold and silver, principally the former, a.e mined 
annually; other metals abound. Most of the miucs are in eastern and middle 
Oregon. Miners, lumbermen, fishermen, herdsmen, and industrious, intelligent 
farmers, will find Oregon the best place for them. There is much Government laud 
yet in market. 

Washington Teeeitoey is, except Alaska, the extreme north-western Territory 
of the United States, and Alaska is not as yet, in a condition to invite immigration. 

The Territory may be said in general terms, to lie between the parallels of 45= 
30' and 49® north latitude, and between 117= and 125= west longitude from Green> 
wich. The Columbia River, which drains about two-thirds of the Territory forms its 
southern boundary, for three-fourths of its width from east to west, and its western 
shores are washed by the Pacitic, and the waters of th j Strait of Juan de Fuca and the 
Gulf of Georgia. The area of the Territory is 69,994 square miles. Western Wash- 
ington like western Oregon, has much broken laud, but the valleys, especially around 
both sides of Puget Soiiud, are very fertile, and the slopes of the mountains are 
heavily timbered, and valuable. There are 200 miles of railroad in operation in the 
Territory , and the Columbia River, Snake River and Clark's Fork are navigable , ex- 
cept at four points, throughout their entire course iu this Territory. 

The climate of Western Washington is much like that of England, mild and 
moist, the extreme heat of summer seldom exceeding 80 degrees P., and the nights 
cool and agreeable. The winters are so mild that it is seldom necessary to house 
the live stock. Mean annual temperature 52=, annual range only about 40 degrees. 
Rainfall 100 to 130 inches on the coast, 36 inches at Cascade Mountains; iu East- 
tern Washington, from 12 to 24 inches. The summers in Central and Eastern Wash- 
ington are dry and hot, winters much like those of Pennsylvania, cold, but not 
severe. Only about one-third of the public lands are yet surveyed. There is some 
gold in the Territory, but more coal, iron, and other minerals. 

The coal in the Puyallup Volley is anthracite, of excellent quality, and a railroad 
now runs to the mines. There are other beds of both anthracite and bituminous 
coal, along the Cascade Mountains. The soil is, much of it, very fertile, and the 
finest trees are but little inferior to the giant sequoias of California. 

The Territory is well adapted to the culture of the cereals, which can bo brought 
to a good market, by the Columbia and Snake Rivers, which have now 500 miles of 
uninterrupted navigation. It is also a good region for wool growing and stock 
raising. The salmon and other fisheries in Puget Sound, and in the Columbia, are 
very profitable. A grand future awaits the citizens of Oregon and Washington. 




HOMESt£AD FOR SOLDIERS 119 

HOMESTEAD FOR SOLDIERS. 

Department of the Interior, » 
General I.and Office, Aug. 8, 1870. ] 

Gentlemen: — The following is the twenty-fifth section of the act 
of Congress, approved July 15, 1870, entitled '' An act making appropri- 
ations for the support of the army for the year ending June 30, 1871, and 
for other purposes," viz. : 

Sec. 25. — And he it further enacted, That every private soldier and 
officer who has served in the army of the United States during the rebel- 
lion, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, and every 
seaman, marine, and officer or other person who has served in the navy 
of the United States, or in the marine corps or revenue marine during 
the rebellion, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, 
shall, on payment of the fee or commission to any Register or Receiver of 
any Land Office required by law, be entitled to enter one quarter section 
of land, not mineral, of the alternate reserved sections of public lands 
along the lines of any railroads or other public works in the United States, 
wherever public lands have been or may be granted by acts of Congress, 
and to receive a patent therefor under and by virtue of the provisions of 
the act to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain, and 
the acts amendatory thereof, and on the terms and conditions therein pre- 
scribed; and all the provisions of said act,s, excetp as herein modified, 
shall extend and be applicable to entries under this act, and the Commis- 
sioner of the General Land Office is hereby authorized to prescribe the 
necessary rules and regulations to carry this section into effect, and deter- 
mine all facts necessary thereto. 

By these provisions the Homestead Law of 20th May, 1862, and the 
acts amendatory thereof, are so modified as to allow entries to be made by 
the parties mentioned therein, of the maximum quantity of one quarter- 
section, or 160 acres of land, held at the double minimum price of $2.50 
per acre, instead of one-h<ilf quarter-aection, or eighty acres as heretofore. 

In case of a party desiring to avail himself thereof, you svill require 
him to file the usual hou^stead application for the .tract desired, if legally 
liable to entry, to make affidavit according to the form hereto annexed, 
instead of the usual homestead affidavit, and on doing so allow him to 
make payment of the $10 fee stipulated in the act of 20th May, 1862, 
and the usual commissions on the price of the land at S2.50 per acre, the 
entry to be regularly numbered and reported to this office in your monthly 
homestead returns. 

Regarding settlement and cultivation, the requirements of tlie lawia 
this class of entries are the same as in other homestead entries. 

Very respectfully your obedient servant, 

Joseph S. Wilson, 
Commissioner, Register, and Receiver. 



120 INTI.RAAL liEVENJJE. 



INTERNAL REVENUE. 



[See "LiiTi.E Tauifk Law," p. CO) 



These rates are those of the new Internal Revenue Law, passed 
June, 1872, and taking effect October 1, 1872. 

TAXES. 

Ale, per bbl. of 31 gallons $1 00 

Banks, on average amount of deposits, each month 1-24 of 1 per ct. 

Bank deposits, savings, etc. , having no capital stock, per six months | of 1 per ct. 
Banks, on capital, beyond the average amount invested in United States 

bonds, each month 1-24 of 1 per ct. 

Banks, on average amount of circiilation, each month 1-12 of 1 jaer ct. 

Banks, on average amount of circulation, beyond 90 per cent, of the capital, 

an additional tax each month 1-6 of 1 per ct. 

Banks, on amount of notes of any person, state bank, or state banking 

association, used and paid out as circulation 10 per ct. 

Beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons ^ §1 00 

Brandy, made from grapes, per gallon 70 

Brewers, special tax on 100 00 

Chewing tobacco, fine cut, plug, or twist, per lb 20 

Cigars, manufacturers of, special tax 10 00 

Cigars, of all dtscriptious, made of tobacco or any substitute therefor, per 

1,000 5 00 

Cigars, imported, in addition to import duty to pay same as above. 

Cigarettes, not M^eighing more than 3 lbs. per 1,000, per 1,000 1 50 

Cigarettes, weight exceeding 3 lbs. per 1,000, per 1,000 5 00 

Dealers in leaf tobacco, wholesale 25 00 

Dealers in leaf tobacco, retail 5 00 

Dealers in leaf tobacco, for sales in excess of S1,000, per dollar of excess 5 

Distilled spirits, every proof gallon 70 

Distillers, producing 100 bbls. or less. (40 gallons of jiroof spirits to bbl.) 

per annum '. 400 00 

Distillers, for each bbl. in excess of 100 bbls 4 00 

Distillers, on each bbl. of 40 gallons in warehouse when act took efi'ect, and 

wLiu withdrawn 4 00 

Distillers of brandy from grapes, peaches, and apples exclusively, pro- 
ducing less than 150 bbls. annually, special tax $.'J0, and S4 per bbl. of 40 

gallons. 
Distillery, having aggregate capacity for mashing, etc., i20 bushels of grain 

per day, or less per day 2 00 

Distillery, in excess of 20 bushels of grain per day, for every 20 bushels, per 

day 2 00 

Feriiirntcd li<iuoi-s, in genenil, per bbl 1 00 



IXTERyA L JiEYEXUE 121 

Gas, coal, illiimiDating, vlieu the product shall not be above 200,000 

cubic feet per month, per 1,000 cubic feet 10 

Gas, coal, when product exceeds 200,000, and does not exceed 500,000 

cubic feet per mouth, per 1,000 cubic feet ■. 15 

tlas, coal, when product exceeds 500,000, and does not exceed 5,000,000 

cubic feet per month, per 1,000 cubic feet 20 

Gas, coal, when product exceeds 5,000,000 feet per month, per 1,000 cubic 

feet • ^ 

Imitation wines and champagne, not made from grapes, currants, rhu- 
barb, or berries, grown in the United States, rectified or mixed, to bo 
sold as wine or any other name, per dozen bottles of more than a pint 

and not more than a quart 2 40 

Imitation wines, containing not more than one pint, per dozen bottles.. 1 20 

Lager beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons 1 C*0 

Liquors, dealers in. whose sales, including sales of all other merchandise, 
tstiall exceed $25,000, an additional tax for every $100 on sales of liquors 

in excess of such $25,000 1 00 

Manufacturers of stills ^0 00 

Manufacturers of stills, for each still or worm made 20 00 

Porter, per bbl. of 31 gallons 1 00 

Rectifiers, special tax 200 00 

Retail liquor dealers, special tax 2.t 00 

Retail malt liquor dealers ~0 00 

Snuff, manufactured of tobacco, or any substitute, when prepared for 

use, per lb ^^ 

Snuff-flour, sold or removed, for use, per lb '<^2 

Stamps, distillers', other than tax-paid stamps charged to collector, each 10 

Tobacco, dealers in 10 00 

Tobacco, manufacturers of 10 00 

Tobacco, twisted by hand, or reduced from leaf, to be consumed, without 

the use of machine or instrument, and not pressed or sweetened, per lb. 20 

Tobacco, all other kinds not provided for, per lb 20 

Tobacco peddlers, traveling with more than two horses, mules, or other 

animals (first class) ■ ;---- ^'^ ^^ 

Tobacco peddlers, traveling with two horses, mules, or other animals 

(second class) - -■■ 25 00 

Tobacco peddlers, traveling with one horse, mule, or other animal (third 

class) 15 ^ 

Tobacco peddlers, traveling on foot, or by public conveyance (fourth 

class) 1««0 

Tobacco, snuff and cigars, for immediate export, stamps for, each 10 

Wholesale liquor dealers 1*^*^ ^^ 

Wholes.ale malt liquor dealers ^^ ^ 

Wholesale dealers in liquors whoso sales, including sales of all other mer- 
chandise, shall exceed $25,000, each to i»ay an additional tax on every 

of sales of liquors in excess of ,$25,000 1 ^ 




T^2 STAMJ' DUTIES 



STAMP DUTIES. 



The latest Internal Revenue Act of the United States (that of June, 
1S72), provides for the following stamp duties after October 1, 1872 All 
other stamp duties in Schedule B are repealed. 

SCHEDULE B. 

Bank check, draft, or order for the payment of auy sum of money what- 
soever, drawn upon any bank, banker, or trust company, or for auy 
Bum exceeding $10, drawn upon any other person or persons, com- 
panies, or corporations, iit sight or on demand 2 

Medicines or Pre^mrations. 

SCHEDULE L'. 

For and upon every packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, con- 
taining any pills, powders, tinctures, troches, or lozenges, syrups, cor- 
dials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves, ointments, 
pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils, or other preparations or 
compositions whatsoever, made and sold, or removed for consumption 
and sale, by any person or persons whatever, Avherein the person mak- 
ing or preparing the same has, or claims to have, auy private formula 
or occult secret or art for the making or prej^aring the same, or has or 
claims to have, any exclusive right or title to the making or preparing 
the same, or which are prepared, uttered, vended, or exposed for sale 
under any letters patent, or held ont or recommended to the public by 
the makei-8, venders, or proprietors thereof as proprietary medicines, 
or as remedies or specifics for any disease, diseases, or affections what- 
ever affecting the human or animal body, as follows: where such pack- 
et, box, bottle, vial, or other inclosure, with its contents, shall not ex- 
ceed, at the retail price or value, the sum of twenty-iive cents, one cent 1 

Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- 
tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of '>5 cents, and not exceed 
tho retail price ov valno of 50 cents, two cents o 

Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- 
tents shall exceed tho retail i>rice or value of .'>0 cents, and shall not 
exceed the retail jirico or value of 75 cents, three cents 3 

Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- 
tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, and shall not 
exceed the retail price or value of $1, four cents 4 

Where such packet, box, bottle, \toi, vial, or other inclosure, with its con- 
tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of $1, for each and every 
'>0 cents or fractional i)art thereof over and above tho $1, as- before - 
cieutioucd, an additional two cents 2 



STAMt- POTIES 123 

Perfumery and Cosmetics. 

For aud upou every packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iiiclosure, con- 
taining any essence, extract, toilet water, cosmetic, liair oil, pomade, 
hair dressing, hair restorative, hair dye, tooth wash, dentifrice, tooth 
paste, aromatic cachons, or any similar articles, by whatsoever name the 
same have been, now are, or may hereafter be called, known, or distin- 
guishetl, used or applied, or to be used or applied as perfumes or appli- 
cations to the hair, mouth, or skin, made, prepared, and sold or re- 
moved for consumption and sale in the United States, where such 
packet, box, bottl«, pot, vial, or otlier iuclosure, with its contents, 
shall not exceed, at the retail price or value, the sum of 25 cents, one 
cent 1 

Where such packet, bottle, box, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its 
contents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 25 cents, aud shall 
not exceed the retail price or value of 50 cents, two cents 2 

Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its 
contents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 50 cents, aud shall 
not exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, three cents ^ 

Where such packet, box, bottle, jjot, vial, or other inclosui-e, with its con- 
tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of 75 cents, aud shall not 
exceed the retail price or value of $1, four cents * 

Where such packet, box, bottle, pot, vial, or other iuclosure, with its con- 
tents, shall exceed the retail price or value of $1, for each and every 
50 cents or fractional part thereof over aud above the $1, as before 
mentioned, an additional two cents 

Frittion matches, or lucifer matches, or other articles made in part of 
wood, and used for like purposes, in parcels or packages coataining 
100 matches or less, for each parcel or package, one cent I 

When in parcels or packages containing more thau 100 and not more 
than 200 matches, for each parcel or package, two cents 2 

And for every additional 100 matches, or fractional parts thereof, one 
cent * 

For wax tapers, double the rates herein imposed upon friction or lucifer 
matches ; on cigar lights, made in part of wood, wax, glass, paper, or 
other materials, in parcels or packages containing 25 lights or less in 
each parcel or package, one cent '• 

Wlien in parcels or packages containing more thau 25 and uotmore than 
50 lights, two cents 

For every additional 25 lights or fractional part of that number, one 
gent atlditioual 




121 THE FINANCE BILL. 

PuKHed June 30, 1874. 

Section l. — The Act entitled "An Act to provide National Currency, secured by a Pledge of Unit- 
ed States Bonds, iind lo proyidefor the Circulatinu andKedenjption thereof," approved June 3, 1864, 
shall be hereafter known as the National Bank Act. 

Sec. 2. That Sectional of the National Bank Act be so amended that the several Associations there- 
in provided for shall not be required to keep on hand any amount of money whatever, l)y reason of 
the amount of their respective circulations; but the moneys required by said section to bo kept at 
all times on hand shall bo determined by the amount of deposits, as provided for in the said section. 

Sec. 3. That every association organized or to be organized under the provisions of the said act, 
and of the several acts amendatory Uiereof, shall at all times keep and have on deposit in the Treas- 
ury of the United States, in lawful money of the United States, a sum equal to five per centum of its 
circulation, to be held and used for the redemption of such circulation, which sum shall be counted 
as a part of its lawful reserve, as provided in Section 2 of this act, and when the circulating notes of 
any such associations, assorted or unassorted shall be presented for redemption in sums of §1,000 or 
any multiple thereof to the Treasurer of the United States, the same shall be redeemed in United 
States notes. AU notes so redeemed shall be charged by the Treasurer of the United States to the 
respective associations issuing the same, and he shall i^tify them severally on the tiist day of each 
month or oftener, at his discretion, of the amount of such redemption.^, ana whenever sucli redemp- 
tions for any association shall amount to the sum of §500 such association so notified shall forthwith 
deposit with the Treasurer of the United States a sum in United States notes equal to the amount of 
its circulating notes so redeemed ; and all notes of National Banks worn, defaced, mutilated, or oth- 
erwise unfit for circulation shall, when received liy any Assistant Treasurer, or at any designated 
depository of the United States, be forwarded to the Treasurer of the United States for redeni[)iion, 
as provided herein ; and when such redemptions have been so reimbursed the circulatiug notes so 
redeemed shall be forwarded to the respective associations by which they were issued ; but if any 
such notes are worn, mutilated, defaced, or rendered otherwise unfit for use, they shall be forwarded 
to the Controller of the Currency and destroyed and replaced as now provided by law. Provided, 
that each of such associations shall reimburse to the Trea.sury the charges for tiansportatiou and 
the costs for assorting such notes, and the associations hereafter organized shall also generally re- 
imbur.se to the Treasury the cost of engraving such plates as shall be ordered bj' each association 
respectively, and the amount assessed upon eacii association shall be in proportion to the circulation 
redeemed, a d be charged to the fund on depo.sit with the Treasurer; and provided further, that so 
much of Secti(m 32 of said National Bank Act recognizing, or permitting the redemption of its circu- 
lating notes elsewhere than at its own counter, excei^t as provided in this section, is hereby repealed. 

Sec. 4. That any association organized under this act, or any of the acts to which this i.s'an amend- 
ment, desiring to withdraw its circulating notes, in whole or in part, may upon the dcjio-it of lawful 
money with the Treasurer of the United States, in sums not less than Sit, 000, take up the bonds which 
said as.sociation has on deposit with the Treasurer for the security of such circulating notes, which 
bonds shall be assigned to the banks in the manner specified in the 19th section of the National Bank 
Act, and the outstanding notes of said association to an amount equal to the legal-tender notes de- 
jiositcd. shall lie redeemed at the Treasury of the United States and destroyed, as now provided by 
law : provided the amount of the bonds on deposit for circulation shall not be reduced below §50,000. 

Sec. 5. That the Controller ofthe Currency shall, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe, cause the charter numbers of the association to be printed on all National Bank 
notes which may be hereafter issued by him. 

Sec 6. Tliat tlie amount of United States notes outstanding, and to be issued as a part of the circulatiiiK 
medium, shall not exceed the sum of 8382,000,000, which said sum shall appear in each monthly statement of 
the public debt, and no part thereof shall be held or usfed as a reserve. 

Sec. 7. That .so much of the act, entitled An Act to provide for the redemption of the three per centum tem- 
porary loan certificates, and for an increase of National Bank notes, as provided, that no circulation shall 
be withdrawn under the provisions of Section 6 of said Act. until after the $51,000,000 granted in Section 1 of 
said Act shall have been taken up, is hereby repealed, and it shall be the dutj' ofthe Controller ofthe Cur- 
rency, under the direction ofthe Secretary ofthe Treasurv. to pmcecd forthwith, and he is hereby author- 
ized and ri-(|uired, from time to time, as applicatimi shall be lUilv made tli.-rcfor, an.; until the lull amount 
ofthe S51,0IX),000 shall be withdrawn, to make a roiiuisition on each of the Nutiunal Banks iI.'m rib.-d in said 
section, and in the manner therein provided, orKani/.fd in Stales haxint; nne.\ee.-sof cirenlatiun, to with- 
draw and retiini so much nf this circulation as by said Act niav be a|i|iortioMecl to lie witlulrawu tVuin them, 
or in lieu tliereni til (li|M.sit in the Treasury ot the I'nited Stales la wlul nionev stillieient to redeem such cir- 
culalien. and ujion the return dltlie circulation required, or the deposit ol lawful money as herein provided, 
a proportionate aniuunt ol the bonds held to secure the circulation of such a.-.sociatioii as shall make such 
return or depo.sit, shall bo surrendered to it. 

Sec 8. That upon the failure of the National Banks upon which requisitions for circulation shall be made, 
or of any of them, to return the amount reijuired, or to deposit in the Treasury lawful monev to redeem the 
circulation lequired within thirl v davs, the Controller of the Currenev shall at<ineo sell, as provided in Sec- 
tion 4'J. (if tile .Nalioii.il riirreney Ait, approved .June :!, IsiJi. liouilsheid to secure the reileni|ition of the cir- 
■culation (lithe asMi.-ialion or assoeiati .lis wliiili shall so tail to an anmuut sullleieut to redeem the circula- 
tion reipiired of sueli assneiatinu or nssuciatinns, and with the jiroeeeds which shall be deposited in the 
Treasury olthe I'nited States so much ofthe circnlation of said association or associations shall he redeemed 
as wille(iiial the amount required and not returned ;aiid if there be nnv excess olproeeeils over the amount 
required for such redemption, it shall be returned to the association or'associatlons whose In nuls shall have 
lje<'n sold; and it shall be the dutv of the Treasurer, Assistant Treasurers, designated dcposilaries and Na- 
tional ]5ankde)v.sitaries(il the I'nited Slates, who shall be kept inloniied hv the Controller ofihe Currency 
of such associations as shall tail to n turn circiil.iiioii as required, to assert and return to the Treasurer for 
redemption the notes ofsueli associations as shall come into their hands until the anuiunt required shall be 
redeemed, and in like manner to assort and return to thcTreasury for redcmiition the notes ol such National 
Banks as havo lailed or (.'one into \ oluntary li(iuidation lor the piirpose ot winding uj) their affairs or such 
-as shall hereafter So tail or ko into liiiuidation. 

Sec. 9. Thatfrom and alterthe iiav-av^e of this act it .shallbc lawful for thcrontroller of the Currency, and 
lie is hereby onler.-d, to i^sue eireiilatin;; notes without dehiv as a|iplications are llierelor made, not to ex- 
ceed $.'.5,1)1)0.111111, to assoeialioiisor'-'ani/.ed or to be or'_'ani/ed, in those States and Territories having less than 
their proportion of eirenlatiou under an api.orlioninenl iiiade on the basis ot population and of wealth 
as shown by the returns of the ceii-us of 1870, and every association lie rea iter orL.'aiii/.ed shall be subject to 
and be governed by the rules, reslriciions, and limitations, aiul |,,.-v, s^ ihc i i-his, pri\ iUres, and franchises 
now or hereafter to be iirescrihed by law as National Bankiii.' A—oci.ii loii^, with the same p..wer to amend, 
•Iter and repeal, iiidvided bv the N'atioiial Hank Act, pKovided that the whole iinioiint of circulation with- 
drawn, and removed tromthe liaiikstransaiiin.; bii-iness sh.iil UotcMei'd s;.V.,i)iKl.lliM, and that such circula- 
tion shall be wilhdrawn, and icdeenied as sh.ill lie necessary to supply the circulation previously is>ued to 
the banksiu tliMse Stalcsba\ing lessthan their iipiiorliomnent ; and )irovided further, that not inorc than 
$30.000,0O0»lin!lbu withdraw n and redeemed as herein conlemphited, during llscal year ending June 30, 1875. 

The title of the bill is amended to read ns follows :— -'An act to (l.N. the amount of Vnltcd States notes, pro- 
vld« for the rodistribuUon of the Notional Bank Currency, and for other purposes." 



CUSTOM IIOUHE FEES. 12!! 



CUSTOM HOUSE FEES, 
I 

REQUIRED BY LAW TO BE PAID AT THE SEVERAL CUSTOM HOUSES ELSEWHEUE THAN 
ON THE XOKTH, NORTH-EAST AND NORTH-WEST FKONTIERS. 

For admeasurement of tonnage, and certifying tlio same, for every transverse section 

under the tonnage deck SI. 50 

For each between Uecks ab.ivo tonnage deck -• 3.UI) 

For each poop, or closed-iu space above tbe upper or spar deck, required by law to be 

admeasured \.5iy 

Certificate of n gi.stiy or record 2.00 

Indorsement on Certificate of r.gistry t)r record 1.0(_) 

For every bi nd under the Registry Act 25 

Certificate of Eun.llnient 5ft 

Indorsement on Certificate of Enrollment of Change of Master, &c 20 

License and granting the Si.ine, including bond, if nut over 20 tons 25 

Above 20 and not ovi r lUO tons 50 

Over 100 tons 1-00 

Indorsement on a License, of Change of Master, <fcc ._ ...- 20 

Certifying manifest, and granting permit for licensed vessel to go from district to district — 

Under 50 tons 25 

Over 50 ton 8 -- 50 

Certifying manifest, and granting permission to registered vessels to go from district to 

district ■ - - - 1-50 

Eeceiving certified manife^t and granting permit on arrival of such registered vessel. . . 1.50 
Granting permit to a ves.sel not belonging to a Citizen of the United States, to go from 

district to district, and receiving manifest ; - - 2.00 

Receiving manifest, and granting permiD to unload, f«>r lasi-meutiouedvessel, on arrival 

at one district from another 2.00 

Granting permit tV'r vessel carryinjt on fishery to trade at a foreign port 25 

Report and entry of foreign goods imported in such vessel 25 

Entry of vessel of 100 tons and more 2.50 

Clearance of vessel of 100 tons and more ^ 2.50 

Entry of vessel under 100 tims ' -50 

Clearance of vessel under 100 tons 1-50 

Post Entry. 2.00 

Permit to land or deliver goods 20 

Bond taken oflicially *^ 

Permit to lade goods for exportation entitled to drawback 30 

Debenture, or other official certificate 20 

BiU of Health .£- - •■-.-■- -20 

Official documents, required by any merchant, owneifcr master of any vessel, not before 

enumerated - ," ' i ~ 

Services, other than admeasurement, to be performed by the Surveyor, in vessels of 100 

tons and more, having on bi^ard merchandise subject to duty 3.00 

For like services in vessels under 100 tons, having similar merchandise 1.50 

For like services in all vessels not having merchandise subject to duty 60% 

Protection • 25 

Crew List 2a 

General permit to land passenger's baggage 20 

Weighing of weighable articles exported per lOOlbs 03 

Weighing of salt, to cure fish, (See Art. 122 Warehouse Regulations) 

Weighing of other weighable articles in the distrivts of Boston, Ke w York, Philadelphia, 

and Baltimore, per 112 lbs ■ 01% 

Weighing of other weighable articles in the district of Norfolk 02!>4 

Weighing of other weighable articles in all other districts 03 

Gauging of gaiigable articles exported, per cask 10 

Gauging other articles.— Casks each 12 

Cases and Baskets, each 04>2 

Ale, Porter, &c., per dozen bottles 01 >2 

Measuring, per 100 bushels— Coal, chalk, brimstone 90 

gjjH 75 

Potatoes, seeds, grain and ail similar measurable articles -15 

Marble, lumber, and other similar articles, the actual expense incurred 

For recording bill of sale, mortgage, hvpothecation, or conveyance of vessel, under Act 

of July 29,1850 '. 50 

Fw recording certificate for discharging and canceling any such conveyance. .50 

For furnishing a certificate, settiug forth the names of the owners of auy registered or 
enrolled vessel, the parts or propertiis owned by each, and also the material facts 
of any exi.sting bill of sale, mortgage, hypothecation, or other incumbrance, the date, 

amount of such incumbrance, and from and to whom made l-OO 

For furnisliing copies of such records, for each bill of sale, mortgage or other conveyance .50 
For licenses to Steamers, a^ a coni2>cnsation far the inspection and examination made for 
the year, atid furnishing the required cojiies of the inspection certificate, under the 
Steamboat Laxv. approred August 30. 1852, in addition to the fees above mentioned, for 
issuing enrollments aad licenses to vessels : 

For each steam vessel of 1(10 tons or under "^n^ 

and for each ton iu excess of 100 tons in'nA 

For licensing of pilots and engineers 10.00 



126 



TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. • 

Tbeasuby Depaktment, I 
Washington, Aw/us 21, 1874. j 

The attention of collectors and other officers of customs is called to the annexed 
verified copy of so much of the act of June 22, 1874, entitled " An act to revise and 
consolidate the Statutes of the United States in force on the first day of December, 
1873,'' as relates to the assessment and collection of duties on imports, and, es- 
pecially, to the repealing clauses of this act aud^the following explanations in regard 
thereto. 

The act of June 22, 1874, referred to, by its terms, an authoritative interpretation 
ot the law as it existed on December 1, 1873, and in addition, an absolute repeal of 
ull former and other acts whatever, relative to duties upon imports, from and after 
June 22, 1874. In its character as an interpretation and legislative construction of 
acts in force December 1, 1873, it is not, however, mandatory as against any duly- 
authorized construction prevailing previous to the date of its enactment. In the 
absence of such authorized conslructiou holding adversely, either of the courts or of 
the Secretary of the Treasury, its interpretation must be complied with. 

After June 22, 1874, however, its requirements are absolute law, to be enforced 
upon all importations, without provision for time elapsing or for the date of being 
put on shipboard at any foreign port, or any other condition or reservation whatever. 

Although many of the points to be noticed, as regards the practical eft'ect of this 
statement, have already been explained, it may be well to cite them, so far as they 
have been brought to the attention of this Department. Several clauses of the 
tariflf acts of March 2, 1861, and July 14, 1862, which were at first supposed to be 
modified or repealed by the act o(| June 30, 1864, and subsequent acts, but which 
were revived at various times through decisions of the courts or of this Department, 
are decisively excluded from the present act, and therefore cease to have force after 
the date of its passage. Among these are, first, the rate ot duty on certain descrip, 
tions of linens, viz: "Drills, coatings, brown Hollands, blay linens, damasks," 
which, being names or descriistions mentioned in the acts of 1861 and 1862, were 
not repeated in the acts of 1864. Also, a class of articles coming under the general 
designation of "Manufactures not otherwise provided for, composed of mixed 
materials in part of cotton, silk, wool, or worsted, hemp, jute, or flax," the rate of 
duty imposed by these two acts being 35 per cent, ad valorem. Many fabrics have, 
remained chargeable with duty under authority of this clause, but no such classifica« 
tion is continued in the act of June 22, 1874, all goods formerly so classed being now 
charged with duty according to their identity with, or assimilation to, other defined 
classes. Section 2499 of said act affords a general guide to such classification. 

Also in regard to several miscellaneous articles, viz: " Argols, other than crude," 
which paid variable rates under former decisions, but which, subsequent to June 
22, 1874, pay 6c. per pound; also castile soap, which, after paying duty under the 
act of 1864 for a long period, was restored to the rate of duty prescribed oy the acts 
of 1861 and 1862. By the present act, the rate prescribed in the act of 1864 alone 
has force. 

Bearing in mind the intention not to repeal or alter any actually existing law, &e 
properly interpreted on December 1, 1873, it becomes practicable to interpret the 
relation which those portions of the act of June 6, 1872, reducing duties on certain 
imports 10 per cent., have to other acts as arranged in the text of the present law. 
As in the act of 1872 the word "herein" applied to all sections of the act, it might 
be inferred that the same M-ord in the present act has the same range of ar)phcation, 
and that therefore the abatement of 10 per cent, wonld'not be allowed on any 
"metals or manufactures of metals" enumerated in the sections subsequent to 
section 2503 of the present law. But it was clearly not the intention to change the 
then existing law in that respect, and as the act declares that no inference adverse 
to the intent of the law shall be drawn from the position which any section or clau«a 
has toward any other section or clause, officers of the customs are directed to api)ly 
the 10 per cent, reduction to all articles included in, and not duly excepted from, 
it« application in the act of 1H72. This revision, however, interjirets the exception 
of several items, and includes in such excei)tion "Booksand other printed matter," 
the rate of duty on which has been considered open to doubt in this respect 
"Booksand other printed matter" will hereafter pay the prescribed dnty withotrt 
the reduction of 10 per cent., but no " metais or manufacture of metals" entitled to 
such reduction under the act of 1852 will bo excluded from it under the present 



TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 

law. "Tin in plates oi sheets, terne, and tagger's tin, iron and tin plates galvan- 
ized or coated with any metal by electric batteries; and nioisio iron, "are, by tho 
act of 1872, . excepted from the operation of the 10 per cent, reduction, and will 
contmne to be so excepted. 

Attention is called to section 2499 of the law of June 22, 1874, which is impor- 
tant as a guide to the construction of other sections and clauses of the same acL 
This section declares that "If any non-enumerated article equally resembles two 
or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there 
shaU be levied, collected and paid on such non-enumerated article tne same rate of 
duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest duty, and 
on all articles manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed 
at the highest rates at which any of its component parts may be chargeable. 

Jt may be said, generally, that the a.ssociated sections of the several tariff acts in 
Icftvxs i3ecember 1, 1873, in regard to standards, samples, api>raisement, custody of 
merchandise, and other conditions associated with the collection of duties on im- 
portea merchandise, are in no way affected by, or repealed by, the act of June 2'2 , 
1874. They are simply separated from their former connection in the arrangement 
adopted ia the Eevised Statutes. 

B. H. BEISTOW, Secretary. 

TITLE LXXW. 

REPEAL PROTlSIOiirS. 

Sec. 5595. The foregoing 73 titles embrace the statutes of the TJnited States 
general and permanent in their nature, in force on the 1st day of December, 1873, as 
re^•ised aur'i consolidated by commissioners apjiointed under an act of Congress, and 
the same shall be designated and cited, as the Kevised Statutes of the United States. 

Sec. 5596. All acts of Congress passed prior to said 1st day of December, 1873, 
any portion of which is embraced in any section of said revision, are hereby 
repealed, and the section applicable thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof; all 
parts of such acts not contained in siich revision, ha^'iug been repealed or super- 
seded by subsequent acts, or not being general or permanent in their nature: Pro- 
vided, That the incorporation into said revision of any general and permanent 
provision, taken from an act making appropriations, or from an act containing 
other provisions of a private, local, or temporaay character, shall not repeal, or in 
any way affect any appropriation, or any pro^'i;5ion of a private, local, or temporary 
character, contained in any of said acts, but the same shall remain in force ; and all 
ftcts of Congress passed prior to said last named day no part of which are embraced 
in said revision, shall not be affected or changed by its enactment. 

Sec. 5597. The repeal of the several acts embraced in said revision, shall not 
ftffect any act done, or any right accruing or accnied, or any suit or proceeding had 
or commenced in any civil cause before the said repeal, but all rights and liabilities 
under said acts shall continue, and may be enforced in the same manner, as if said 
repeal had not been made; nor shall said repeal, in any manner affect the right to 
any ofl&ce, or change the term or tenure thereof. 

Sec. 5598. All offences committed, and all penalties or forfeitures incurred under 
any stattite embraced in said revision piior to said repeal, may be prosecuted and 
punished in the same manner and ^^'ith the same effect, as if said repeal had not 
been made. 

Sec 5599. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil causes and proceed- 
ing, or to the prosecution of offences, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, 
embraced in said revision and covered by said repeal, shall not be affected thereby, 
but all suits, proceedings or prosecutions, whether ci-vil or criminal, for causes 
arising, or acts done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced and 
prosecuted v-ithin the same time as if said repeal had not been made. 

Sec. 5600. The arrangement and classification of the several sections of the re- 
vision have been made for the purpose of a more convenient and orderly arrange- 
ment of the same, and therefore no inference or presumption of a legislative con- 
struction is to be drawn by reason of the title, imder which any particular section 
is placed. 

Sec. 5601. The enactment of the said revision is not to affect or repeal any act 
of Congress passed since the 1st day of December, 1873, and all acts passed since 
that date are to have full effect as if passed after the enactment of (his revision, and 
so far as such acta vary from, or conflict with any provision contained in saiii re- 
vision, they are to have effect as subsequent n+;>^-'tes. and as repealing any portion 
of the revision inconsistent therewith. 



128 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 

TITLE XXXIII. 

DUTIES CPOi\ IMPORTS. 

Sec. 2491. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United States, 
from any foreign country, any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertise- 
ment, circiilar, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, figure, or image on 
or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article of an immoral 
nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of 
conception, or for causing unlawful abortion. No invoice or package whatever, or 
any part of one, in which any such articles are contained shall be admitted to entry; 
and all invoices and packages whereof any such articles shall compose a jx^rt, are 
liable to be proceeded against, seized, and forfeited by due course of law. All such 
prohibited articles ia the course of importation shall be detained by the officer of 
customs, and proceedings taken against the same as prescribed in the following 
section: Pn vided, That the drugs hereinbefore mentioned, when imported in bulk 
and not put up for any of the purposes hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the 
operation of this section. 

Sec. 24.92. Any judge of any district or circuit court of the United States, within 
the proper district, before whom complaint in writing of any violation of the pre- 
ceding section is made, to the satisfaction of such judge, and founded on know- 
ledge or belief, and, if tipon belief, setting forth the gTounds of such belief, and 
supported by oath or aflirmation of the complainant, may issue comformably to the 
Constitution, a warrant directed to the marshal, or any dei^uty marshal, in the 
proper district, directing him to search for, seize, and take possession of any such 
article or thing hereinbefore mentioned, and to make due and immediate return 
thereof, to the end that the same may be condemned and destroyed by proceedings, 
which shall be conducted in the same manner as other proceedings in case of 
municipal seizure, and with the same right of appeal or writ of error. 

Sec. 2493. The importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle from any 
foreign country into the United States is prohibited: Provided, That the operation 
:>{ this section shall be susj^ended as to any foreign country or countries, or anj 
parts of such country or countries, whenever the Secretary of the Treasury shall 
officially determine, and give public notice thereof, that such importation will not 
tend to the introduction or sjjread of contagious or infectious diseases among the 
cattle of the United States; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized 
and empowered, and it shall be his duty, to make all necessary orders and regula- 
tions to carry this law into effect, or to suspend the same as therein provided, and to 
send copies thereof to the proper officers in the United States, and to such officers 
or agents of the United States in foreign countries as he shall judge necessary. 

Sec. 2494. The President of the United States, whenever in his judgement the 
importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle maybe made without danger 
of the introduction or spread of contagious or infectious disease among the cattle 
of the United States, may, by proclamation, declare the provisions of the preceding 
section to be inoperative, and the same shall be afterward inoperative and of no 
effect from and after thirty days from the diite of said proclamation. 

Seo. 2495. Any person convicted of a •willful violation of any of the provisions 
of the two preceding sections, shall be fined not exceeding $500, or imprisoned not 
exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. 

Sec. 2496. No watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, or parts of watch-movc> 
menta, of foreign manufacture, which shall copy or simulate the name or trade- 
mark of any domestic manufacturer, shall bo admitted to entry at the custom-, 
houses of tho United States, unless such domestic manufacturer is the importer of 
the same. And in order to aid the officers of tho customs in enforcing this prohibi- 
tion, any domestic manufacturer of watches who has adopted trade-marks may 
require his name and residence and a descrjiition of his trade-marks to be recorded 
in liooks which shall be kept for that purpose in the Department of the Treasury, 
undi^r Huch regulations as the Secretary of tho Treasm-y shall proscribe, and may 
furnish to tho Department fac-similes of such trade-marks, and thereupon the Secre- 
tary of tho Treasury shall cause one or more copies of the same to bo transmitted to 
each collector or other proper officer of tho customs. 

Skc. 2497. No goods, M'ares, or merchandise, unless in cases provided for by 
treaty, shall be imi)orted into the United States from any foreign port or place, except 
in vc^ssels of tho TJnited Strifes, or in such foreign vessels as truly and wholly belong 
to the citizens or subjects of tliat country of which the goods are the growth, pro- 
duction, or manufacture; or irom which sucht;oods, wares, or merchandise can only 
be, or most usually are, first shipped for transportation. All goods, waren, or mer- 



TAEirr OF THE UNITKB STATES. 129 

ehandise imported contrary to this section, and the vessel wherein the same shafl 
be imported, togetherwith her cargo, tackle, apparel and furniture, shall be forfeited 
to the United States, and such goods, wares or merchandise, ship or vessel and 
cargo shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned in like mauntr, and 
under the same regulations, restrictions and provisions, as have been heretofore 
established for the recover}', collection, distribution and remission of forfeitures to 
the United States by the several revenue laws. 

Sec. 2498. The preceding section shall not ajjply to vessels, or goods, wares, or 
merchandise, impoi-ted in vessels of a foreign nation which does not maintain a 
similar regulatioia against vessels of the United States. 

Sec. 2-iy9. There shall be levied, collected and jmid, on each and every non-enu- 
merated article which bears a similitude, either iu material, quality, texture, or thb 
use to which it may be ai^plied to any article enumerated in this Title, as charge- 
able with duty, the same rate of duty which is levied and charged on the enumera- 
ted article which it mostly resembles in any of the particulars before mentitnfd, 
and if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated arti' 
cles, on which diiiereut rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied, collected 
and paid, on such nou-enumerated article, the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the 
article which it resembles paying the highest duty; and on all articles manufactured 
from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rates at which 
any of its component parts may be chargeable. 

Sec, 2500. Upon the re-importation of articles once exported, of the growth, 
product, or manufacture of the United States, upon which no internal tax has been 
assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has been paid and refunded by allowance 
or drawback, there shall be levied , collected and paid a duty equal to the tax im- 
posed by the internal-revenue laws upon such articles. 

Sec. 2501. There shall be levied, collected and paid on all goods, wares and mer- 
chandise of the growth or produce of the countries east of the Cape of Good Hope, 
(except wool, raw cotton and raw silk, as reeled from the cocoon, or not further 
advanced than tram, thrown, or organziue,) when imported from places west of the 
Cape of Good Hope, a duty of 10 per cent, ad valorem in addition to the duties 
Imposed on any such article when imported c.irectly from the place or places of 
their growth or prodi;ction. 

Sec. 2502. A discriminating duty of 10 per cent, ad valorem, in addition to 
the duties imposed by law, shall be levied, collected and paid on all goods, wares 
and merchandise which shall be imported m vessels not of the United States; but 
this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, wares and merchandise which 
shall be imported iu vessels not of the United States, entitled, by treaty or any act 
af Congress, to be entered in the ports of the United States on payment of the 
same duties as shall then be paid on goods, wares and merchandise" imported in 
vessels of the United States. 

Sec. 2503. There shall be levied, collected and paid upon all articles mentioned 
in the schedule; contained iu the next section, imported from foreign countries, the 
rates of duty which are by the schedules respectively prescribed: F.ouidad. That on 
the goods, wares and merchandise in this section enumerated and provided for. im- 
ported from foreign countries, there shall be levied, collected and paid only 90 per 
cent, of the several duties and rates of duty imposed by the said schedules lipou said 
articles severally, that is to say: 

On all manufactures of cotton of which cotton is the component part of chief 
value . 

On all wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other animals, and all manufactures 
wholly or in part of wool or hair of the alpaca and other hke animals, except um- 
brellas, parasols, and sun-shades covered with silk or alpaca. 

On all iron and steel, and on all manufactures of iron and steel, of which such 
metals or either of ihem shall be the component part of chief value, excepting cot- 
ton machinery. 

On all metals not herein otherwise provided for, and on all manulactuns of 
metals of which either of them is the comjjonent part of chief valu !, excejiting 
percussion caps, watches, jewelry, and other articles of ornament: J'rovkled, That 
aU wire rope and wire strand or chain made of iron wire, either bright, coppered, 
galvanized, or coated with other metals, shall pay the same rate of duty that is now 
levied on the iron wire of which said rojie or strand or chain is made, and all wire 
rope, and wire strand or chain made of steel wire, either bright, coppered, galvan- 
ized or coated with other metals, shall pay the same rate of duty that is now Itvier". 
on the steel wire of which said rope or strand or chain is made. 

On all paper, and manufacture; of paper, excepting unsized printing-puper 
books and other printed matter, and excepting sized or glued paper suitabV' oai> 
for printing-pap or. 



130 TAKIFF OF TUE UI^-iTED STATES. 

On all mantifactures of India-rubber, gutta-perclia, or straw, and on oil-cloths of 
all descriptions. 

On glass and glass ware, and on un wrought pipe-clay, fine clay and fullers' earth. 

On all leather not otherwise herein provided for, and on all manufactures of 
skins, bone, ivory, horn and leather, except gloves and mittens, and of which 
either of said articles is the component part of chief value; and on licquorice- 
jjaste or liquorice juice. 

Schedule A. — Cotton and Cotton Goods.* 

Sec. 2504. On aU manufactures of cotton (except jeans, denims, drillings, bed 
tickings, ginghams, plaids, cottonades, pantaloon stuff, and like goods) not 
bleached, colored, stained, painted, or printed, not exceeding 100 threads to the 
square inch, counting the warp and tilling, and exceeding in weight 5 ounces per 
square yard, 5c. per square yard; if bleached, 5Jc. ; if colored, staincl, painted, or 
printed, 5ic., and 10 per cent, ad valorem. 

On finer and lighter goods of like description, not exceeding 200 threads to square 
inch, counting the warp and filling, unbleached, 5c. per square yard; if bleached, 
5^c. ; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 5.^c., and 20 per cent. On Hke goods 
exceeding 200 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, unbleached, 
5c. per square yard; if bleached, 5.1c.; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 5.;c. 
and 20 per centum. On cotton jeans, denims, drillings, bed-tickings, ginghams, 
plaids, cottonades, pantaloon stuffs, and like goods, or for similar use, if unbleached, 
and not exceeding 100 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, 
and exceeding 5 ounces to the square yard, 6c. per square yard; if bleached, 6Ac. ; 
if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 6ic., and 10 per centum. On finer, or 
lighter goods of like description, not exceeding 200 threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, if unbleached, 6c. per square yard; if bleached, 
6ic. ; if colored, stained, painted, or printed, 6Jc. and 15 per cent. On goods 
of lighter description, exceeding 200 threads to' the square inch, counting the 
warp and filling, if unbleached, 7c. per square yard ; if bleached, 7ic. ; if colored, 
stained, painted, or printed, 7^c. and 15 per cent. Provided, that upon all plain 
woven cotton goods, not included in the foregoing schedule, unbleached, valued 
at over 16c. per square yard; bleached, valued at over 20c.; colored valued at 
over 25c., and cotton jeans, denims and drillings, unbleached, valued at over 
20c., and all other cotton goods of every description, the value of which shall 
exceed 25c. per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid, a duty of 35 
per cent, ad valorem: And provided farther, That no cotton goods having more than 
200 threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, shall be admitted to 
a less rate of duty than is provided for goods which are of that number of threads. 

Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp-yarn, not wound upon spools, whether single 
or advanced beyond single by twisting two or more single yarns together, whether 
on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, valued at not ex- 
ceeding 40c. per pound, 10c. per pound; valued at over 40c., and not exceeding 
60c., 20c. per i^ound; valued at over 60c. and not exceeding 80c., 30c. per poimd; 
valued at over 80c., 40c. per pound; and, in addition to such rates of duty, 20 per 
cent. Spool-thread of cotton, 6e. per dozen spools, containing on each spool not 
exceeding 100 yards, and, in addition, 30 per cent; exceeding 100 yards for every 
additional 100 yards of thread on each spool or fractional part thereof, in excess of 
100 yards, 6c. per dozen and 35 per cent. Cotton cords, gimps, and galloons and 
cotton laces colored, 35 per cent. 

Cotton shirts and drawers, woven or made on frames, and on all cotton hosiery, 
35 per cent. 

Cotton velvet, 35 per cent. 

Cotton braids, insertings, lace, trimming, or bobbinet, and all other manufactures 
of cotton, not otherwise provided for, 35 per cent. 

Schedule B.— ^Earths and Eaetheen Wares. 

Brown earthern ware and common stone w^are, gas-retorts, stone ware not orna- 
mented, 25 per cent. 

China, porcelain, and Parian ware, gilded, ornamented, or decorated in any 
manner, 50 per cent. 

Chma, porcelain, and Parian ware, plain and white, and not decorated in any 
mauiier, 45 percent.; all other earthprn, stone, or crockery ware, white glazed, 
edited, printiid, painted, dipped, or crciiin-colorcd, composed of earthy or mineral 
Bubslances, not otherwise jirovided for, 40 \wx cent. 

Stone ware above the caj^icity often gallons, 20 ycx cent. 

HlaU'S, slate-pencils, slate cliinnicy-i)iec( s, mantels, slabs for tables and all other 
(OaanufactureH of slate, 40 per cent. Roofing slates, 35 per cent. 

* Per cent., in all cascH, means per centum ad valorem. 



TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 

Unwrought clay, pipe-clay, fire-clay, $5 per tou. Kaoline, $5 per ton. Fuller's 
^arth, S3 per ton. Eed and French chalk, 20 per cent. Chalk not otherwise 
provided tor, 25 percent. Whiting and Paris-white, Ic. per pound. Whiting 
ground in oil, 2c. i)er pound. Paris white ground in oil, IJc. per pound. 

All jilain and mould and press glass not cut, engraved, or painted, 35 per cent. 

All articles of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, printed, stained, silvered, 
or gilded, not including plate-glass silvered, or looking-glass plates, 40 per cent. 

All unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window-glass, not exceeding 10x15 
inches square, lie per pound; above that and not exceeding 16x24 inches, 2c. per 
IX)und; above that and not exceeding 24x30 inches, 2^c. per pound; all above that, 
3c. per pound. 

CyUnder and crown glass, polished, not exceeding 10x15 inches square, 2Jc. per 
square foot; above that and not exceeding 16x'24 inches, 4c. per foot; above that 
and not exceeding 24x30 inches, 6c. per foot ; above that and not exceeding 24x60 
inches, 20c. per foot; all above that, 40c. i^er square foot. 

Fluted, rolled, or rough plate-glass, not including crown, cylinder, or common 
window-glass, not exceeding 10x15 inches square, 75c. per 100 square feet; above 
that and not exceeding 16x24 inches, Ic. per foot; above that and not exceeding 
24x30 inches, lie per foot; all above that, 2c. per square foot. And all fluted, 
rolled, or rough plate-glass, weighing over 100 pounds per 100 square feet, shall 
pay an additional duty on the excess at the same rates. Cast polished plate-glass, 
unsilvered, not exceeding 10x15 inches sqiiare, 3c. per square foot; above that 
and not exceeding l6x24 inches, 5c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x30 
inches, 8c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x60 inches, 2oc. per toot; all 
above that, 50c. per square foot. Cast polished j)late-glass, silvered, or looking- 
glass ijlates not exceeding 10x15 inches square, 4c. j)er square foot; above that 
and not exceeding 16x24 inches, 6c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x30 
inches, 10c. per foot; above that and not exceeding 24x60 inches, 35c. per foot; all 
above that, 60c. per square foot. But no looking-glass plates or plate-glass, sil- 
vered, when framed, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar 
glass of like description not framed, but shall be liable to pay in addition 30 per 
cent, upon such frames. Glass bottles or jars filled with articles not otherwise 
provided for, 30 j)er cent. Porcelain and Bohemian glass, glass crystals for 
watches, glass pebbles for spectacles, not rough; paintings on glass or glasses, 
and all manuiactures of glass, or of which glass shall be a component material, 
not otherwise provided for, and all glass bottles or jars filled with sweetmeats or 
preserves, not otherwise provided for, 40 jier centum ad valorem. 

Schedule C. — Hemp, Jute, and Flax Goods. 
Flax-straw, $5 per ton. Flax not hackled or dressed, $20 per ton. Flax hackled, 
known as "dressed line," §40 per ton. Hemp, Manilla, and other like svibstauces, 
not otherwise provided for, S25 per ton. Tow of flax or hemp, $10 jier ton. Jute, 
sunn and Sisal-grass, and other vegetable substances not emimerated, used for 
cordage, $15 per ton. Brown and bleached linens, ducks, canvas, paddings, cot 
bottoms, diapers, crash, huckabucks, handkerchiefs, lawTis, or other manufactures 
of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the material of 
chief value, not otherwise provided for, valued at 30c. or less per s(iuare yard, 35 
per cent. ; valued at above 30c. per yard, 40 per cent. ; flax or linen yarns for car- 
pets, not exceeding number 8 Lea, and valued at 24c. or less per pound, 30 jier 
cent.; flax or linen yarns valued at above 24c. per pound, 35 per cent.; flax or 
linen thread, twine and pack thread, and all other manufactures of flax, or of 
which flax shall be the material of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 40 per 
cent. Thread lace and insertings, 30 jier cent. On all burlaps, and like manuiac- 
tures of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the material of 
chief value, excepting such as may be siiitable for bagging for cotton, 30 per cent. 
Oil-cloth foundations or floor-cloth canvas, made of flax, jute, or hemp, or of 
which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the material of chief value, 40 per cent.; gimny- 
cloth, not bagging, valued at 10c. or less per square yard, 3c. per pound; over 10c. 
per yard, 4c. per pound. On bagging for cotton, or other manufactmx's, not other- 
wise provided for, suitable to the uses for M-hich cotton bagging is apphed , com- 
posed in whole or in part of hemp, jute, flax, gunny-bags, gunny -cloth, or other 
material, and valued at 7c. or less per square yard, 2c. per pound; valued at over 
7c. per yard, 3c. per pound. Bags, cotton bags and bagging, and all like manufac- 
tures, not otherwise provided for, (except bagging for cotton,) ■wholly or in part of 
flax, hemp, jute, gunny-cloth, gunny-bags, or other material, 40 per cent Tarred 
cables or cordage, 3c. per pound. Untarred Manilla cordage, 2ic. par pound. 
Other untarred cordage, 3Jc. per pound. Hemp yarn, 5c. per pound. Soiuos, 6Jc. 



132 



TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 



per pound. Sail-duck or canvas for sails, 30 per cent. Russia and other sheetings 
of flax or hemp, brown and white, 35 per cent. Other manufactures of hemp, or 
of which hemp shall be the material of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 30 
per cent. Grass-cloth, 30 per cent. Jute yarns, 25 per cent. AU other manu- 
factures of jute or Sisal-grass, not provided for, 30 per cent. 

Schedule D. — Liquoes. 
Wines imported in casks, containing not more than 22 per cent, of alcohol 
vahied at not exceeding 40c. per gallon, 25c. per gallon; valued at over 40c. and 
not over $1, 60c.; valued at over $1, $1 per gallon, and iu addition thereto, 25 per 
cent. Wmes of all kinds, imported in bottles, not otherwise provided foi', the 
same rate per gallon as wines imported in casks. But all bottles containing 1 
quart or less, and more than one pint, shall be held to contain one quart, and all 
bottles containing one pint or less shall be held to contain one pint, and shall pay- 
in addition 3c. for each bottle. Champagne and all other sparkling wines in bottles; 
containing each not more than 1 quart and more than 1 pint, $G per dozen bottles, 
not more than 1 pint each and more than h pint, $3 per dozen; h pint each, or leas, 
$1.50 per dozen; and in bottles containing more than 1 quart each, shall pay, 
in addition to $6 per dozen bottles, at the rate of $2 per gallon on the 
quantity in excess of 1 quart per bottle. But any Uquors containing 
more than 22 per cent, of alcohol, which shall be entered under the 
name of wine, shall be forfeited to the United States. Wines, brandy, 
and other spirituous liquors imported in bottles shall be packed in packages 
Df not less than 1 dozen bottles in each package; and all such bottles shall pay 
au additional duty of 3c. for each bottle. No allowance shall be made for breakage 
unless actually ascertained by count, and certified by a custom-house appraiser. 
Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or other materials, 
not otherwise provided for, S2 per proof-gallon. Each and every gauge or wine 
gallon of measurement shall be counted as at least one proof-gallon, and the stan- 
dard for determining the proof of brandy and other spirits, and of wine or liquors 
of any kind imported, shall be the same as that defined in the laws relating to in- 
ternal revenue. But brandy or sijirituous liquors imported in casks of less capacity 
than 14 gallons shall be forfeited to the United States. On all compounds or 
preparations of which distilled spirits is a component part of chief value, there 
shall be levied a duty not less than that upon distilled spirits. Cordials, liquoi-s, 
arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and similar spirituoiis beverages, or bitters 
containing spirits, not otherwise provided, $2 per proof-gallon. No lower rate of 
duty shall be levied, collected, and paid, on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous 
beverages, than that fixed by law for the description of first proof, but it shall bo 
increased in proportion for any greater strength than first proof ; and no brandy, 
or other spirituous beverages under first proof shall pay a less rate of duty than 
50 per cent.; and all imitations of brandy, or spirits, or wines imported by any 
names whatever, shall be subject to the highest rate of duty provided for the 
genuine articles intended to 1 e represented, and in no case less than $1 per gallon. 
Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles, 35c. per gallon; otherwise than in bottles, 20c. 
per gallon. Vermuth; the same duty as on wines of the same cost. 

Schedule E.— Metals. 
Iron in pigs, S7 per ton. Bar-iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not 
less than 1 inch or more than six inches wide, nor less than -^ of an inch or uku-o 
than 2 inches thick; rounds not less than | of an uich nor more than 2 inches in 
diameter; and squares not less than ^ of an inch nor more than two inches stjuare, 
Ic. per pound. Bar iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats less than |; of an 
inch or more than 2 inches thick, or less than 1 inch or more than 6 inches wide; 
rounds less than f of an inch or more than 2 inches in diameter; and squares less 
than I of au inch or more than two inches square, l.\c. per pound. But all iron 
iu slabs, blooms, loops, or otlu;r forms, less finished" than iron in bars, and mora 
advauc(;d than pig iron, except castings, shall be rated as ircm in bars, and p^^y a 
duty accordingly, and none of the above -iron shall pay a less rate of duty than 35 
per < ei4. Moisic iron, mado from sand ore by one process, $15 per ton. Iron 
bars lor railroads or inclined i)lanes, 7<)c. per 100 pounds. Boiler or other plate- 
iron not less than 3-10 of au inch in thickness, l.\c. per pound. Boiler and other 
piatc-iroii, not otherwise provided for, $25 per ton. Iron wire, bright, coppeie I, 
nr tinned, drawn and finished, not more than ] of an inch in diameter, not less 
than number 10 wirc-guage, $2 per 100 pounds, and in addition thereto 15 jier 
cent.; over number IG and not over number 25, wiro-guage, $3. 50 per 100 pounds, 
md in addition thereto 15 per cent; over or finer than number 25, wire-guage, $4 



\ARIFr OF THE UNITED STATES. I33 

per 100 pounds, and in addition thereto lo per cent. But wire covered with cotton, 
silk, or other material shall pay 5c. p^r pound lu addition, liouud ircjn in coils, 
three •^sixteenths of an inch or less in diameter, whether coated vith metal or not, 
and all descriptions of iron wire, and wire of which iron is a part, not otherwise 
spec.hcally enumerated and i^rovided lor, shall pay the same duty as iron wire, 
bright, coppered, or tinned. Spiral furniture springs, manufat tured of iron wire, 
2c. per pound and 15 per cent .Smooth or polished sheet-iron, by whatever name 
designated, 3c. per poimd. Sheet-iron, common or black, not thinner than number 
20, wire-guage, l]c. per pound; thinner than number 20 and not thinner than 
number ii5, wire-guage, lie. per pound; thinner than number 25, wire-gaage, l|c. 
per pound. Ml band, hoop, and scroll iron from ^ to 6 inches in width, not thin- 
ner than I of an inch, l^c. per pound. All band, hoop, and scroll iron from ^ to 
6 inches wide, imder -J of an inch in thic ness, and not thinner than number 20, 
wire-gimge, l.^c. per pound. All band, hoop, and scroll iron thinner than numl er 
20, wire-guage, l|c. per pound. Slit rods, l^c. per pound. All other ^.eacriptious 
of rolled or hammered iron not otherwise provided for, l^c. per pound. All hand- 
saws not over 24 inches long, 75c. per dozen and 30 per cent.; over 24 inches long, 
.SI per dozen and 30 per cent. All back-savs'S not over 10 inches long, 75c. per 
dozen and 30 per cent.; over 10 inches in length, SI per dozen and 30 percent. 
Files, fileblanks, rasps, and floats of all descriptions, not exceeding 10 inches in 
length, 10 cents per pound and 30 per cent. ; exceeding 10 inches in length, 60c. 
per pound and 30 per cent. Pen, jack, an I pocket-knives of all kinds, 50 per 
cent. Sword-blades, 35 per cent. Swords 45 per cent. Needles for knitting or 
sewing machines, SI per 1,000 aod 35 per cent. Iron squares marked ou one side, 
3c. per pound and 30 per cent.; all other squares of iron or steel Gc. per pound and 
30 per cent. All manufactures of steel, or of which steel shall be a component 
part, not otherwise provided for, 45 per cent. But all articles of steel partially 
manufactured, or of which steel shall be a part, not otherwise provided for, shall 
par the same rate of duty as if wholly manufactured. Steel railway bars, l|c. per 
pound. Ea.lway bars made in jmrt of steel, Ic. per pound. And metal converted, 
cast, or made from iron by the Bessemej or pneumatic process, of whatever form 
or description, shall be classed as steel. Locomotive tire, or parts thereof, 3c. per, 
poimd. Mill-irons and mill-cranks of wrought iron, and wrought-iron for ships 
steam-engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each 25 pounds or 
more, 2c . per pound. 

Anvils and iron cables, or cable chains, or parts thereof, 2^c. per poimd, Provided 
That no chains made of wire or rods of a diameter loss than ^ of 1 inch, shall be 
coDsdered a chain cable. Chains, trace-chains, halter-chains, and fence-chains, 
made of wire or rods, f of 1 inch in diameter, 2ic per pound; less than ^ of 1 inch, 
and not under number 9, wire-guage, 3c. per pound, under number 9, wire guage, 
35 per cent. Anchors, or parts thereof, 2^0. per pound. Blacksmiths' hammers 
and sledges, axles or parts thereof, and malleable iron in castings, not otherwise 
provided for, 2.^c. per pound. Wrought-iron railroad chairs, and \\Tought-iron nuts 
and washers, ready punched, 2c. per pound. Bed-screws and wrought-iron hinges, 
2^c. per pound. Wrought board-nails, spikes, rivets and bolts, 2ic. per pound. 
Steam, gas, and water tubes and flues of wrought-iron 3Jc. per pound. Cut 
nails and spikes, IJc. per pound. Horseshoe-nails, 5c. per pound. Cut tacks, 
brads, or sprigs, not'exceeding 16 ounces to the 1,000, 2.1c. per 1,000; exceeding 16 
ounces to the 1,000, 3c. per pound. Screws, commonly called wood screws, 2 
inches or over in length, 8c. per pound; less than 2 inches in length, lie. per 
pound. Screws of any other metal than iron, and all other screws of iron, except 
wood-screws, 35 per cent. Vessels of cast iron, not otherwise provided for, and on 
andirons, sad-irons, tailors' and hatters' irons, stoves and stove-plates of cast iron, 
1^ c. per pound. Cast-iron steam, gas, and water pipe, lie. per poixnd. Cast-iron 
butts and hinges, 2^c. per pound. Hollow ware, glazed or tinned, 3ic. i er pound. 
Cast scrap-iron of every description, $6 jier ton. Wrought scrap-iron of every 
description, $8 per ton. But nothing shall be deemed scrap-iron except waste or 
refuse iron that has been in actual use, and is fit only to be remanufactured. All 
other castings of iron, not provided for, 30 per cent. Taggers' iron, 30 ])er cent. 
Steel, in ingots, bars, coils, sheets, and steel wire, not less than i^ of 1 inch in 
diameter, valued at 7 cents per pound or less, 2^ c. per pound; above 7 cents and 
not above lie. per poand, three cents per pound; above lie. per pound, 3ic. per 
pound and 10 per cent. Steel wire less than \ of an inch in diameter and not leas 
than number 16, wire-guage, 2ic. per pound and 20 per cent. ; less or finer than num- 
ber 16, M-ire-guage, 3c. per pound and 20 per cent. Steel, commercially known «s 
crinoline, corset and bat steel wire, 9c. per pound and 10 per cent. Steel in any 
form, not otherwise provided for, 30 per cent.; Provided, that no allowance or redao- 



134 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tion of duties for partial loss or damage shall be made in consequence of rust of 
iron or steel or upon the mauufactui-es of iron or steel, except on polished Russia 
sheet iron. Cross-cut saws, 10c. per lineal foot. On mill, pit and drag saws, not 
over 9 inches wide, 12ic. per lineal foot; over 9 inches wide, 20c. per lineal foot. 
Lead in sheets, pipes, or shot, 2|c. per pound. Lead ore, IJc. per pound. Lead 
in pigs and bars, 2c. per pound. Old scrap-lead, fit only to be remanufactured, lie 
per pound. Zinc, si^elter, or tutenege manufactured in blocks or pigs, l^c. per 
pound. Zinc, spelter, tutenege in sheets, 2^c. per pound. Tin in plates, sheets, 
terne and taggers' tin, 15 per cent. L:on and tin plates galvanized or coated with any 
metal by electric batteries, 2c. per pound. L'on and tin plates galvaniztd or coated 
with metal otherwise than by electric batteries, 2.2C. per pound. Copper imported in 
the form of ores, 3c. on each pound of fine copper contained therein. Regulus of cop- 
per, and on all black or coarse copper, 4c. on each pound of fine copper contained 
therein. Old copper, fit only for remanufacture, 4c. per pound. Copper in i^lates, 
bars, ingots, i^igs, aud in other forms not manufactured or here enumerated, 5c. 
per pound. Copper in rolled plates called braziers' cojoper, sheets, rods, pipes, and 
copper bottoms, and all manufactures of cojjper, or of which copper shall be a 
component of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 45 per cent. Sheathing or 
yellow metal not wholly of copper, nor wholly nor in j^art of iron, ungalvauized, 
in sheets 48 inches long and 14 inches wide, and weighing from 14 to 34 ounces 
per square foot, 3c. per pound. Nickel, 30c . per pound. Nickel oxide and alloy of 
copper, 20c. per pound. Gold-leaf, $1.50 per package of 500 leaves; silver leaf, 
75c. per package of 500 leaves. Argentine, alabatta, or German silver, unmanufac- 
tured, 35 per cent. Brass in bars or pigs, and old brass, fit only to be remanufac- 
tured, 15 per cent. Dutch and bronze metal in leaf, 10 per cent. Articles not 
otherwise i^rovided for, made of gold, silver, German silver, or platina, or of which 
either of these metals shall be a component part, 40 per cent. Silver-plated metal, 
in sheets or other form, 35 per cent. Manufactures, articles, vessels, and wares 
not otherwise provided for, of brass, iron, lead, pewter, and tin or other metal, 
(except gold, silvei', platina, copper, and steel) or of which either of these metals 
shall be the material of chief value, 35 per cent. Metals, unmanufactured, not 
provided for, 20 per cent. 

Schedule F. — Provisions. 

Beef and pork, Ic. i^er pound. Hams and bacon, 2c. per pound. Cheese, 4c. 
per pound. ^Vheat, 20c. i^er bushel. Butter, 4c. per pound. Lard, 2c. per pound. 
Kye and barley, 15c. per bushel. Indian corn or maize, 10c. per bushel. Oats, 
10c. i^er bushel. 

Fish. — Mackerel, $2 per barrel; herrings, pickled or salted, $1; pickled salmon, 
$3; all other fish pickled, in barrels, SI. 50; all other foreign-caught fish, imported 
otherwise than in barrels or half-barrels, whether fresh, smoked, or dried, salted, 
or pickled, not provided for, 50c. per hundred jjouuds. Salmon preserved, 30 per 
cent. Anchovies and sardines, preserved in oil or otherwise, 50 per cent. Fish 
preserved in oil, except anchovies and sardines, 30 per cent. Corn-meal, 10 per 
cent. Oat-meal, ic per pound. Eye-flour, 10 per cent. Rice, cleaned, 2Jc. per 
pound; uucleaned, 2c. per pound. On paddj', lie. per pound. Capers, pickles, 
and sauces of all kinds, not otherwise provided lor, 35 per cent. Catsup, 40 per 
cent. Preserved or condensed milk, 20 per cent. Potatoes, 15c. per bushel. Veg- 
etables, not otherwise provided for, 10 per cent. Prepared vegetables, meat, fish, 
poultry, and game, sealed or iinsealed, in cans or otherwise, 35 per cent. Vinegar, 
10c. per gallon. 

Schedule G. — Sugaes. 

Sugar not above number 7, Dutch standard in color, 1 5c. per pound. Sugar 
above number 7, and not above number 10, Dutch standard in color, 2c. per pound. 
Sugar above number 10, and not above number 13, Dutch standard in color, 2|c. 
per pound. Sugar above number 13, and not above nxnnber IG. Dutch standard in 
color, 2:{c. per pound. Sugar above number Ki, and not above number 20, Dutch 
standard in color, 3]c. per pound. Sugar above numbi r 2 ', Dutch standard in 
color, and on all refined loat, lump, crushed, powdered, and granulated .sugar, 4c. 
l)er pound. But sirup of sugar, sirup of sugar-cane juit'e, melado, concentrated 
melado, or coucentnited molasses, entered under the n imo of molasses, shall be 
forfeited to the United States. Sugar-candy, not colond, 10c. per pound. All 
other confectionery, not otlii rwiso provided for, made wholly or in part of sugar, 
and on sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulter- 
ated, valued at 30c. per pound or less, 15c. per pound. Confectionery valued above 
30c. per pound, or when sold by the box, package or otherwise thiin \iy the pound, 
50 per cent. Molasses, 5c. per gallon. Tank-bottoms, sirup of sugar-cane juice,. 
melado, concentrated melado and concentrated molasses, lie per pound. 



TAPvIFF OF THE FXITED STATES. 135 

Schedule H. — Silk and Silk Goods. 

Silk in the gum not more advanced than singles, tram, and thrown or organzine, 
35 per cent. Spim silk for filling in skeins, or cops, 35 per cent. Floss-silks, 35 
percent. Sewing-silk in the gnm or pm-ified, 40 per cent. Silk twist, twist com- 
posed of mohair and silk, iO per cent. Dress and piece goods, ribbons, and silk- 
velvets, or velvets of which silk is the material of chief value, CO per cent. Silk 
vestings, pongees, shawls, scarfs, mantillas, jielerines, handkerchiefs, veils, laces, 
shirts, drawers, bonnets, hats, caps, tiubaus, chemisettes, hose, niits, aprons, 
stockings, gloves, suspenders, watch-chains, webbing, braids, fringes, galloons, 
tassels, cords, and trimmings, and readj-made clothing of silk, or of which silk is 
the material of chief value, 60 per cent. Buttons and ornaments for dre'^ses and 
outside garments made of silk, or of which silk is the material of chief vulue, and 
containing no wool, worsted, or goafs hair, 50 per cent. ILmufactures of silk, or 
of which silk is the comi:;onent material of chief value, not otherwise provided for, 
50 per cent. 

Schedule I. — Spices. 

Pimento and black, white, and red or cayenne pepper, 5c. per pound. Ground 
pimento and ground pepper of all kinds, 10c . Cinnamon, 20c. Mace, 25c. Nut- 
megs, 20c. Cloves, 5c. Clove-stems, 3c. Cassia and cassia vera, 10c. Cassia Inids 
and ground cassia, 20c. All other spices, 20c. per pound. Ground or prepared, 
30c. per pound. Ginger, ground, 3c. Ginger, preserved or pickled, 35 per cent 
Essence of ginger, 35 per cent. 

Schedule J. — Tobacco. 
Cigars, cigarettes and cheroots of all kinds, $2.50 per pound, and 25 per cent 
But paper cigars and cigarettes, including wrappers, shall be subject to the same 
duties as are herein imposed upon cigars. Tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and 
not stemmed, 35c. per pound. Tobacco stems, 15c. per pound. Tobacco manufac- 
tured, of all descriptions, and stemmed tobacco not otherwise provided for, oOe. 
per pound. Snuflf and snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, ground, dry or damp 
and pickled, scented or otherwise, of all descriptions, 50c. per pound. Unm;iuu- 
factured tobacco, not provided for, 30 per cent. 

Schedule K. — Wood. 

Timber, hewn or sawed ; timber used in building wharves and spars, 20 per cent 
Timber, squared or sided, not provided for, Ic. per cubic foot Sawed boards, 
plank, deals and other lumber of hemlock, white-wood, sycamore and bass-wood, 
31 per 1,000 feet, board measiu-e. All other varieties of sawed lumber, $2 per 1,000 
feet, board measure. Biit when lumber of any sort is planed or finished, in addi- 
tion to the rates herein provided, there shall be levied and paid, for each side so 
planed or finished, 50c. per 1,000 feet; and if planed on one side and tongued and 
grooved, SI ; and if planed on two sides and tongued and grooved, $1.50. Hubs for 
wheels, posts, last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, gun-blocks, heading-bloclis, 
and all like blocks or sticks, rough-hewn or sawed only, 20 per cent Staves for 
pipes, hogsheads and other casks, 10 per cent Staves not otherwise provided for, 
20 per cent Pickets and palings, 20 per cent Laths, 15c. per 1,000 pieces. 
Shingles, 35c. per 1,000. Pine clapboards, $2 per 1,000. Spruce clapboards, $1.50 
per 1,000. House or cabinet furniture, in pieces or rough, and not finished, 30 
per cent. Cabinet wares and house furniture, finished, 35 per cent. Casks and 
barrels, empty, sugar-box shocks, and packing-boxes of wood, not otherwise pro- 
vided for, 30 per cent. Manufactures of cedar-wood, granadilla, ebony, mahogany, 
rosewood and satinwood, 35 per cent.; manufactures of wood, or of which wood is 
the chief component part, not provided for, 35 per cent Wood unmanufactured, 
not provided for, 20 per cent. 

Endless belts or felts for paper or printing machines, 20c. per pound and 35 
per cent. Bunting, 20c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Women's 
and children's dress-goods and real oi- imitation Italian cloths, wholly or 
in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat, or other hke animals, value 
not exceeding 20c. per square yard, 6c. per square yard, and 35 per cent ; above 
20c. per square j-ard, 8c. and 40 per cent. But on all goods weighing four ounces 
and over per square yard, the duty shall be 50c. per pound and 35 per cent 
Clothing, ready-made wearing apparel of every description, balmoml skirts and 
skirting, and goods of similar description, or used for lik6 purposes, wholly or in 
part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca goat, or other like animals, made up 
or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress or manufacturer, except 
knit goods. 50c. per pound and 40 per cent. Webbinps, boltings, bindings, braids, 
galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tas.seis, dress-trimmings, head-nets. 



136 TAiiirr of the united states. 

buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments, 
•wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool, worsted, or mohair, or 
of which wool, worsted or mohair is a component material, 5Uc. per pound, and 50 
per cent. Aubusson and Axmiuster carpets, and carpets woven whole for rooms, 
50 iier cent. Saxouy, Wilton and Tornay velvet carpets, wrought by the Jacquard 
machine, 70c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Brussels carpets, WTOught by the 
Jacquard machine, Mc. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Patent velvet and 
tapestry velvet carpets, printed on the warp or otherwise, iOc. per square yard, and 
35 per'cent. Tapestry Brussels carpets printed on the warp or otherwise, 2Sc. per 
square yard, and 35 per cent. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and worsted chain Venetian 
carpets, 17c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Yard Venetian and two-ply in- 
grain carpets, 12c. per square yard, and 35 per cent. Druggets and bockings, 
printed, colored, or otherwise, 25c. per square yard and 35 per cent. Hemp or 
jute carpeting, 8c. per square yard. Carpets and carpetiugs of wool, flax, or cotton, 
or parts of either, or other material not herein specihed, 40 per cent. And niats, 
rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bedsides, and other portions of carpets or carpetings, 
shall be subjected to the duty herein imposed on carpets or carpeting of 
like character or description, and the duty on all other mats, (not exclu- 
sively of vegetaVile material, ) screens, hassocks and rugs, shall be 45 per cent. 
Oil-cloths for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, valued at 50c. or less per 
gquare yard, 35 per cent. : valued at over 50c. per square yard, and on all other oil- 
cloth (except silk oil-cloth,) and on water-proof cloth, not otherwise provided for, 
45 per cent. Oil-silk cloth, 60 per cent. 

^,. SCHEDULK M. StJNDKIES. 

Acetates.— Of ammonia, 2oc. per pound; baryta, 25c.; copper, lOc; iron, 25c,; 
lead, brown, 5c.; white, lOc. ; lime, 25 per cent.; magnesia, 50c. per pound; potassa, 
25c. ; soda, 25c. ; stroutia, 25c. ; zinc, 25c. Acids.— Acetic, acetous, and pjTo- 
ligueous of specific gravity of 1,047, or less, 5c. per pound; acetic, acetous aud 
pyroligneous of specific gravity over 1,047, 30c.; benzoic, 10 percent.; carbolic, 
liquid, 10 per cent. ; chromic, 15 per cent. ; citric, 10c. per pound; gallic, $1 ; nitric, 
10 per cent.; sulphuric, fuming (Noidhausen,) leper pound; tannic, SI; tartaric, 
15c. , and all other acids of every description used for medicinal purposes, or in the 
fine arts, not otherwise provided for, 10 per cent. Acorn and dandelion root, raw, 
or prepared, and all other articles used, or intended to be used as coffee or a 
substitute for coffee, not otherwise ^n-ovided for, 3c. per pound. Alabaster aud 
spai ornaments, 30 per cent. Albata, unmanufactured, 35 per cent. Almonds, 6c. per 
pound; shelled, 10c. per pound. Alum, patent alum, alum substitute, sulphate of 
alumina, aluminous cake, 60c. per 100 pouud.s. Ammonia. — Ammonia and sulphate 
and carbonate of ammonia, 20 per cent.; sal ammonia and muriate of ammonia, 10 
percent. Animals, live, 20 per cent. Antimony, crude, and regains of, 10 per 
cent. Argo Is (other than crude), 6c. per pound. Asbestos, manufactured, 25 per 
cent. Arrowroot, 30 per cent. Asphaltum, 25 per cent. Assafcetida, 20 per cent. 
Balsams, used for medicinal purposes, not otherwise provided for, 30 per cent. 
Barley, pearl or hulled, Ic. per pound. Barytes, and sulphate of, ^c, per pound; 
nitrate of, 20 per cent. Baskets, and all articles composed of grass, osier, palm-loaf, 
whalebone or willow, not provided for, 35 per cent. ; composed of straw, 35 per cent. 
Bay-rum or bay-water, whether distilled or compounded, $1 per gallon of iirst 
proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof. All beads 
and bead ornaments, except amber, 50 per cent. Bees-wax, 20 per cent. Beu- 
zoates, 30 per cent. Billiard-chalk, 50 per cent. Black of bone, or ivory drop 
black, 25 per cent. Blacking of all descriptions, 30 per cent. Bladders, manufac- 
tures of, 30 per cent. Manufactures of bones, horn, ivory, or vegetable ivory , 35 
per cent. Bonnets, hats and hoods, for men, women and children, composed of 
chip, gra.ss, i)alm-leaf, willow, or any other vegetable substixnce, hair, whalebone, 
or other material, not otlnrwiso provided for, 40 per cent. ; composed of straw, 40 
per cent. Books, periodicals, pamphlets, blank-books, bound or unbound, all 
printed matter, engravings, bound or unbound, illustrated books and papers, maps 
and cliarts, 25 per cent. Borax, refined, 10c. per pound. Bouillons or cannetille, 
and metal threads, file or gt-spiust, 25 per ce.it. Brick, tiro-brick, and roofing 
and ])aving-tilo, not provided for, 20 per cent. Brimstone in rolls, or refined, $10 
per ton. Bristles, 15c. per jKnind. Brithmia ware, 35 i)er cent. Brouxe liquor, 
10 ])tr cent. 15ronzo powder, 20 percent. Brooms of all kinils, 35 per cent. 
Bnihhos of all kinds, 40 per cent. Bulbous root.s, not provided for, 30 percent. 
Burning fluid, 50c. per gallon. Ikirr-stones, m.inufactured or bound »p into mill- 
stones, 20 j)er cent. Buttons and button-moulds, not otherwise provided for, 30 
p<^r cent. Calomel, 30 per cent. Camphor, refined, 5c. per pound. Caudles and 



TAKIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 137 



tapers, stearine and adamantine, 5c. per pound; spermaceti, paraffins, and ■wa\ 
candles and tapers, pure or mixed, 8c. per pound; all other candies and tapei-s, 
2^c. per pound. Canes and sticks tor walking, tiuishcd or unfinished, 35 per 
cent. Card-cases, pocket-books, shell boxes, souvenirs, and all similar articles of 
whatever material, 35 per cent. Carriages and parts of carriages, 35 per cent. 
Castor beans or seeds, per bushel of 5U pounds, 60c. Chiccory-root, ground or 
unground, Ic. per pound. Chiccory root, burnt or prepared, oc. per pound. 
Chloroform, $1 per pound. Chocolate, 5c. per pound. Chronometers, box or 
ship's, and parts thereof, 10 per cent. Clocks and parts of clocks, 35 per cent. 
Clothing, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, of whatever 
material composed, except wool, silk and linen, made up or manufactured wholly 
ur in part by the tailor, seam-gloves, leggius, mitts, socks, stockings, wove shirts, 
and stress or manufacturer, not provided'tbr, caps, drawers and all similar articles 
made on frames, of whatever material, except silk and linen, worn by men, 
women or children, and not provided for; articles worn by men, women, or chil- 
dren, or whatever material, except silk and linen, made up, or made wholly or in 
part by hand, not provided for, 35 per cent. Coach and harness furniture, of all 
kinds, saddlei-y, coach and harness hardware, silver-plated, brass-plated or covered 
common tinned, burnished or japanned, not provided for, 35 per cent. Slack 
coal or culm, such as will pass through a half-inch screen, 40c per ton of 
28 bushels, 80 pounds to the bushel ; bituminous coal and shale, 75 cents per ton 
of 28 bushels, 80 pounds to the bushel. Cobalt, oxide of, 20 per cent. Cocoa, 
prepared or manufactured, 2c. per poimd. Coke, 25 per cent. Collodion and 
ethers of all kinds, not provided for, and etherial preparations or extracts, fluid, 
SI per pound. Coloring for brandy, 50 per cent. Combs of all kinds, 35 per cent. 
Comfits, sweetmeats, or fruits preserved in sugar, brandy or molasses, not pro- 
vided for, 35 per cent. Comixjsitions of glass or paste, when set, 30 per cent. ; 
when not set, 10 per cent. Composition tops for tables, or other articles of funi- 
ture, 35 per cent. Copperas, gi-een vitriol, or sulphate of iron, ic. per pound. 
Coral, cut or manufactured, 30 per cent. Corks and cork-bark, manufactured, 30 
per cent. Corsets, or manufactui-ed cloth, woven or made in patterns of such 
size, shape and form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for corsets, when valued at 
$6 per dozen or less, $2 per dozen; when vahied at over $6 per dozen, 35 per cent. 
Court-plaster, 35 per cent. Cravons of all kinds, 30 per cent. Cream tart<ir, 10c, 
per pound. Cutlery of all kindi, 35 per cent. Currants, Zante, or other, Ic. per 
pound. Dates and prunes, Ic. per poimd. Dolls, 35 per cent. Dried pulp, 20 
per cent. Drugs, medicinal and other, crude, not provided for, 20 per cent. 
Embroidery.— Manufactures of cotton, linen or silk, if embroidered or tamboured, 
in the loom or otherw-ise, by machinery or with the needle, or other process, not 
provided for, 35 per cent.; articles embroidered with gold and silver or other metal, 
35 per cent, Emerv -grains, 2c. per pound; emerj'-ore, SG per ton. Emery, manu- 
factured, ground, or pulverized, Ic. per pound. Encaustic tiles, 35 per cent. 
Epaulets, galloons, laces, knots, stars, tassels, trcs-ses, and wmgs of gold, silver, 
or other metal, 35 per cent. Essences, extracts, toilet-waters, cosmetics, hair-oiLs, 
pomades, hair-dressings, hair-restoratives, hair-dyes, tooth-washes, dentifrice, tooth- 
pastes, aromatic cachous, or other perfumeries or cosmetics, by whatsoever nanie 
or names known, used or applied as perfumes or apphcations to the hair, mouth, 
or skin, 50 per cent.; cologne-water and other perfumery, of which alcohol forms 
the principal ingredient, $3 per gallon and 50 per cent. ; rum essence or oil, and bay- 
rum essence or oil, 50c. per ounce. Eyelets of every description, 6c. per thousand. 
Fans and fire-screens of every description, except common palm-leaf fans, of 
whaterer material composed, 35 per cent. Feathers, ostrich, vulture, cock, and 
other ornamental, crude or not dressed, colored or manufactured, 2o per cent; 
when dressed, colored or manufactured, 50 per cent. Artificial and ornamental 
feathers and flowers, or parts thereof, of whatever material, not provided for, 50 
per cent. Feather-beds, 20 per cent. Feldspar, 20 per cent. Figs, 2^c. per pound. 
Filberts and walnuts, of all kinds, 3c i>er pound. Finishing-powder, 20 per cent. 
Fire-crackers, $1 per box of 40 packs, not exceeding 80 to each pack, and m the 
same proportion for any grater or less number. Fire-crackers, not provided for, 
30 per cent. Fish-skins, 20 per cent. Fruit ethers, essences or oils of 
apple, pear, peach, apricot, strawberry and raspberrj', made of fusel-oil 
or of fruit, or imitations thereof, $2.50 per pound. Fruits.— Oranges, 
lemons, pine apples, and grapes, 20 per cent; limes, bananas, plantams, 
shaddocks, mangoes, 10 per cent. Bur no allowance shall be made for 
loss by decay on the voyage, unless the loss shall exceed 25 per cent, of the quaubW^ 
and the allowance then made shall be only for the amount of loss m excess of 2o 
pe? cent of the wh le quantitv. Green, ripe, or dried, not provided for, 10 per 



138 TARIFF OF THE UXITED STATEii. 

cent. ; preserved in their own juice, and fruit-jnice, 25 per cent. Fulminates, 
tulminating-powders, and all articles used for like purposes, not provided for, 30 
per cent. Fur, articles made of, caps, hats, muflfs, and ti])pets of fur, and all other 
manufactures of fur, or of which fur shall be a component material, 35 per cent. 
Fusel-oil, or amylic alcohol, $2 per gallon. Gelatine, and all oimilar ])reparations, 
not provided for, 35 per cent. Glass plates or disks, unwrought, for optical 
instruments, 10 per cent. Gloves, kid or other leather, of all descriptions, for 
men's, women's or children's wear, 50 per cent. Glue, 20 per cent. Glycerine, 30 
per cent. Grease, all not specified, 10 per cent. Grindstones, rough or unfinished, 
$1.50 per ton; finished, $2 per ton. Gum substitute, or burnt starch, 10 per cent. 
Gunpowder and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery, or 
sporting purposes, when valued at 20c. or less per pound, 6c. per pound, and 20 
per cent. ; valued above 20c. per pound, 10c. per pound, and 20 per cent. Gutta- 
percha, manufactured, 40 per cent. Hair. — Bracelets, braids, chains, curls, or 
ringlets composed of hair, or of which hciir is a component material, 35 per cent. ; 
curled hair, except hair of hogs, used for beds or mattresses, 30 per cent. ; hair of 
hogs, Ic. per pound; human hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn, 20 per cent.; 
when cleaned or drawn, but not manufactured, 30 per cent. ; when manufactured, 
40 per cent. ; hair of all kinds, cleaned, biit unmanufactured, not provided for, 10 
percent. Hair-cloth known as "crinoline-cloth," and all other manufactures of 
hair, not provided for, 30 per cent. ; of the description known as "hair-seating," 18 
inches wide or over, 40c. per sqxxare yard; less than 18 inches wide, 30c. per square 
yard. Hair-pencils, 35 per cent. Hair-pins, made of iron wire, 50 per cent. Hat- 
bodies of cotton, 35 per cent. Hats, etc, materials for— Braids, plaits, flats, laces, 
trimmings, tissues, willow sheets and squares, used for making or ornamenting 
hats, bonnets and hoods, composed of straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, or any 
other vegetable substance, or of hair, whalebone, or other material not provided 
for, 30 per cent. Hatters' furs not on the skin, and dressed furs on the skin, 20 per 
cent. Hatters' plush, composed of silk and ccttou, but of which cotton is the 
material of chief value , 25 per cent . Hemjiseed and rapeseed, and other oil-seeds 
of like character other than linseed or flaxseed, ^c. per pound. Hoflman's 
anodyne and spirits of nitric ether, 50c. per pound. Honey, 20c. per gallon. Hops, 
5c. per pound. India rubber and silk, manufactures of, or manufactures of India 
rubber and other materials, 50 per cent. India rubber, articles composed of— 
Braces, suspenders, webbing, or other fabrics, composed wholly or in part of India 
rubber, not provided fur, 35 percent. Articles composed wholly of India rubber, 
not provided for, 35 per cent. India rubber boots and shoes, 35 per cent. Ink, 
printers' ink, and ink-powders, 35 per cent. Insulators for use exclusively in 
telegraphy, except those made of glass, 25 per cent. Iodine, salts of, 15 per cent.; 
re-sublimed, 75c. per pound. Ivory or bone dice, draughts, chess-men, chess-balls, 
and bagatelle balls, 50 per cent. Japanned ware of all kinds, not provided for, 40 
per cent. Jellies of all kinds, 50 per cent. Jet, manufactures and imitations of, 35 
per cent. Lead, nitrate of, 3c. per pound. Leather. — Bend or belting leather, and 
S[)aiiisli or other sole leather, 15 per cent.; calf-skins, tanned or tanned and 
dressed, 25 per cent. ; ujDper leather of all other kinds, and skins dressed and 
finished of all kinds, not provided for, 20 per cent.; skins for morocco, tanned, 
but unfinished, 10 per cent. ; manufactures and articles of leather, or of which 
leather shall be a component part, not provided for, 35 i)er cent. Leather and 
skins, japanned, patent or enameled, 35 per cent. All leather and skins, tanned, 
not provided for, 35 i)er cent. Lemon and lime-juice, 10 per cent. Licorice- 
paste, or licorice in rolls, 10c. per ])ound. Licorice-juice, 5c. per pound. Lime, 
10 per cent. Linseed or flaxseed, 20c. per bushel of" 50 ])ounds weight. But nc 
drawback shall be allowed on oil cake made from inijiorted seed. Magnesia, car- 
bonate, Oc. per pound; calcined, 12c. per pound. Malt, 20 per cent. Marble. — 
Marble, white statuary, brocatella, sienna, and verd-antiquo, in block, 
rough or squared, $1 i)er cubic foot, and, in addition thereto, 25 per cent. ; veined 
marble and marble of all other descriiitions, not provided for, in block, rough or 
squand, 50c. per cubic foot, and 20 per cent.; sawed, dressed, or polished maible, 
marble slabs, and marble paviug-tilis, 30 i)er cent., and 25c. per superficial square 
foot not ixcecding 2 inches in thickness. If more tlian 2 inches in thickness. 10c. 
jier foot, in addition to the above rate, for each inch or fractional ) art thereof in 
excess of 2 inches in thic;kness, but if exceeding C> inches in thickness such marble 
shall be subject to the duty imj)osed upon marble blocks. All manufactures of 
luarljle not otherwise jirovided for, 50 per cent. Mats of cocoa-nut, 30 jier cent. 
,\I itting, China, and otlier floor-matting, and mat.s made of tlags, jute or grass, 30 
per cent. Cocoa or coir, 25 ])er cent. Medicinal jireparations not provided for, 40 
percent. Mercurial iirei)arutions not provided for, 20 per cmt. Jliueral and 



TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 130 

bituminous substances, in a crude state, not provided for, 20 per cent. Mineral 
kermes, ID per cent. Mineral or mcdicmal waters, artiticial, for each bottle or jug 
containing not more than 1 quart, 3c. and 25 per cent ; containing more than 1 
quart, 3c. for each additional quart, or fractional part thereof, and 25 percent. 
Otherwise than in bottles, 30 per cent. Morphia, and all sorts of morphia $1 per 
ounce. Music, printed with lines, bound or unbound, 20 per cent. Musical in- 
struments of all kinds, 30 per cent. Muskets, ritles and other fire-arms, 35 
per cent. Mustard, ground, in bulk, 10c. per pound; when inclosed in glass or tin, 
i4c. per pound. Needles, sewing, darning, knitting and all other descriptions not 
provided tor, 25 per cent. Nuts of all kinds, not providecl for, 2c. per pound. 
Oils. — lUuminating, and naptha, benzine and benzole, refined or produced from 
distillation of coal, asphaltum, shale, peat, petroleum or rock-oil, or other bitumin- 
ous substances used for like purposes, 40c. per gallon; coal-oil, crude, 15c.; crude 
petroleum or rock-oil, 20c.; croton, $1 per pound; olive, in flasks or bottles, and 
salad, $1 per gallon; castor, $1; cloves, s;2 per pound; cognac or cenanthic ether, 
$■4 per ounce; linseed or flaxseed, 30c. per gallon, 7i pounds of weight to be esti- 
mated as a gallon ; hempseed and rapeseed, 23c.; neat's foot and all animal, whale, 
seal and fish oils, 20 per cent. ; cotton-seed, 30c. per gallon; cenue, 30c. per gallon. 
Oils, essential or essence.— Bay leaves, $17.50 per pound; cubebs, SI; lemons, 
50c.; orange, 50c.; all other essential oils, not provided for, 50 per cent. 
Oils, fixed or expressed — Bay or laurel, 20c. per pound; olive, not salad, 25c, 
per gallon; mustard, not salad, 25c. ; oils exj)ressed, rot provided for, 20 per cent. 
Opium, $1 per pound; prejDared for smoking, and all other preparations of opium 
not otherwise provided for, $7 per pound. But opium prepared for smoking, and 
other preparations of opium, deposited in bonded ware-house, shall not be removed 
therefrom for exportation, without payment of duties, and such duties shall not be 
refunded. Osier or willow, prepared for basket maker's use, 30 per cent. 
Paintings and statuary, not provided for, 10 per cent. But the term "statuary," 
as used in the laws now in force imposing duties on foreign importations, shall be 
understood to include professional productions of a statuary or of a sculi)tor only. 
Paints and dyes. — Aniline dyes and colors, by whatever name known, 50e. per 
pound and 35 percent. Blanc-fixe, enameled white, satin-white, lime-white, and 
all combinations of barytes with acids or water, 3c. per pound; carmine lake, dry 
or liquid, 35 per cent. French green, Paris green, mineral green, mineral blue and 
Prussian blue, dry or moist, 30 per cent. Indian red, 25 per cent. Indigo, extract 
of, 10 percent.; carmined, 20 per cent. Iron liquor, 10 per cent. Lamp-black, 
20 per cent. Lastings, mohair-cloth, silk twist, or other manufactures of cloth 
woven or made in patterns of such size, shape and form, or cut in such manner as 
to be fit for buttons exclusively, not combined with India rubber, 10 per cent. 
Lead, white or red, and litharge, dry or ground in oil, 3c. per pouud. Logwood 
and other dye-woods, extracts and decoctions of, 10 per cent. Ochres and ochrey 
earths, not provided for. when dry, 50c. per 100 pounds; when groimd in oil, $1.50 
per 100 pounds; Spanish brown, 25 per cent. Sumac, 10 per cent. Ultramarine, 
6c. per pound. Umber, 50c. per 100 pounds. Vandyke brown, 20 per cent. 
Water-colors, 35 per cent. Wood-lake, Venetian red, verniilliou, chrome-yellow, 
rose-pink, Dutch-pink, and paints and painter's colors, (except white and red lead. 
and oxide of zinc), dry or ground in oil, and moist water colors used in the manu- 
facture of paper hangings and colored papers and cards, not provided for, 25 per 
cent Zinc, oxide of, dry or ground in oil, l^c. per poimd. Paper. — Sized or 
glued, suitixble only for printing paper, 25 per cent.; printing, unsized, used for 
books and newspapers exclusively, 20 per cent.; manufactures of, or of which 
paperis a component material, not provided for, 35 percent.; sheathing paper 10 per 
cent. Paper boxes and all other fancy boxes, 35 per cent. Paper envelopes, 35 per 
cent. Paper hangings and paper for screens or lire-boards, paper, anti(iuariau, 
demy, drawing, elephant, foolscap, imperial letter and all other papt:r not provided 
for, 35 per cent. Paper mache, manufactures, articles and wares of, 35 per cent. 
Pai-alfine, 10c. per pound. Parchment, 30 ixr cent. Patent size, 20 per cent 
Paving-stones, not provided for, 10 per cent Pea-nuts or ground beans, Ic. per 
pound; shelled, l^c. per pound. Pencils of wood, filled with lead or other 
materials, nOc. per' gross and 30 per cent. Pencils, lead, not in wood, $1 per gross. 
Pens, metallic, 10c. per gross and 25 per cent. Pen-tips and pen-holders, or parts 
thereof , 35 per cent Percussion caps, 40 per cent Philosophical uppamt us and 
instruments, 40 per cent. : Provided, That any philosophical apparatus and 
instruments imported for the use of any society incorporated for religious jairposes 
are subject to a duty of 15 per cent. Pins, solid-head or other, 35 per cent. Pipe- 
cnses, pipe-stems, tips, mouth-pieces and metallic mountings for pipes, and all 
other parts of pipes or pipe-fixtures, and all smokers' articles, 75 per cent. I'lpes 



140 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and pipe-bowls. — Meerschaum, wood, porcelain, lava and all other tobacuo- 
smokiug pipes and pipe-bowls, not provided for, $1.50 per gross and 75 per cent; 
pipes, clay, common or white, 35 per cent. Pitch, 20 per cent. Plants. — Fruit, 
shade, lawn and ornamental trees, shrubs, plants, and flower-seeds, not pr >vided 
for, garden seeds, and all other seeds for agricultural and horticultural purposes, 
not provided for, 20 per cent. Plaster of Paris, when ground or calcined, 20 per 
cent. Plated and gilt ware of all kinds, 35 per cent. Plates, engraved, of steel, 
ii5 percent.; of wood or other material, 25 per cent. Playing-cards, costing not 
over 25c. per pack, 25c. per pack; costing over 25c. per pack, 35c. per pack. Plums, 
2ic. per pound. Polishing powders of all descriptions, Frankfort Black, and 
Berlin, Chinese, fig, and wash blue, 25 per cent. Potash. — Bichromate of, 3c. per 
pound; chlorate and chromate of, 3c. per pound; hydriodate, iodate, iodide, 75c. 
per pound; acetate, 25c. per pound; prussiate, yellow, 5c. per pound; prussiate, 
red, 10c. per pound. Precious stones and jewelry. — Diamonds, cameos, mosaics, 
gems, pearls, rubies and other precious stones, when not set, 10 per cent.; when set 
in gold, silver or other metal, or in imitation thereof, and all other jewelry, 25 per 
cent.; watch jewels, 10 per cent. Proprietary Medicines.— Pills, powders, 
tinctiires, troches or lozenges, sirups, cordials , bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, 
liniments, salves , ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils or othei 
medicinal preparations or compositions, recommended to the public as proprietarj- 
medicines, or jjrepared according to some private formula or secret art as remedies' 
or specifics for any disease or diseases or affections whatever afiecting the human or 
animal body, 50 per cent. Putty, $1.50 per 100 pounds. Quicksilver, 15 per cent. 
Quinine, salts of, other than sulphate of, 45 per cent.; sulphate of, 20 percent. 
Kags of whatever material, not provided for, 10 per cent. Eaisins, 2^c. pei 
pound. Eattans and reeds, manufactured or partially manufactured, 25 per cent. 
Ked precipitate, 20 per cent. Kesins, gum, not provided for, and rosin, 20 pei 
cent, llochelle salts, 5c. per pound. Roman cement, 20 per cent. Saleratus and 
bicarbonate of soda, l^c. per pound. Sal-soda and soda-ash, ^^c. per po md. 
Salt. — In bags, sack.s, barrels, or other packages, 12c. per lOOpoTiuds; in bulk, 8c, 
per 100 pounds. Saltpetre.— Crude, Ic. per pound; refined and partially refined, 
2c. per i^ound. Salts .—Epsom, leper pound; glauber, Ac. per pound; prepar- 
ations of, not provided for, 20 per cent. Santonine, $3 per pound. Scagliola 
tops, for tables or other articles of furniture, 35 per cent. Sealing-wax, 35 per 
cent. Shaddock, 10 per cent. Shells, manufactures of, 35 per cent. Side-arms 
of every description, not provided for, 35 per cent. Skates costing 20c. or less per 
pair, 8c. per pair; costing over 20c. per pair, 35 per cent. Smalts, 20 per cent. 
Soap.— Fancy, perfumed, honej', transparent and all descriptions of toilet and 
shaving soaps, 10c. per pound, and 25 per cent.; soap not provided for, leper 
pound and 30 per cent. Soda. — Caustic, l.^c. per pound; byposulphate of, and all 
carbonates of, by whatever name designated, not provided for, 20 per cent. ; silicate 
of, or other alkaline .silicates, Jc. per pound. Sponges, 20 per cent Sporting-gun 
wads of all descriptions, 35 per cent. Starch, made of potatoes or corn, Ic. per 
pound and 20 per cent. ; made of rice or any other material, 3c. per jwund and 20 
per cent Staves for pipes, hogsheads, or other casks, 10 per cent ; other staves, 
20 per cent Stereotype i)lates, 25 per cent Stones. — Freestone, granite, sand- 
stone, and all building or monumental stone, except marble, $1.50 per ton. 
Strings —AH strings of whip-gut or cat-gut, other than strings for musical instru- 
ments, 30 per cent Strychnia, $1 per ounce. Strychnine, salts of, not jtrovided 
for, 81.50 per ounce. Sulphur, flour of, $20 per ton and 15 per cent. Tallow, Ic. 
per pound. Tannin, $2 per pound. Tar, 20 per cent. Tartar-emetic, 15c. per 
pound. Teeth, manufactured, 20 per ceut. Tin, oxide, muriatic and salts of tin 
and tin-foil, 30 per cent. Toys, wooden and other, for children, 50 per cent. 
Twine or pack-thread, not otherwise provided for, 35 per cent. Turpentine, si)irit3 
of, 30c. per gallon. Types, new, 25 per cent. Type-metal, 25 per cent Umbrella 
and parasol ribs and stretchers, frames, tips, runners, handles or other parts 
thereof, when made in whole or chief part of iron, steel or any other metal, 45 per 
ceut. ; umbrt^Uas, parasols and sun-shades, when covered with silk or alpaca, GO 
per cent ; all other imibrellas, 45 per cent Umbrellas, parasols, and sun-shades, 
frames and sticks for, finished or unfinished, not provided for, 35 ) er cent Var- 
nish valued at $1.50 or less per gallon, 50c. per gallon and 20 iicr ceut. ; valued at 
above $1.50 per gallon, 5()c. yor galldu and 25 jxt cent. Vellum, 30 per cent. 
Velvet, when printed or painted, 35 percent. Vitriol, white, or sulphat<3of zinc, 
20 per cent. ; blue vitriol, 4c. per pound. Waste, all not provided for, 20 per 
cent. Watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, parts of watches and watch 
material, 25 per cent. Weblang, composed of cotton, flax, or any other materials, 
not provided for, 35 per cent. 



TAELFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 141 



THE "LITTLE TAEirF"LAW, 

Passed February *^, 1875. 
GENSRAIi NaTUKK 

AN ACT to Amend existing customs and Internal Eevenue Lavrs, and for othe« 
purposes. 

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Eepi'eseniaiives of the United States of 
America, in Co7igress assembled. That from and after the date of the passage of this 
act. in lieu of the duties heretofore imj^osed on the importation of the goods, wares 
and merchandise hereinafter specified, the following rates of duty shall bo exacted, 
namely: On Spun silk, for filling, in skeins or cops, 35 per centum ad valoiem; on 
silk in the gum, not more advanced than singles, tram, and thrown or orgauziue, 
35 percent. ; on floss silks, 35 per cent. ; on sewing silk, in the gum or purified, 40 
per cent. ; on lastings, mohair cloth, silk twist, or other manufactures of cloth, 
woven or made in patterns of such size, shape or form, or cut in such manner as to 
be fit for buttons exclusively, 10 per cent. ; on all goods, wares and merchandise not 
otherwise herein provided for, made of silk, or of which silk is the component 
material of chief value, irrespective of the classification thereof for duty ly or 
under previous laws, or of their commercial designation, GO per cent : iVoi/(Zed, 
That this act shall not apply to goods, wares or merchandise which have, as a com- 
ponent material thereof, 25 per cent, or over in value of cotton, flax, wool or 
worsted- 

Sec. S. That from and after the- passage of this act, in lieu of the duties now im- 
posed by law on the merchandise hereinafter enumerated, imported from foreign 
countries, there shall be levied, collected and paid, the following duties, that is to 
say: 

On all still wines, imported in casks, 40c. per gallon. 

On all still wines, imported in bottles, $1.60 per case of 1 dozen bottles, contixin- 
ing each not more than 1 quart and more than 1 pint, or ii4 bottles, containing each 
not more than 1 pint; and any excess beyond those quantities found in such bot- 
tles shall be subject to a duty of 5c. per pint or fractional part thereof, but no sep- 
arate or additional duty shall be collected on the bottles: I'rovidid, That any wines 
imported containing more than 21 per cent, of alcohol shall bo forfeited to the 
United States: Provided also. That there shall be an allowance of 6 per cent, and no 
more, on all effervescing wines, liquors, cordials and distilled spirits, in bottles, to 
be deducted from the invoice quantity in lieu of breakage. 

Sec. 3. That all imported winos of the character provided for in the preceding 
section which may remain in public store or bonded ware-house on the day this act 
shall tixke effect shall be subject to no other duty upon the withdrawal thereof for 
consumption than if the same were imported after that day: J'rovidal, That any 
such wines remaining on shipboard within the limits of any port of entry in the 
United States on the day aforesaid, duties unpaid, shall, for the purposes of this 
section, be considered as conBtructively in public store or bonded ware-house. 



142 TARIFF OF THE ITXITED STATES. 

Sec. 4. That on and after the date of the passage of this act, in lieu of the duties 
imposed by law on the articles in this section enumerated, there shall be levied, 
collected and paid on the goods, wares and merchandise in this section enumerated 
and provided for, imported from foreign countries, the follo'wing duties and rates 
of duties, that is to say: 

On hops, 8c . per pound. 

On chromate and l3ichromate of potassa, 4c. per pound. 

Ou macaroni and vermicelli, and on all similar preparations, 2c. per pound. 

On nitro-benzole, or oil of mirbaue, 10c. i^er pound. 

On tin in plates or sheets and on terne and taggers' tin, 1 and 1-lOc. per jiound. 

On anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin boxes, 15c. per 
whole bos, measuring not more than 5 inches long, 4 inches wide, and 3J inches 
deep; 7.',c. for each half-box, measuring not more than 5 inches long, 4 inches 
-wide and If inches deep; and 4c. for each |- box, measuring not more than 4| inches 
long, 3i_inches wide and Ij inches dee^j; when imported in any other form, 60 per 
■cent : Provided, That cans or packages made of tin or other material containing 
■fish of any kind admitted free of duty under any existing law or treaty, not exceed- 
ing 1 quart in contents, shall be subject to duty of l^c.on each can or package; 
and when exceeding 1 quart, shall be subject to an additonal duty of l^c. for each 
additional quart, or fractional part thereof. 

Sec. 5. That yellow sheathiug-metal and yellow metal-bolts, of which the com- 
ponent part of chief value is cojDper, shall be deemed manufactures of copper, and 
shall pay the duty now prescribed by law for manufactui-es of copper, and shall be 
entitled to the drawback allowed by law to copper and composition-metal whenever 
the same shall be used in the construction or equipment or repair of vessels built 
in the United States for the purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, includ- 
ing the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States. 

Sec. 6. That section 4 of the act entitled "AjiAct to reduce duties on imports 
and to reduce internal taxes, and for other purposes," approved JuneGth, 1872, be, 
and the same is hereby amended by striking out the 30th j)aragraph of said section 
in relation to the duty of Moisic iron, and from and after the passage of this act, 
the duty on Moisic iron, of whatever condition, grade or stage of manufactm-e, 
iihall be the same as on all other species of iron of like condition, grade or stage of 
manufacture. 

Sec. 7. That the duty on jute-butts shall be $6 per ton: Provided, That all ma- 
chinery not now manufactured in the United States adapted exclusively to manfac- 
tures from the fibre of the ramie, jute or ilax, may be admitted into the United 
States free of duty for 2 years from the 1st of July, 1875: And provided further, 
That bags, other than of American manufacture, in which grain shall have been 
actually exported from the United States, may be returned empty to the United 
States free of duty, under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Sec. 8. That on and after the date of the passage of this act, the importation of 
the articles enumerated and described in this section shall be exemjit from duty, 
that is to say: Alizarine, quicksilver, ship-i^lanking and handle-bolts, spurs 
and stilts used in the manufacture if earthen, stone or crockery ware, seed of the 
sugar-beet. 

Sec. 9. That barrels and grain-bags, the manufacture of the United States, when 
exported filled with American products, or exported empty and returned filled with 
foreign products, may be returned to the United States free of duty, under such 
rules and regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and 
the provisions of this section shall apply to and include shocks when returned as 
barrels or boxes as aforesaid. 

Sec. 10. That where bullets and gunpowder, manufactured in the United States 
aud put up in envelopes or shells in the form of cartridges, such envelope or shell being 
made will )lly or in part of domestic materials, are exported, there shall bo allowed 
on the bullets or gunpowder, on the materials of which duties have been paid, a 
drawback equal in amount to the duty paid on such materials, and no more, to be 
ascertained under such regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury: I'rovideil, That 10 per cent, on the amount of all drawbacks so allowed 
shall bo retained for the use of the United States by . the collectors paying such 
drawback respectively. 

Sec. 1 1 . That the oaths now required to be taken by subordinate officers of the 
cu.s oms may bo taken before the collector of the customs in the district in which 
they are appointed, or before any officer authorized to administer oaths genemxlly, 
and the oaths shall bo taken in duplicate, one copy to be transmitted-to the Com- 
missioner of Customs, and the other to be filed with the Collector of Customs :c:' 



TAKIl'F OF THE UiaTED STATES.. ][43 

tlie district in -which the officer appointed acts. And in default of taking sucli 
oath, or transmitting a certificate thereof, or filing the same with the collector, the 
party failing shall forfeit and pay the sum of $200, to be recovered with cost of suit 
in any court of competent iurisdiction, to the use of the United States. 

INTERNAL REVENUE. 

Sec. 12. That the collector of internal revenue shall be authorized to appoint, 
bj' an instrument in Triting under his hand, as many deisuties as he may think 
proper, to be by him compensated for their services ; to revoke any such appoint- 
ment, giving such notice thereof as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may 
prescribe, and to require and accept bonds or other securities from such deputy, 
and actions upon such bonds may be brought in any apjiropriate district or circuit 
court of the United States ; •which courts are hereby given jurisdiction of such ac- 
tions concurrently with the courts of the several States. Each such leputy shall 
have the like authority in every respect to collect the taxes levied or assessed 
within the portion of the district assigned to him which is, by law, vested in the 
collector himself; but each collector shall, in every respect, be responsible both to 
the United States and to individuals as the case may be, for all moneys collected, 
and for every act done, or neglected to be done, by any of his deputies while acting 
as such. 

Sec. 13. That there shall be further paid, after the account thereof has been 
rendered to end approved by the proper officers of the Treasury, to each collector, his 
necessary and reasonable charges for advertising, stationery and blank-books used 
in the performance of his official duties, and for postage actually paid on letters and 
documents received or sent and exclusively relating to official business; but no such 
account shall be approved or allowed imless it states the date and the particular 
items of every such expenditure, and shall be verified by the oath of the colkctor: 
Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury, on the recommendation of the Com- 
missioner of Internal Kevenue, be authorized to make such further allowances, 
from time to time, as may be reasonable, in cases in which, from the territorial ex- 
tent of the district, or from the amount of internal duties collected, it may seem 
just to make such allowances; but no such allowances shall be made except within 
one year alter such serNdces are rendei;ed. But the total net compensation of a 
collector shall not in any case exceed $4,500 a year, and no collector shall be enti- 
tled to any portion of the salary pertaining to the office unless such collector shall 
have been confirmed by the Senate, excejit in cases of commissions to fill vacancif.-; 
which may have happened by death or resignation during the recess of the Senate. 

Sec. 14. That the existing provisions of law for the redemption of, or allowance 
for, internal revenue documentary stamps, the use of which has been rendered un- 
necessary by the repeal of the taxes for the payment of which such stamps were 
provided, shall apply only to such of said stamps as shall be presented to th: Com- 
missioners of Internal Eevenue for allowance or redemption before the first day of 
October, 1875, and no allowance, redemption or refunding on account of such of 
the aforesaid stamps as shall not be eo presented to the said Commissioner prior t* 
the date last mentioned shall be thereafter made. 

Sec. 15. That the icords ''bank-check, draft or order for the paiiment of ani/ sum of 
money whatsoever, drawn vponany bank, banker or trust-company at sightor ondemand, 
two cents," in Schedule B of the act of Jane thirtieth, eighfeen-hundred and sixty-four, be, 
and the same is hereby, stricken out, and the folloioimj paragraph inserted in Uei'. 
thereof : 

• ' Bank-check, draft, order, or voucher for the payment of any sum of money whatso- 
ever, drawmipon any bank, banker or irust-compauy, iico cents." 

Sec. 16. That any p'l-son who shall carry on the business of a rectifier, whole- 
sale liquor-dealer, retail liquor-dealer, wholesale dealer in malt liquors, retail 
dealer in malt liquors, or manufactm-er of stills, -without having paid the spec al 
tax as required by law, or -«'ho shall carry on the business of a distiller -without hav- 
ing given bond as required by law, or who shall engage in or carry on the business 
of a distiller with intent to defraud the United St<\tcs of the tax on the spirits dis- 
tilled by him, or any part thereof, shall, for every such oftense, be fined not less 
than $100 nor more than $5, 000, and imprisoned not less than 30 days nor more 
than 2 years. And all distilled spirits or wines, and all stills or other apparatus, 
fit or intended to be used for the distillation or rectification of spirits, or for the 
compounding of liquors, owned by such persons, wherever found, and all distilled 
spirits or wines and personal property found in the distillery or rectifying establish- 
ment, or in any building, room, yard or enclosure connected therewith, and uned 



144 TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. 

with or constituting a part of the premises, and all the right, title and interest 
of such persons in the lot or tract of land on which such distillery is situated, and 
all right, title and interest therein of every person who knowingly has suiiered or 
permitted the business of a distiller to be there carried on, or has connived at the 
same; and all personal property owned by or in possession of any person who has 
permitted or suffered any building, yard or iuclosure, or any part thereof, to be 
used for purposes of ingress or egress to or Irom such distillery which shall be 
found in any such building, yard or enclosure, and all the right, title and interest 
of every person in any premises used for ingress or egress to or from such distillery, 
who has knowingly suffered or permitted such ] remises to be used for such ingress 
or egress, shall be forfeited to the United States. 

Sec. 17. That if any person shall affix, or cause to be affixed, to or upon any cask 
or package containing, or intended to contain, distilled spirits, any imitation .stamp 
or other engraved, printed, stamped, or photographed label, device or token, 
whether the same be designed as a trade mark, caution notice, caution or other- 
wise, and which shall be in the simihtude or hkeness of, or shall have the re^^em- 
blance or general appearance of, any internal revenue stamp required by law to be 
affixed to or upon any cask or package containing distilled spirits, he shall, for each 
offence, be liable to a penalty of $100, and, on conviction, shall be fined not more 
than $1,000, and imprisoned not more than 3 years, and the cask or package, with 
its contents, shall be forfeited to the United States. 

Sec. 18. That retail dealers in liquors shall pay $25. Every person who sells, or 
offers for sale, foreign or domestic distilled spirits, wines or malt liquors, otherwise 
than as hereinafter provided, in less quantities than 5 wine gallons at the same 
time, shall be regarded as a retail dealer in liquors. Wholesale hquor dealers shall 
each pay $100. Every person who sells, or offers for sale, foreign or domestic dis- 
tilled spirits, wines or malt liquors, otherwise than as hereinafter provided, in 
quantities of not less than 5 wine gallons at the same time, shall be regarded as a 
wholesale liquor dealer. But no distiller, who has given the required bond, and 
who sells only distilled spirits of his own production at the place of manufacture 
in the original packages to which the tax stamps are affixed, shall be required to 
pay the special tax of a wholesale liquor dealer on account of such sales. Retail 
dealers in malt liquors shall pay $20. Every person who sells, or offers for .sale, 
malt liquors in less quantities than 5 gallons at one time, but who does not deal in 
spirituous liquors, shall be regarded as a retail dealer in malt liquors. Wholesale 
dealers in malt hquors shall pay $50. Every person who sells, or offers for sale, 
malt liquors in quantities of not less than 5 gallons at onetime, but who does not 
deal in spirituous liquors, shall be regarded as a wholesale dealer in malt liquors: 
Provided, That no brewer shall be required to pay a special tax as a wholesale dealer 
by reason of selling in the original stamped packages , whether at the place of 
manufacture or elsewhere, malt liquors manufactured by him: Provided further. 
That any assessments of additional special tax against wholesale liquor dealers, or 
retail liquor dealers, or against brewers for selling malt liquors of their own pro- 
duction at the place of manufacture in the original casks or packages, m;ulo by 
reason of an amendment to section 59 of the internal revenue act approved July 
20th, 1868, as amended by section 13 of the act approved June 6th, 1872, further 
amending said section 59,^by striking out the words "malt liquor," " malt liquors," 
" brewer," and " malt liquors" in the three several paragraphs in which they occur, 
shall be, on proper proofs, remitted; and if such assessments have been paid, the 
amounts so paid shall be, on proper i^roofs, refunded by the Commissioner of 
Internal Eevenue. 

Sec. 19. That every person, firm, association other than national bank associa- 
tions, and every coqioration, State bank or State banking association, shall pay a 
tax of 10 per cent, on the amount of their own notes used for circulation and paid 
out by them. 

Sk(!. 20. That every person, firm, association, corporation, State bank or State 
baukiug association, and also every national banking association, shall jmy a Uke 
tax of 10 \)('V cent, on the amount of notes of any person, firm, association other 
than a national banking association, or of any corporation. State bank or State 
banking association, or of any town, city or muuicipal corporation, used for circu- 
lation, and paid out by them. 

Sec. 21. That the amount of such circulating notes, and of the tax due thereon, 
shall bo returned, and the tax paid at the same time, and in the same manner, and 
with liko penalties for failure to ri'turn and pay the same, as provided by law for 
thorctTirn and payment of taxes on deposits, capital and circulation, imposed by 

le internal revenue laws shall be 



the existing provisions of interiml rcvoimo law. 
Sec. 22. That hereaftimothing coutniued in tl 



'xABirr OF THE UNITED STATES. 145 

construed so as to authorize the impositiou of auy stamp tax upon any medicinal 
articles prepared by any manufacturing chemist, pharmaceutist, or druggist, iii 
accordance with a formula piablished iu auy standard dispensatory (.t i-harmacopana 
in common use by physicians and apotliecaries, or in any phaimuceutiiial journal 
issued by any incorporated college of pharmacy, when such formula and wheru 
found shall be distinctly referred to on the printed label attached to such article, 
and no proprietary interest therein 's claimed. Neither shall any stamp be required 
•when the formula of auy medicinal preparation shall be printed f)n the label 
attached to such article where no proprietorship in such preparation shall be 
claimed. 

Sec. 23. That all acts and parts of acts imposing fines, penalties, or other punish- 
ment for offences committed by an internal revenue officer or other officer of the 
Department of the Treasury of the United States, or under any bureau thereof, 
shall be, and are hereby, applied to all persons M-homsoever employed, appointed 
or acting under the authority of any internal revenue or customs law, or any 
revenue provision of auy law of the United States, when such persons are desig- 
nated or acting as officers or deputies, or persons having the custody or disposition 
of any public money. 

Sec. 24. That whenever any manufacturer of tobacco shall desire to withdraw the 
same from his factory for exportation under existing laws, such manufacturer may, 
at his option, in lieu of executing an export bond, as now provided by law, give a 
transportation bond, with sureties satisfactory to the collector of internal revenue, 
and under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner of Internal Kevenue, 
with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, may prescribe, conditioned for 
the due delivery thereof on board ship at a port of exportation to be named therein ; 
and in such case, on arrival of the tobacco at the port of export, the exporter or 
owner at that port shall immediately notify the collector of the port of the fact, 
setting forth his intention to export the same, the name of the vessel upon which 
the same is to be laden, and the port to which it is intended to be exported. He 
shall, after the quantity and description of tobacco have been verified by the in- 
spector, file with the collector of the port an export entry verified by affidavit. He 
shall also give bond to the United States, with at least two sureties, satisfactory to 
the collector of customs, conditioned that the principal named in taid bond will 
export the tobacco as specified in said entry, to the port designated in said entry, 
or to some other port without the jurisdiction of the United States. And iipon tha 
landing of such tobacco, the collector of the port, after proper bonds for the expor- 
tation of the same have been completed by the exporter or owner at the port of 
shipment thereof, shall transmit to the collector of internal revenue of the district 
from which the said tobacco was withdrawn for exportation, a clearance certificate 
and a detailed report of the inspector, which report shall show the quantity and 
description of manufactured tobacco, and the marks thereof. Upon the receipt of 
the certificate and report, and upon payment of tax on deficiency, if any, the col- 
lector of internal revenue shall cancel the transportation bond. The bonds re- 
quired to be given for the landing at a foreign port of such manufactured tobacco 
shall be cancelled upon the presentation of satisfactory proof and certificates that 
said tobacco has been landed at the port of destination named in the bill of lading, 
or any other port without the jurisdiction of the United States, or ujion satisfactory 
proof that after shipment the same was lost at sea without fault or neglect of the 
owner or exporter thereof. 

Sec. 25. That ii any person or persons shall fraudulently claim or seek to obtain 
an allowance or drawback of duties on any manufactured tobacco, or shall fraudu- 
lently claim any greater allow'ance or drawback thereon than the duty actually paid, 
such person or persons shall forfeit triple the amount wrongfully or fraudulently 
claimed or sought to be obtained, or the sum of $500, at the election of the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, to be recovered as in other cases of forfeiture provided for in 
the internal revenue laws. 

Sec. 26. That the time limited for the redemption of direct tax lands by the act 
entitled '' An Act to provide for the redemption and sale of lands held by the 
United States under the several acts levying direct taxes, and for other purposes." 
approved June 8th, 1872, be, and the same is hereby extended for the ]ieriod of one 
year, from June 8th, 1874, at the expiration of which time the Commissioner of 
Internal Revenue shall proceed to sell the lands as provided by section 4 of said 
act. 

All articles not hereinbefore provided for are free. 



146 



(C 



ONE HUKDEED TEARS AGO." 



HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY 07 THE UNITED STATES. 



1761. 
Excitement In the colonies against the British Govern 
meut, caused by enforcement of Navigation Act against 
illegal traders. 

1765. 
Protests against Stamp Act (passed March 22) by the 
colonists, who object to taxation without representation 
. . . .Oct. 7— First Colonial Congress met in New York. 

1766. 
Stamp Act repealed. 

1767. 
New duties levied on glass, paper, printers' colors and 
tea, and against which the colonial assemblies protest 

1768. 
Geo. Gates sent to Boston to overawe the colonists. 

1770. 
March 5 — Boston Massacre, when the first blood was 
spilt in the dispute with England Daniel Boone ex- 
plores Kentucky. 

1771. 
Armed protest against taxation in the Carolinas, and 
Governor Tyron suppresses the rebellion. 

1773. 
British Parliament repeals the duties, except three- 
pence a pound on tea Dec. 16— Dutiable tea emptied 

into Boston Harbor by men in disguise. 

1774. 
Boston closed by British Parliament as a port of entry. 

Sept. 5— The tirst Continental Congress assembled in 

Oarpenter's Hall, Philadelphia Declaration of Colonial 

Rights issued April— Tea thrown overboard in New 

York Harbor Dec. 25 — British tea ship forbidden to 

laud at Philadelphia. 

1775. 
April 19— Battle of Lexington, Mass., and beginning ot 

the War of Independence May 10 — Fort Ticonderoga 

capturi'd l.y Col. Ethan Allen Crown Point and White- 
hall taken June 17— Battle of Bunker Hill, and death 

of General Warren. ...20— George Washington commis- 
sioned Commander-in-chief of the Army of the United 

Colonies Bills of credit, known as Continental money, 

issued by Congress Americans invade Canada — Sur- 
render of Montreal Death of General Montgomery 

before Quebec... Kentucky first settled by whites, near 
Lexington. 

1776. 

March 17— The British evacuate Boston Americans 

driven out of Canada July 4— Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. Aug. 2— Signed by the representatives of the 

thirteen States July 8 — Kead to the people by John 

Nixon Irom the Observatory, State-house yard. Phila- 
delphia Aug. 27 — Americans defeated on Long Island 

Sept 9— Title of ' United States" adopted by Congress 

.. ..Sept. Id — New York (Uty taken by the B-itist ...Oct. 
U, 12— Battleon LakeChamplain Retroatol Washing- 
ton over the Hudson ana across th Jerseys to I'ciiii- 

sylvania Oct. 18 — Ko.sciusko conimissicmod an ollker 

in U. S. army. . . .Oct 29— Battle of White I'hiiiis, .\. V. . . . 
Dec-Congress adjourns to Baltimore . ...25— Wiishingtun 
crosses the Delaware; 26— Captures I.OIK) Hessians at 

Trenton, and recrosses the Delaware Dec.— Heiiianitn 

Franklin and Arthur Lee, U. S. Embas.sy to solicit aid 
Irom France, arrive in Paris. 

1777. 

Jan. 3— Battle of Princeton Washington in Winter 

quarters at Morristown, receives 24,000 muskets Iroin 

Fniiire Congress returns to Pliiludeliiliiii — ,\iiril— 

Britisli burn Danbury, Ct May— Ainencans destroy 

UritiBh stores at Sag Harbor, L. I, . June 30— British 
army crosses fr(jm Jersey to St a ten Island — July 10— 
Seizure of British Gen. Prcseolt in Khodo Island by Col. 
Wm. Barton. ...July.'i — Burgoyne takesCrown Pointand 

Tlcoiiilerciga 31— Lafayette coniihissioned a nmior- 

jteiieral, and introduced to V asliington ii: I'liilad 'Ipfiia, 

Auk. 3 .Vug 16— Battle of Bennington.. Sept. 11— 

Matllc of Brand V wine and retreat ol Americans to 
Cheater, and to J'hila(leliihial2 Sept 18— Congress re- 
tires to Lancaster, »nil then to York 20- British Gen. 

Howe marchcKto Philadelphia, and encamps at (iernian- 

town Oct 4— Washington attacks the enemy attler- 

ni.in'own Burjoyiie advaiurs to Saratoga. . .'. 17— Sur- 

rend»r ot Burgoyne and his whole aiiiiv to Gen. Gatci, 

nt Suratogn, N. V 22— Ha»tU;ol lU-d Biiuk, on Ki'laware 

Kiver anil death of Count Doiiop . .Howe's iiriiiy goes 
inin Winter i|uhrt«rtiin rtulAdclphia, uud Washiugtuu's 
41 Valley Forge. 



1778. 

Feb. e-^-Treaty of alliance with France .... May 6— Faroa 

Steuben created a major-general in American army 

June 18— Howe's army evacuates Philadelphia, and re- 
treats towards New York. . . 28— Attacked by Americans 
on the plains of Monmouth,and retreats again 29 . . July 
8— A French fleet arrives in the Delaware 30 — Con- 
gress meets in Philadelphia... .Shoes worth $700 a pair 

in the Carolinas Aug. 12— French and English fleets 

disabled in a storm off Rhode Island. . .29— Battle o? 
Rhode Island — Wyoming Valley pillaged by Tories and 

Indians Nov. 3 — ^French fleet sails for West Indies.... 

11, 12 — Cherry Valley attacked by Indians and Tories. . . . 
Dec. 29 — The British capture Savannah, Ga. 
1779 

March— Major-general Israel Putnam's famous ride 

down Horseneck Hill May 11 — British advance to 

Charleston, S. C, but retreat at the approach ot Gen. 

Lincoln June 6 — Patrick Henry dies. . . .June— Norfolk, 

Va., burnt by the British June 2J— .Vmericans repulsed 

at Stone Ferry . . July — New Haven Ct, plundered, and 
East Haven, Fairfield and Nor'valk turned , . Stony 

Point, on the Hudson, captured by the Americans 

Sept. 22— Paul Jones, in the Bon Homme Richard, cap- 
tures the British ship Serapis Oct 9— Repulse of 

French and Americans, and death ol Count Pulaski — 

25 — Withdrawal of British troops from Rhode Island 

Gen. Sullivan chastises the Six Nations Dec. 26 — .Sir 

Henry Clinton, with his forces, sails for the South 

Washington in Winter quarters at Morristown, N J. 
1780, 

Wa.shington sends Baron DeKalb to aid the Patriots In 

the Carolinas Feb. 11— Clinton's troops land below 

Charleston May 12— Surrender of Charleston Sub- 
jugation of South Carolina Gen. Gates marches South 

and is defeated by the British at Camden, S. C. Aug. 16; 
Baron DeKalb killed. ..British again land in Jersey, and 
attempt to capture Washington's stores at Morristown, 
but are repulsed at Springfield, June 23 July 10— Ar- 
rival of a French fleet and 6,0U0 troops, under the Count 

de Rochambeau, at Newport, R. I Sept. 22— Arnold 

meets Andre at Haverstraw to arrange for the surrender 
of West Point 2.3 — Capture of Major Andre and dis- 
covery of Benedict Arnold's treason Oct.— Andre 

hanged as a .spy American Academy of Arts and 

Sciences at Boston founded. 

1781. 

Continentalmoney almost worthless Jan. 17— Defeat 

of the British at Cowpens by Gen. Morgan, and retreat 

ot the Americans into Virginia March 15— Battle of 

Guillord .. .Retreat ot the British to Wilmington. May 
26— .\ctof ('oiigress authorizing Bank of North America 

to be established at Philadelphia Battle ot Eutaw 

Springs, South Carolina... .New London. Ct. burnt by 
the British .. Arnolil, in the British service, commits 

depredations in Virginia Aug.— Cornwallis lortities 

liiinseli at Yoiklown Arnold devastates tlie New 

Knglunil const . . .Sept. 28— Washington and Roehambeuu 

iirri\e lielore Yorktown Oct 19- Surrender ol Coni- 

wiillis at \ orktown. wliieli secures the ultimate triiiiiiph 
ol the I iiitrd States. . . . Kocliambeau remains in Vii-giiua. 
and Wasliiiiglon marches North, and goes into Wintei 
luarterson the Hudson. 

1782. 

British flee from Wilmington, S. C, at the approAch of 
(ieii. St. Clair .Clinton and liis armv blockaded in New 
Vcjrk by Wasliiiigton.... March 4-Biitisli House ol Com- 
iiioiis resolves to eiiil the war . ..May r>— .\rrival of Sir 
Guy Carletoii to treat lor peace ."..July 11— British 
evacuate Savannah . . First war sli>p cons ructed in the 
United States at Portsmouth, N 11 . John Adams, John 
Jay. Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jellerson and 
Hcnrv Lauren's ajipointed by the United States, Commis- 
sionei-sto concliiili' n tri;it\- ol peace with (ire.it Bntniii. 
... Koiirol Ihcin meet Kn'glisli commissionors in Pans, 

and sign iirelimiimry treaty Nov. 30 Dec. 14— Brittxh 

evacuate Charleston, and Gen. Francis Marion ("The 
Swamp Fox"j disbands his brigade. 
1785. 

Jan— Bank of North America oiiened in Philadelphia 

Jan. 20— French and lOiiglish comiiiissioners sign 

treaty of peace A ues.^atimi ol lioslUities proclaimed 

in the army Feb. 5— American liidependencH ac- 
knowledged t)v Sweden; Feb. 25, acknowledged by Den- 
mark; Marcir34, by Spain; July, by Russia Sept *— 

Definite treaty of peace signed at I'ai is, and America'* 



OHRONOLOaT. 



147 



ind«a«n<lenee seknowIedKed by Oreat Britain.... Jnnei IflOI. 

19— Society of the Cincinnati lormed by of&cers of the] March 4 — Thomas Jefferson inansrvrated President.... 

army at Newburg Nov. 3— L'nited States army loriu-;TripoU declareii war aKaiust the United States. .. .C S. 

Ally disbanded ...25 — New York City evacuated by the' Navy Yard at ITiiUdelphia established. 
British, and General WashinKion at head of American 1802. 

army, entered the city 26 — Congress assembles atl April — Ohio admitted as a State. ..Yellow Feyerrarage* 

Annapolis, Md . .Dec. 4— Washington takes leave of nis'Philadelijbia. 

comrades-in-arms. New York City Dec. 23— Washing- 1803. 

ton resigns his commission to Congress Slavery April— Louisiana purchased from the French, and dlvi- 

abolisbed in Massachusetts The parties known as dad into Territory uf New Orleans and District of Loui- 



Federaiists and Anti-Federalists originated. 
1784. 
First voyage of an American ship to China from New 

York. New York Chamber ol Commerce founded 

Jan. 4 — Treaty of Paris ratified by Congress. 
1785. 
John Adams, first American ambassador to England, 

has an audience with the King Kirst Federal Congress 

organized in New Y'ork. 

1786. 
Shay's insurrection in Massachusetts. 

1787. 
May 25 — A convention to amend articles of Confedera- 
ion composed ot delegates troni all tlie States except 
■ihode Island, met in Philadelphia. Federal constitution 
(orniert ami submitted to Congress Sept. 28.. .July— 
Nortluvestern Territory, embracing the present Statesof 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin estab- 
lished. 

1788. 
Quaiters of Philadelphia emancipate their slaves. 

1789. 
Marnh 4— Federal Constitution ratified by the requisite 
number of States, and becomes the organic law of the 
Republic... March 11— Philadelphia incorporated as a 
city . . April 6 — Washington chosen the first Presidentof 
the United States, and John Adams Vice-President — 30 
—Washington inaugurated at the City Hall, Wall Street, 
New York Departments ot Treasury, War and For- 
eign Affairs created, and a national judiciary established 

Nov. 21— North Carolina adopts the Constitution. 

1790. 
Distiict of Columbia ceded to the United States by 

Maryland and Virginia April 17— Death of Benjamin 

Franklin May 29— Rhode Island adopts the Constitu- 
tion, being the last of the original thirteen States to do so, 
Aug 12--ConKress adjourns in New York, and, Dec. 6, 

meets in Philadelphia First census of the United 

States; population 3,929,326 Territory South-we.st of 

the )Iiio established. A United States ship circumnavi- 
gates the globe Troubles with the Indians, which con- 
tinue until '94 The Anti-Federalists become known as 

tie Republican party. 

*^ 1791. 
Feb. 18— Vermont admitted as'a State City of Wash- 
ington founded First bale of cotton exported to Eng- 
land since the war. 

1792. 
April 2— Act past establishing United States Mint at 

Philadelphia June 1— Kentucky admitted as a State 

Washington and Adams re-elected June 21 

Philadelphia and Lancashire Turnpike Company Char-ithe Macedonian Dec. 28— The Constitution, Com 

tered Koad opened in 1795— the first turnpike in the|Bainbridge, makes a prize of the British frigate Java 



siana. ..Alien and sedition laws passed AinendmeDts 

to the constitution adopted Com. Preble sails tor 

Tripoli U. S. frigate Philadelphia captured by Uio 

Tripolitans. 

1804. 

Lewis and Clarke start on an exploring expedition up 

the Missouri and down tlie Columbia River to the Pacinc 

Ocean Feb. 15— Lieut. Decatur burns the Philadelphia 

in the harbor of Tripoli Middlesex canal, first in the 

United States, completed July 12— Alex. Hamiltoa 

killed 1( a duel by Aaron Burr....Aug.— Com. Preble 
bombards Tripoli. 

1805. 

Michigan created into a Territory June 3 — The Pasha 

of Tripoli makes terms of peace Yellow-fever pesti- 
lence in New York. 

1807. 
May 22— Beginning of trial of Aaron Burr on a charge 
of treason, Richmond. Va. ; Sept. 15, acquitted ; recom- 
mitted, but never tried Robert Fulton navigates tlie 

Hudson in a steamboat. . .June 22— The Chesapeake fired 
upon by the British ship Leopard Retaliatory meas- 
ures between England and France cripple the American 
shipping trade abroad. . Congress decrees wi embargo, 
which detains all vessels, both American and foreign, in 
port. 

1809. 
March 1— Congress repeals the embargo on shipping, 
and at the same time passes a law forbidding all com- 
mercial intercourse with England or France until their 
obnoxious restrictions on commerce shall be removed. 
March 4 — James Madison inaugurated President. 

1811. 
Congress refuses to rechartcr the Bank of the United 

States Nov. 5— Battle of Tippecauoe^General Harri. 

son defeats the Indians. 

1812. 
June 19— The President formally declares war against 
Great Britain General Dearborn appointed Com- 
mander-in-chief New England States threaten to se- 
cede July 12— Gen. l-.uU crosses the Detroit River to 

attack Fort Maiden, Canada 17— Fort Mackinaw cap- 
tured by British and Indians .. .Aug. 7— Hull retires from 
Canada . .13— The Essex, Captain Porter, captures the 
Alert— first ves.sel taken from the British in that war 
16— Surrender of Detroit fo British. Several skirm- 
ishes on the frontiei .. . 19— U S. frigate Constiluiiun, 
Commodore Isaac HuU.capturesand burnsthe Ouerriere. 
...Oct. 18— U S. sloop Wasp, Capt. Jones, captures the 
Frolic, and both are taken by the British ship Poictiers 
25 — U S. frigate United States. Com. Decatur, captures 



United states. 



1793. 



Cotton-gin invented by Eli Whitney. 
1794. 

Congress appropriates $700,000 to establish a navy. In- 
surrection among the Dutch in Western Pennsylvaniaon 

account of duties on distilled liquor John Jay ap- 

jjointed Envoy Extraordinary to England to settle dis- 
putes between the two Governments. 
1795. 

Treaty with Western Indians. . .Yellow-fever pestilence 

in New York Oct.— Treaty with Spain. 

1796. 

June — Tennessee admitted as a State — Credit of th^ 
Government re-established, and all disputes with foreign 
powers, except France, adjusted — Sept.— Washington 
issues a farewell address. 

1797. 

John Adams inaugurated President; Thomas Jefferson 

Vice-President Envoys appointed toadjustdifllcultics 

■with France are refusecl an audience with the French 
Directory. 

1798. 

Preparations for hostilities with France — July— 
Washington again appointed Commander-in-chief ot the 

Army Navy Department created, with Benjamin 

Stoddart ol Maryland, as .Secretary Freneh Directory 

make overtures for peace. 

1799. 

Jan.— Lafayette returns to France Feb. 26— Three 

Envoys proceed to France to negotiate for peace — 
Dec. 14— Washington dies at Mount Vernon, aged 68 
years. 

Bemoval of the Capital from Philadelphia to Washing- 
ton May— Formation of Mississippi Territory — sept. 

,!)e_American Envoys to France conclude a treaty withlAug. 15— Repulse ol as.sMUll on Fort Brie. 
Nanoleon Bonaparte. Ifeatsthe Americans ut Bladensburg, and 



April 8 — Louisiana admitted as a State. 
1813 

Jan. 22— British Gen. Proctor defeats the Americana 
at Frenchtown, prisoners and wounded massacred by 

the Indians Admiral Cockburn destroys shipping in 

the Delaware and '•ava.i.'es the Southern coast. .New 
England coast blockaded by Com. Hardy Feb. 21— 
Battle ot Ogdensburg, N Y . .March 4— .Second inaugu- 
ration ot President .Madison Successful dclense of 

Forts -Meigs and Sandusky — April— Americans capture 
York (uow Toronto;. .May— Fort George taken. . June 
' -U. S. frigate Chesapeake surrenders to the Shannon 
(iiritish;. Capt. James Lawrence— <" Don't give up the 
shipl"j — mortally wounded and dies June b. . General 
Dearborn succeeded by Oeii. Wilkinson. . . Aug 30— Mas- 
sacre liy Creek Indians at Fort .Minnii.i, AJabania River 

Generals Andrew Jack.suii and CulTee pii>.-ccute the 

war against the Indians ..Sept. 10— Battle of Lake Eri« 
—Com. Perry defeats and captures the British Fleet — 
28 or 29 — .\mericans take pos.session of Detroit. . Oct 6 
— Battle of the Thames. Americans, under Gen. Harri- 
son, almost annihilate the British, under Proctor Te- 
cuniseh killed . Terminulion oi the war on the North- 
west boundary. .. .12— Americans compelled to abandon 
Fort George. British and Indians surprise and capture 
Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo and several other >'illages 
and towns. ... Power loom introduced in the Unii«d 
States. 

1814. 

March — The Essex taken by British ships Pl.oot'e and 

Cherub Gen. Wilkinson repulsed on Canadian troniiur 

and superseded bv Gen. Izard .May 5— BriliiU attack 
Oswego and wilhuraw 7 July 3— hort Erie captured 
4— Battle of Chippewa: B.itish deleated »— Bai- 
lie of Magara;Britisli againdeiealed Aug 9-12 — Com. 
llardv makes an unsuccessful attack on Sionington. 

34— Ross de- 
u the itaiut' 



148 



OEROtrOLOjqT. 



day captures the City of Washington, burmng the Capi-HO— President Jackson issues a proclamation, doiivitie 
tol. Whitu House uiul otlif-r biiiUliufe's. .. .25— British re-lthe ritrht of any State to nullify any Act oi ihu Federal 
ships Sl-pi ii-U—Unsuccessiu'. attack oniGovernment — The Morse system ot electro-magnetic 



UUfe' 

tri-at to tlieir ships SLplii-U—Unsuccessiu'. attack oniGovernment — The 

Baltimore. Gen. Boss killed .. .Sept, 13— Key composes telegraphy invented 
"The Star-Spangled Banner." ...Sept. 15— British at- 
tack on Mobile repuls<'d... Sept.— Com. McDonougli's 
victory on Lake Champlain. The British land forces, 

under" I'revost, are deleated at I'latt>burgh, N. Y 

Americans destroy Fort Erie, and Nov. 5 go into Winter 

quarUrs at Buffalo Nov. 7— Gen. Jackson storms and 

captures Pensacola, Fla., and leaves for Mobile 9. . . .15— 



1833. 



Hartford Convention— Federalists oppose the war, and 
threaten a secession of the New England States — Dec. 
2— Gen Jack.'^on arrives at New Orleans. . . .21— Treaty of 
peace with Great Britain signed at Ghent. 

1815. 
Jan. 8— Battle of New Orleans. . . .15— tr. S. ship Presi- 
dent captured by the Endymion.. .Feb. 17— Treaty of 
Ghent ratilied a"nd peace proclaimed — March 23— The 
Hornet captures the Penguin — War with Algiers ... 

Com. Decatur humbles the Mediteranean pirates 

April 6— Massacre of American prisoners at Dartmoor, 
E,ngland 

1816. 
Congress charters a new United States Bank — Indi- 
ana admitted as a State. . . .The Republican party in N. Y. 
City adopt, for the first time, the title ot Democrats. 

1817 



Tariff dispute .settled by the -passage of Henry Clay's 
bill.. . .March 4 — Pre.sidirit Jackson iniiugurated for a 
second term... He rmoves the jiublie lunds from the 
Bank of the United States ...Widespread commeriiaJ 

distress Opponents of Andrew Jackson first call tliem- 

■seU-es the Wtug Party Oct. 14— Political riots in Phil- 
adelphia. 

1834. 
Chclera again rages in New York. 

1835. 
War with Seminole Indians, led by Osceola, in Florida 

...Texas declared independent Nov. 15 — Great fire .'a 

New York Democrats first called "The LoeofocoPai- 

ty." July 12— Negro riots in Philadelphia. 

1836. 

The Creeks aid the Seminoles in their war Arkansas 

admitted as a State National debt paid off March 

29— Pennsylvania newly incorporates the Bank of the 
United States. 

1837, 
Jan. 25— Michigan admitted as a State — March 4— 

Martin Van Buren inaugurated President The banks 

suspend specie payment; panic in business circles. 



James Monroe inaugurated President The United Many -Americans assist the Canadian insurgents. .. .The 

States suppresses piratical establishments in Florida .steainboat Caroline burnt by the British, near Schlosser, 
and Texas . . .Trouble with the Seminole and Creek Indi-least of Niagara, on United States Territory, 
ans. ...Dec— Mississippi admitted as a State.... July 4.— I . v, ., „ ^*^^; , .... , -^ 

Erie Canal begun Proclamation by the President against American citi- 

' 1818. Izens aiding the Canadians The steamship Sirius, the 

Gen Jackson pursues the Indians into Florida, takeslfirst to make the Western transatlantic pa.ssage, arrives 
Pensacola and banishes the Spanish authorities and at New York from Cork, Ireland, and is followed on the 

trooDs Aug. 24— Centre foundation of present Capitol same day by the Great W estern trom Bristol, Eng 

. . ,»"/^^_, r_-»_„ T^ ,^ r>„„ in; — --^ ".i""*..^..! «.- .^ T(ie wjikes exploringexpcdition to South Seas Sailed. 

1839. 
1819. Another financial panic, and, in October, bonks sus- 

pend specie payment. 

July 4— Sub-Treasury bill becomes a law — Bailroad 
riots lu Philadelphia. 

1841. 

March 4— William H. Harrison inaugurated Presidenf, 

died April 4 Aug, 9— Sub-Treasury act repealed and a 

general bankruptcy bill passed Alex. MacLeod, im- 
plicated in the burning of the Caroline, tried for arson 
and murder at Utica, N. Y'., and acQUitted, Oct 12 — 
Feb. 4— United States Bank faUed and other banks sus- 
pended specie payment. 

Aug.— Treaty, defining the boundaries between the 
United States and the British American Possessions and 
for suppressing the slave trade, and for giving up fugitive 
criminals, signed at Washington — Aug. 1—" Abolition 
Riots," in Philadelphia. Churches burned. 

1843. 
Suppression of a threatened insurrection in Rhode 
Island, caused by the adoption of a new constitution, 

known as the Dorr Rebellion Jan. 11— " Weaver'* 

Riots," Philadelphia. 

1844. 

Treaty of commerce with China... May and July — 

Riots, and Catholic churches burned in Philadelphia — 

.May 27— Anti-rent riots in New York State Tele- 

ra'phic conimunicatiou established between Washing- 
ton and Baltimore. 

1845. 
March 1— The Republic of Texas received into the 

Union 3 — Florida and Iowa admitted as States ...4— 

James K Polk inaugurated President. . June 8— Death 
of Gen. Andrew Jackson .. Treaty with Great Britain 
fixing Nortlnvestern boundary. .. Gen. Zachary Taylor 
ordered to delend the Texan border against a threatened 
invasion by Mexico. 

1846. 
War with Mexico. . . .May 8— Battle of Palo Alto. . . .9— 
Battle of Reseca de la Palma. Mexicans beaten in both 

July ()— Com. Sloat takes possession of .Monterey...- 

Aug.— Gen. Kearni-y takes i)ussrssi.in ulNew .Mexico 

C.il. Fremont occupies lulilcrruii .\ug. I'.l— Com. 

Stockton blockailes .Mcxiciui imrts . . Dec — lowii .'ulmit- 
ted as u State. . .Oct. 25— Com. Perry bunibards TubusCO, 
Mexico Nov. 14- Com. Connor occupies Tampico. 

1847. 
Feb. 8— Kearney proclaims the annexation of Califor. 
ItCil.' ilia to till' United St«t»s. . . Col. Doniplmn defeats Mexi. 

cans in Chiliiialum mul lakes iiossessmn of that province 

Feb. -.'.l— Hilt tic oi Hiicnu \ ist;i , Taylor delcals Santa 

Anna Maicli 27— Surrender of Vera ( ru/iiihl castle to 

(Jen. Scott and Com. Perry Battle of Cerro (iordo 

April 18 Aug, 20— Battles of Contreras and Chcrubus 

CO Sept 8— Battle of Molino del Rey. . . 13— Battle of 

Chcpultepec 14— American army enters City of Mex- 



State. 

Florida ceded by Spain to the United States — Steam- 
er named the Savannah, first crossed the Atlantic — 
First lodge of Oddfellows opened in the States — Terri- 
tory of Arkansas lormed Dec— Alabama admitted as 

* '*''^- 1820. 

March-Maine admitted as a State — James Morroe 
re-elected President. 

1821. 

Aug. 21— Missouri admitted as a State, with the famous 
" Compromise," under which it was resolved that in fu- 
ture no slave State should be erected north of northern 
boundary ot' Arkansas. ...Streets of Baltimore lighted 
with gas. jg^ 

Piracy in the West Indies suppressed by the United 

States Boston, Mass., iacwrporated asa city — March 

H— United States ackno>v1edge independence of South 

America Oct. 3— Treaty with Colombia. 

1823. 

President Monroe promulgates the doctrine that the 
United States ought to resist the extension of foreign 
dominion or inrtuence upon the American continent. 
1821. 

Auc 15— Lafayette revisits the United States. 
1825. 

March 4— John Quincy Adams inaugurated President 

Corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monumentlaid by Lalay- 

ette Lafayette leaves for France in trigate Brandy- 
wine Erie canal completed — Contest between the 

Federal government and Georgia concerning Indian 

**°'^^- 1826. 

July 4— Death of ex-Presidents John Adams and Thom- 
as Jeft'erson Morgan excitement and formation of 

Anti-Masonry Party. 

May_Congress passes a tariff bill imposing heavy 

duties on British ptoods. Denounced by the Southern 

people as opjjre.ssive and unconstitutional. .. .Title ol 

'■Democrats'" adopted generally by Republican Party. 

1829. 

March 4— Inauguration of (Jen. Andrew Jackson as 
President ..July 4— Corner-Stone laid of U. S. Mint, 
Philadelphia. 

1830. 

Treaty with the Ottoman Porte Workingnian's Par- 
ty origiuated in New York (Uty. 
1831. 

Jan. KV-King of the Netherlands renders his decision 
on the boundary question between Maine and the British 
possessions. Rejected by both parties and question set- 
tled in 1842 by the Treaty of Washington July 4— 

James Monroe dies. 

1832. 

Black Hawk Indian War commenced. . . .June 27— ("1 
era breaks out in .Ni-w York. .. Aug.— Indians driven 

beyond the Mississipi.i—eM|iiiire of Black Hawk iinil endi - , . ,. ^ ^ ^ 

of the war... South Carolina declares the taiinacts Feb. IR— Gen. Scott superseded in Mexico by Gen. Wni 
null and void and threatens to withdraw from the UiiionO. Butler Treaty ol Guadaloupe HUa'go which .stipii. 
U the Governtnent attempts to collect the duties... .Dvv.llated lor the evacuation ol Mexico by the Ann^riCgn j^^ 



1848 



CHRONOLOGY. 



149 



my within three months; the payment of $15,0(X\0(X1 by aiid s ibscquently Roes to Philndelphift. New York aad 
the Uiiitiil .States to Mexico lor the territory luciiiired Bi,oloii, eiiiljarkiiiK lor homt- Oct. '.'0, at I'ortland, Me — 

bv oonf|uesfc; aiiJ it alt^o tlxfcd boundaries, rtc". Keb iSJiim. lft^— Steaiii^hiii (Iriiit Easlerti first arrives at New 

—JobuViiiiicv Adams ifies rostalcoiiveiilioii belweeiiVuik iJeC. IS— L. S. Senate rejects •■I'rittcnden Com- 

United States and Great Britain Mav 29— Wisconsin, promise." Dec. 20— Carolina .secedes from the Union 

admitted us a State July 4— Peace with Mexico lor- Dec 26— <;en. Anderson evacuates Kort Moultrie, 

oiallv iiroclaimed News of the discovery of ).'old in ("har eston, and occupies Fort Sumter. . .Uec. 30— i'reai- 

Calilornia reached the States Mormons (loundeU bV|deiit lUiclianan declines to receive delegates from South 

Joseph Smith 1827) settled near lireat Salt Lake. Utahitlarolina. 

Uec. S^First deposit of California gola iu Mint. 1861. 

1S49. Jan. 9— Mississippi secedes. Confederates at Charleston 

Great exodus of gold-seekers to California March 4 fire into reinforcement steamer Star of the ^Vcst — 11^— 

— The " Wilmot Proviso " passed by Congress March 5 Alabama and Florida secede — 11— Major Anderson re- 

— Gen. Zacharv Tavlor inaugurate'd President June lotuses to surrender Fort Sumter . ..12— Coniederateslortify 

—James K. Polk dies The people of California vote Vicksbiirgh, Miss., and seize Navy Yard at Pcnsacola, 



against slavery in that territory.' . Cliolera in New Yo"k 

Mav 30 to sept. 8— Pliiladelpbia depleted by cholera 

Treaty with England tor a transit way across the 

Isthmus "of Panama. 

1850. 
March 31— John C. Calhoun dies. . .'..lay— The Grinnell 



Fla.. IS— Georgia secedes. .. Jan. 26— Louisiana Necedes 
... .29— Seeretary-of-Trcasurv, John A. Dix, issues his 
thrilling order, addressed '" W. Hemphill Jc.nes, New Or- 
leans :" " If any one attempts to haul down the American 

flag, shoot him on the spot!" Feb. 5— Texas secedes 

by legislative act... Peace conlerence assembles at 



expedition, in search of Sir John Franklin, leaves Ne w: Washington. D. t", and lirst congress of the seven .seceded 
York July 9— President Taylor dies Great lire inStatrs a^scnit.les at .Montgomery, Ala. .. Jefl'er 



Philadelphia.... 10— Viee-Pre.sident Millard Fillni 
sumesthe Presidency.. ..Violent debates betweni the 
Pro-slavery .^nd Free-soil parties in Congress over Die 

proposed atlmission of Calitornia Sept. 9— Passage ol 

Henry Clay's "Omnibus Bill," relative to slavery 

Territory of Utah organized, 
1851. 
Letter po.stage reduced to three cents — Lopez's expe- 
dition landed in Cuba. . . Lopez captured, and executed 

in Havana, Sept. 1 Minnesota purchased from the 

Sioux Indians Dec— Louis Kossuth arrives in New 



rson Davi,<! 
hos.ii President of Conlederate States, and A. H. 

Ste|jhetis, Vice-President 18— Davis inaugurated at 

MoiUgonierv, Ala. Gen. Twiggs surrenders to the f'on- 
tederatesin Texas, and Marcli 1 is dismissed from U. 8 

Arm.v in disgrace 22 — Prcsidentelrct Lincoln, witb 

his own hand.s, raises the American flag at the State 

House, Pliiladelphia March 4— He is inaugurated at 

Washington April 12— Major Anderson again refuses 

to surrender, antj the C^onfederate batteries open tire on 
Fort Sumter. The North aroused. . . U— Major Aliderson 
evacuates Fort Sumter " wi li colors flying and drums 



York Dec. 24— Capitol at Washington partly destroyed beating, bringing away company and private i.roperty, 

by fire. "id saluting his flag with flftv gun." — 15— Pre«dent 

1852. Lincoln calls lor 75.000 troops — 17— President Davis 



United States expedition to Japan, under command of 
Com. Perry, a brother of the hero of Lake Erie — June 

29— Henry Clay dies Oct- 24— Daniel Webster dies. 

1853. 

Washington Territory created out of the northern part 

of Oregon 4— FraiiKlin Pierce inaugurated President 

May — Four vessels, under Capt. Ringgold, leave on an ex- 
iploring expedition to the North Pacific Ocean — Expedi- 
tions start to explore routes for a railwaj; to the Pacific 
<;oast Second expedition in search of Sir John Frank- 
lin leaves, under command of Doctor Kane. . . Capt. In- 
graham upholds the rights of American citizenship in 
the allairof Martin Koszta, at Smyrna. 
1854. 

May— Passage of the Kansas Nebraska Bill, which cre- 
ated those two Territories, and left the people of every 
territorj', on becoming a State, free to adopt or exclude 

the institution of slavery Feb. 28— Seizure of the 

American Steamship Black Warrior in harbor of Hav- 
ana... June 7 — Reciprocity treaty between Great Brit- 
ain and the United States, respecting international 

trade, fisheries, etc July 13— Capt. HoUins of sloop 

Cvane bombards San Juan de Nicaragua March 31— 

Commercial treaty with Japan concluded by Com. Perry 

Oct 9— Ostend Conlerence. 

1855. 

Serious trouble in Kansas over the slavery question — 
William Walker takes possession of Nicarai:ua and es- 
tablishesa government there — June 28 — Railroad from 

Panama to Aspinwall opened Dispute with England 

over enlistment of soldiers for Crimean War Gen. 

Harnev chastises the Sioux Indians. 
1856. 

May 22— Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina, assaults 
Charles Sunr'~r, in Senate. 

1857. 

Jan. 4 — Kansas rejects the Lecompton Constitution — 
Disturbances in Utah.. .March— The Supreme t'ourt 

givesjudgnient in the Dred Scott case Aug. 24— Be. 

.ginning of financial panic, whi<li culminates in an al. 
most general suspension of banks, 
1868. 

.May— Minnesota admitted as a State Aug. 3— Kansas 

again rejects Lecompton Constitution Aug.— Atlantic 

telegraph cable laid. President's message to Queen Vic 
toria sent 16, but cable proved a failure. 
J859. 

Oregon admitted as a State June 25— Commodore 

Tainall of U. S. Navy, in tUiinese waters, makes his 
famous utterance; " Biood is thicker than water!"... 
.July 4— A. H. Stephens ol Georgia advocates the loriiia 

tion of a Southern i onfederacy Oct. 16 — John Brown'; 

raid on Harper's Ferry 18— Brownand his companion; 

captured Dec. 2— Bro»vn hung Nov.— Gen. Scott 

«ent to protect American interests in San Juan. 
1860. 

.March— John Brown's companions hung March 27— 

Japanese Embag.sy, first U> leave Japan, arrive at San 
Fraiici.sco. Kccei\ed at Washington.!). C, by I'resident 



issuesletters of marque, and PresidentLincoln blockades 
Southern ports. . . .Virginia i)asses ordinance of secession 

18 — U. .s. Arsenal at Harper's F'erry destroyed by 

Federal authorities. . First troops arrived at Washing- 
ton, via Ilarrisburgb, Pa 19— Sixth Mas.sachusetts 

Regiment attacked while passing through Baltimore. 
Seventh Regiment of New York leaves that city for 
Washington... 21— Norfolk (Va.) Navy Yard burnt by 

Federal amiioiities May6—Arkansasformiilly secedes 

. . . 9-11— Tennessee secede"s. . .20— Nortli Carolina secedci 
. . . i4— Col. E. E. EU.swortb murdered at Ale.xamlria, Va. 
. . June3— Stephen A. Douglas dies. . July '.'1— Hut tie of 

Bull Run Aug. 10— Battle ef Wil.son's Creek. .Missouri 

Gen. Nathaniel Lyon killed. . . 20— Gen. G. B. McClellan 

assumes cominand"ot Armv of Potomac Sent. 20— i;ol. 

Mulligan forced to surrender at Lexington, hy — Oct. 
21-Kaltleof Ball's BlulT, Va.— Gen. E. D. Baker killed. 

31— Gen. Winfleld Scott resigns, and McClellan is 

made comnianderin-cbief. . . Nov. 8— Capt. Wilkes of the 

an J. cinto captures Mnsonand Slidell on board of the 

Trent. War with England imminent — 30— Jefl'erson 

Davis elected President of Confederate States for six 

years Dec. 2— Congress votes thanks to Cai)t. Wilkes. 

30— Banks in New York suspend specie paymc'tt 

Mason and Slidell surrendered, and ou Jan. 1, 1862 they 
sail for Europe. 

1862. 

Jan. 17— Ex-President John Tyler dies Fob. 6— Gen. 

(Jrant captures Fort Henry — 7-»— Gen. Burnside cap- 
tures Rcjanoke, N. C. .. .13-16— Assault and ejtptiire, by 
n. Grant, of Fort Donelson, Tenn... 27— Government 
enioins newspapers from giving publicity to important 

military movements March 2— Gen. V. W Lander 

dies at I'amp Cha.se, Va 6-8— Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. 

Keliel ram Virginiadormerly Mcrrimaei sinks the 

Cumberland and the Congn ss " 9— Naval battle be- 

the .Monitor and the Merriimic... 11— McClellan 

assumes personal comniand ol the Armv of Potoiiioc 

14— Burnside captures .Newhurn, N. C. . . .18— Gen. W. H. 

Kcini dies April 1— Slavery abolished in District of 

Columljia 5— McCKlbin begins siege of Yorktown. Va. 

6-7— Battle of shiloli or Pittsburgh Landing— death 
of Gen. A. S. Johnston; Gen. C. F. Smith dies •A'>. and 
Gen. W. H. L. Lawrence 10. . . 25— New Orleans surrend- 
ers to FarraL'ut May 1— Gen. Butler lormally takes 

possession of New t)rleans 5— Battle of Williamsburg. 

Va 31-June 1— Battles of Fair Oaks and Seven I'jiii's. 

Va 27-July 1— Seven Days' Fight. Va — 12— President 

Lincoln appeals to the Border States in behalf oi emanci- 
pation 14— Gen. Pope a.s,sumes command in Virginia 

18-19 — New York and Philadelphia begin using car 

tickets and postage stamiis as currency. .. 23— Holleok 
made General-in-chief of U. S. Brmy... Aug.— Admiral 

George C. Reid dies 5— Battle of Baton Rouge, La,— 

Gen. Thomas Williamskilled 6— Gen. Robt 1. McCo»k 

shot bv guerillas. . . 9— Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va — 
16— McClellan letreats from Harii.son's Landing. Va — 
23— (ien. Henry Bohlen killed. .. 29-Battle of (iroveton, 

or Manas.sas, \'a 30— Secoml Battle oi Bull Run. Va.— 

Sept 1— Battle o/ 



iluthanan, and :iltrwards have public receptions in lien, (ieorge B. Taylor dies Sept. 1... Sept 1 
Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, deiiarting IromiCbantilly, Va- (iens Philip Kearney aiM Isaac J stevena 
the latter citv iu iiigate Niagara June 29. . . May 17— ikilled. I'resident Lincoln issues proclaiiiaiioii as a pre- 

j^brahain Lin'co.M nominated at Chicago Sept. 21— lliniinary to emancipating slaves .McCUIInn placed In 

Prince ol WalesarriveoatDetroit, visiting Uiilte<l Si.iioo.iiiwuiUiuud of turtillcationK of Washington . 14— Battto 



150 



OHRONOLOeT. 



•f Boatb Mountain, Md.— Gen. Reno killed — lS-15— 

Harper's Ferrv, Va., surrendered 17— Battle of An- 

tietani, Md— (Jen. Mansfield killed; Gen. I. 1*. Rodman 

dies Sept. 29, and Gen. I. B. Richardson Nov. 4 24— 

President Lincoln proviRionally suspends habeas corpus 

Oct. 1— Internal-revenue Stamp Law goes into effect 

3-4-6— Battle ot Corinth, Miss.— Gen. P. A. Hackelman 

killed....8— Battle of Ferryvillc.Ky.—Gen.<!. R.J. Oglesby, 
Wm. R. Terrill and J. S. Jackson killed. .. .10-ia— Con- 
federates, under Stuart, enter Pennsylvania 30— Gen. 

Bosencrans supersedes Gen. Buell at the West Gen. 

O. M. Mitchell killed at Beaulort, S. C... Nov. 5— Gen. 
McClellan superseded by Gen. Burnside as commander 

of Army of Potomac Nov. 6 — Gen. C. D. Jameson dies. 

7— Com. Garrett J. Pendergast dies 10— Bear 

Admiral E. A. F. Lavalette dies. . . .22— Gen. F. E. Patter 

•on killed at Fairfax, Va Dec. 10-15— Gen. Burnside 

attacks and retreats from Fredericksburg, Va.— Battle 

of Fredericksburg Dec. 13— Gens. G. D. Bayard and 

C. F. Jackson killed... .31— Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn. 
begun, and Bragg is defeated. 
1863. 
Jan.— Gen. E. N. Kirk, -wounded at Murfreesboro, dies 

1— President Lincoln emanciiiates slaves — 9— French 

Oovernment offers mediation declined Feb. 6. . .26— Gen 

Booker supersedes Gen. Burns.Je 25— Congress passes 

the Conscription or Draft bill March 3— Congress 

authorizes suspension ol habeascorpus — 6— Clement L. 
Vallftudingham serenaded in Philadelphia— great excite- 
ment there 18— Bread riot of Confederate soldiers' 

■Wives, Salisbury, N. C 21— Gen. E. V. Sumner dies 

28— Gen. James Cooper dies. .. April 7 — Federals attack 
Charleston. S. C... 26— Gen. Burn-'ideassumescummand 
of Department of Ohio. . . May 1-4 — Battle of Chancellors- 
Tille,Va.— Stonewall Jackson is woanded, and dies May 
10; Gen. H. O Berry dies May 3; Gen. A. W. Whipple, 

May 5-. and Gen. Ed. Kirby.Junel May 4— Gen. Joseph 

B. Plummer dies 14 — Grant defeats Gen. Joe Johnston 

at Jackson, Miss 16— Grant defeats Gen. Pembcrton at 

Champion Hills, Miss 18— Grant Invests Vicksburg, 

Miss... June 14— Battle of Winchester, Va. ..Gen. Lee 

Invades Maryland and Pennsylvania 16 — Mayor Henry 

of Philadelpliia calls upon citizens to close their places 

of bu.sinessand prepare to defend the State 27— Gen. 

Geo. H. Meade supersedes Gen. Hooker 28— Theatres, 

libraries and places of business closed in Philadelphia, 
and earthworKs thrown up on roads leading into the city 



A. Stedman killed 8— Port Gaines captured 16— 0«ii. 

D. P. Woodbury dies Sept. l—i>herman occupies At- 

lant-a, Ga 7— He orders its depopulation 14 — Gtn J. 

B. Howell killed....!*— Sheridan defeaU Early at Win. 

Chester, Va.— Gen. D. A. Russell killed 24— Com. T. A. 

Conovcr dies 29 — Gen. H. Burnham dies Oct. 19— 

Rebel raid on St. Albans, Vt. . . .19— Battle of Cedar Creek, 
Va.-Gen. D. D. Bidwell killed. . . .29— Gen. T. K. G. Ran- 
som dies Nov. 8 — McClellan resigns from U. S. army. 

13— Sherman destroys Atlanta 30— Gen. Tbomaa 

repulses Hood it Franklin, Tenn.— Rebel Maj.-Gen. P. K. 

Cleburne killed Dec. 14-16— Thomas defeaU Hood n»ar 

Nashville, Tenn 21— Sherman enters Savannah, Og 

24-25— Admiral Porter and Gen. Butler assault Wilminc 
ton, N. C. 

1865. 
Jan. 13-15 — Attv...^ on and capture of 7ur(^her, X. C, 

16— Monitor Fatapsco sinks, Charleston Harbor 

Feb. 1— Congress abolishes slavery in the United Stat** 
... 6— Battle of Hatcher's Bun, Va.. . .17— Columbia, 8. 

C. captured 18 — Charleston, S. C, surrendered... Ifl 



.July 1-3— Battle of Gettysburg, Pa.— Gens. Reynold, 
1. F, ■ - ~ ''•■-■ 1 



— 6en. Lee assumes supreme command of Confederate 
armies, and recommends arming of the blacks... 22 — 
Confederate Congress decree that the slaves shall bo 

armed. Schofleld captures Wilmington, N. C 27-March 

6— General Sheridan's raid into Virginia March 4— 

Seconc inauguration of President Lincoln 14-April 13 

— Stonenian's raid in Virginia and Nortli Carolina 

March 10-11— Battle of Kinston. N. C. . . .20— Mobile. Ala. 

besieged 29-April 3— Battles of Hatcher's Bur and 

Five Forks, Va April 2— Assault on Petersburg, Va 

2-3— Grant occupies Richmond and Petersburg. Va 6— 

Battle of Deatonville, Va 9— General T. A Smyth diea. 

Surrender of Gen. Lee, Appomattox Court-liouse, Va.... 
12— The Union flag hoisted at Fort Sumter. Mobile, Ala., 

captured 13— Drafting and recruiting stopped 14 — 

President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth... 
15 — PresidentLincolndies.and Andrew Johnson becomes 

President 22— Com. W. W. McKean dies 26— J. 

Wilkes Booth shot May 4-9— Surrender of Gen. Taj;lor 

andrebelfleet. . .10— Capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwins- 
ville, Ga....26— Surrender of General Kirby Smith. ...End 

of the Rebellion 22— President Johnson rescinds order 

requiring passports from all travelersenteringthe United 

States, and opens Southern ports 26— He proclaims* 

conditional amnesty June 1— Solemn fast for death of 

President Lincoln July 7— Execution of Payne, Atrrr- 

ott, Harrold and Mrs. Surratt, for complicity in Lincoln 



Weed, l^arnsworlh and Zoot kille(i. .. .4— Vicksburg sur- assass^ination.. . Oct. 11— Pardon of Alexander Stepheur 

renders to Gen. Grant and Rear-Admiral Porter 7— and other Southern officials Nov. 2— National thank.'*- 

Grcat rejoicing at the North over the surrender. . . State- giving for peace. . . .6— ('apt Waddell surrenders cruiser 

house and lire bellsrting in Philadelphia 8— Port Hud-|Shennandoah to British Government 10— t'apt. "irr 

son. Miss., surreiKkTs 15— President Lincoln namesofAndersonville prison executed — 22— Com. J. H. Mis9> 

Aug. 6 as a day of National Thanksgiving. . . 13-16— Draft jroon dies. . . .Dec. 1— Habeas corpus restored at the Nortli. ' 
riots in Ntw "Vork City ; also that w-eek in Boston, Mas.s., 1866. • 

and PurtMiiouth, N. H 30— Gen. Geo. C. Strong, Jan. 28— Hon. Thomas Chandler dies... .Feb. 19— Presi- 

woundtdut storming of Fort Wagner, Charleston (July dent vetoes Freednien's Bureau bill March 14— Jared 

10-18 dic-K ...Aug. 14— (ien. Beni. Walsh dies... :il— Law- Sparks, historian, dies. .. .27— President Johnson vetoes 
rencc, Kas, sacked and burned. .. .2&-30—Gcn. Averill'.- (Uvil-rights bill. .. April 9— Civil rights bill passed oyer 
calvary raid into Virginia. Sept. fr— Women's brcad'thePresident'sveto. . .12— Hon. DanielS. Dickinson dies. 



riot in Moliile, Ala. During the year there was also one 
In Kiuhnioiul, Vu., five thousand women taking part — 
6— Furt \\ ai,'iior,Charlcs1uii^'vacuated. . . .8— Boatattack 
on Fort Sumter. . . 10— Gen. Burn.side occupies Knoxville, 
Tenn... 19-20— Battle of Chickainauga, Ga.— Gen. W. H 
Lytle killed... Oct. 10— QuanlrcH's attack on Fort Scott 



May lb— President Johnson vetoes the admission of 
Colorailo as a State, . .29— Gen. Winfleld Scott dies. . .June 
7— Fenians from the United States make a raid into 

Canada ...17— Hon. Lewis Cass dies July 16— Freed- 

mens' Bureau bill become a law. ..27— .\tlantic telegraph 
—the successful one— completed 30— Maj (ien. I.y.san- 



Kansas. . . 21-22— Buttle 6l Philadelphia, Tenn. . . .Nov. 12!dir Cutler dies. . . .Aug 14— National Union Convention 
—Meeting held to restore Arkansas to the Union. . .14-17;asscnil)les in Philadelphia— wigwam — Sept. l--.---outn- 
—Gen. Longstreet defeats Burnside. . . .23-25— Grant and;ern rnionist Convention assembles in PhiUulelpliia. . . .7 
Sherman d.'feat Brag at Chattanooga, Tenn. .. .25— Gen. -MiittliiasW Baldwin pioneer in Anieruan loconic. ives 
Wm. )'. Sanders dies.. .2(;-27-Battles of Locust (iiovc dies. .. .Oct. IS-" Prince " John Van Burtn, .son oi Hon. 
and Mine Run, Va.. .Dec- 4-I'resi(;ent Lincoln oilers Martin, dies. .. .Dec. 13— Congress passes bill giving lie-, 
amnesty to all but the r.licl Uudtrs. . IC^-Cen. Jolin groes the right to vote in District ol Columbia... -(/— 
Bulord dies ...22— Coojier's Shop Soldiers' Home. I'liihi- .Maj.-Gen. Samuel R.Curtis dies, 
delphia, dedicated 30— 'I'lie Monitor founders olV ',upe 1867. 



Uatteras. 



1864. 



Jan. 8— Rep-- Admini/ George 11. Storcr dies Fen. 11 

—Com. Wm. J. "'ct'luney dies.... ^—Battle of Olustee, 
I'na....Feb 27-March 4-Kili.ntrick and Dahlgreen re-! 
oulsed at Hiihinond, Va.. >lureh 12— U S. Grant suc- 
ceeds llulleck as coiMniander-inchief. . . April 8— Battle 
of babiiic Cross Roads, La. .. .9— Battle of Plnisant Hill 



Jan. 9— Virginia rejects Fourteenth Amenc.ienl. . . 10 
—Congress ijas.scs bill providing for ■•universal sullrage^ 
in the territories. .. 2:'.— President Johnson vitocs lull t^ 
admit Colorado .. 29— He vetoes hill to admit Nibi-,i,<ka 

Fi'b 0— Delaware and Louisiana reiect Constitutional 

Anuiidnient 8— Nebraska admitted as n State 

Mann 2— President Johnson vetoes Keconstruction bill 

,.-^ .,...,„..... „,,.^ „. , - i;.'^h-Tc'Mure-ol ollloe bill nassed over I'resldent'sveto--* 

La. . . .12— Massacre at Fort Pillow. Tenn. . Mav 1— *-'.o"i-|-3- rrcsidmi vetoes Supjilmientary Keconstruction bill 
W.D. Porter dies. ., 5-13— Battleol the Wilderilvss V.X—. .. :iii-.\iiiiouiii'id at Washington that Russia cedea 
Gen. Alex. Ilayskilled; (hn. James S. Wadsuorth dies'Alaska to the United States. . April 9— Senate confirms- 
MayC. . 9— Gen. John Sedgwick killed. . Ill— (ieii. Thos. j^iu.ska treaty 1 1-Sitc conveyed io LnileU States Gov- 
O. Stevenson killed il-Stnart, Confederate cavalry , eminent lor postofliee in New Voik City.. May S— 

leader, killed. .. .18-'^&—HaliKs of Spottsvlvnni.1 Court- Eight-hour riots in Chicago 9— General strike of 

house, Va., etc June 1-6— Battle of Cold llailior. Vn..|workingmen tliroU;;liout the States 13— Jefleisoii Da- 

and vicinitv.... 5-*)— Battles of Lost Mountain Keiiesaw vj.s ndinilted to hail at Richmond Va . June 3— Gen. 
Mountain, and Little Kenesaw, Ga.— Gen C G lUu'kei .siicndan removes Gdi. Welles ol Loui.siaiia and on 6 
killed 27. .19— Navul battle— the Kearsago sinks Uu. ^appoinis B. F Klandirs Governor .July 3-< ongress 

Alabama 15-18— .\s-ault on Petersburg. Va. . July .*— jassenibles In exti aordinary session ll-R«ci|iiociiv 

Partof l>ec's army invades Mai^vland, threatens Haiti itreafy butween the Unilcil Stales and the Hawaiian 

more and Wa-hington, and retreats July 12-13 .6— Gen. Ilslanijs 19- President vetoes Sunpiementnry Kecon 

Samuel A Rice dies. .20-22-2.S— slii riiian « tlire<' luitlle.- I.stnictii n bill . 24— Kloi In Knoxville, Tenn New York 
near AtlaiitH, (in— ■The March to tliv Sia " 'M — Coii-|lst;itc Coiislitutlonal Convention re]ects woman suflrage 
fwderates H(jain invade Maryland and I (■iiiis-jlvanift,an(,lpi(>posiili>ii . . .ai— G<ii. Sheridan removes Governor 

burn ('hniiiljir"l)iirg . . Aug. 5— Conlederate'tloli'la near Tliroekinorton ol Texas Aug 5— S< cretary Stauion is 

Mobile. Ala.. di;i.Uu.ved bv Wttrr>mul...-(>—UeilerftiUrilllu.renuublrl by the I'resideut to resign, but refuses ^'■i- — 



CRliONOLOOI. 



151 



SUnton susponded, and Gen. Grant appointed Secretary [President Grant issups a proclamation enjoinlnRneotr*! 

ol War oJ «/i(rri,)i 17— Clcn. Shpridan relieved at Nowjity as to war between France and l'rusnia. . . .23 — Iriak 

Orleans 19 — National Labor Congress meets at I'liica-National Contrress convenes, Cincinnati Oct, 4— 

go SepL 8 — President issues amnesty proclamation [Second Southern Commercial Convention, Cincinnati 

30— Pfepro riots in SaTaiuiah, Cm . . Oct. 3— Whiskev . .. .12— Death otUen. Robert E. Lee — 25— t^onrention la 



Cincinnati for purpose of removini; National Capitai 
from Washington to some point West. 
1871. 
Jan. 1— Cabral, the Dominican Chief, denounce* Prv* 
dent Grant, and opposes .sale and annexation of St Do- 
mingo to the United States 10-11— U. S. Houae and 

Senate appoint committee to vi^itst. Domingo... 11— 

Hon. John Covode dies 29— O'Donovan RosM ana 

other Fenian exiles arrive in New York 30— Honie at 

Representatives pass resolution of welcome to Irlth ex- 
iles Feb. 9 — New Jer.sey recommends Philadelphia •« 

Grant va- the place to hold Centennial celebration, 1.S76 — 18 — C»- 
cates War ofllce in favor of Secretary Stanton Feb. 13|bral, in a letter to Vice-President Colfax, dononncea the 



riotin Philadelphia Nov. 2— Gen. Sherman announce 

Indian war at an end ...8 — Kormul translVr of Ala>ka 
t > Gen. Rossean. at New Archangel 14— Denmark con- 
cludes treaty, ceding and selling the islands of St. Thom- 
as. San Juan and Santa Cruz, to Dnited States — 22— 
Jefferson Davis returns to Richmond Dec. 7— Resolu- 
tion of Judiciary Committee to impeach President John- 
son voted down in the House— 108 to 57. 
1868. 
Jan. * — House of Representatives passes bill making 
eight hoars a day's work, for Government laborers — 13 
—The Senate reinstates Stanton H — Gen. Grant 



—Another attempt to impeach President Johnson 20— 

K»w Jersey Legislature withdraws ratification of pro- 

pofed Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment 21 — 

Stanton again removed, and General Thomas appointed 

Secrtary of War ad interim 22— Stanton adheres toe 

th« office 24— House votes (126 to 27) to impeach th 

Preiident 25— Gov. Ward of New Jersey vetoes reso 

lution of Legislature withdrawing ratification ol Four- 
teenth Amendment. . . March 2— House adopts Impeach- 

merft articles 4 — They are presented to tne Senate — 

5— New Jersey Senate passes over Gov. Ward's veto asto 
amendment -.lower House does the same, 25 — 6 — Senate 

organizes a Court of Impeachment 7— President 

Johnson Bummoned to appear before it. . . 13— Impeach- 
ment Court sits 23— President's counsel answer im- 
peachment articles, and Courtadjourns to 30 — 26— Sen- 
ate ratifies North German treaty — 28— U. S. Grand Jury 
St Richmond, Va., finds new bill of indictment against 

Jefferson Davis April 2— North German Parliament 

passes the Naturalization treaty with the United States. 
6— Michigan votes again.st negro suffrage — 24— Pres- 
ident nominates Gen. Schofleld to be Secretary of War 

May 21— Grant and Colfax nominated at Chicago — 

The Burlingarae Chinese Embassy arrive at New York 

26— Impeachment Court declares the President not 

guilty. Secretary Stanton resigns — 30— Senate con- 
firms Gen. Schofield as Stanton's successor — June 1— 
Ex-President James Buchanan dies 5 — Chinese Em- 
bassy received bv President Johnson 22— King of Bel- 
gium reviews tfnited States squadron under iarragut 

off Ostend 24— Senate puses eight-hour law — 25— 

President vetoes "OmnibtM bill. . .20— President vetoes 
Electoral College bill. Secretary Seward announces 
ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment — 24 — Presi- 
dent orders Secretary of War to withdraw niilitaryin 
lorces from Southern States represented in Congress, g 



Senate ratifies treaty with China . . .25— Senate ratifies 



treaty with Mexico' 27— Jefferson Davis and family 

sail from Quebec lor England — 30— Gen. Meade declares 
civil government restored in Florida, Georgia and Ala- 
bama ...Aug. 11— Hon. Thadcus Stevens dies— Washing- 
ton, D. C 22— President declares Sitka a port of entry 

26— Oregon withdraws ratification of Fourteenth 

Amendment Nov. 3 — Iowa and Minnesota vote in fa- 
vor ot negro suffrage, and .Missouri against it 
1869. 
Jan. 1— Gen. Grant holds a public reception in Inde- 
pendence Hall, Philadelphia Feb. 20— Martial law de- 
clared in Tennessee 22-26— Congress passes Filteenlh 



union of Dominica and Hayti 19— Helena, Ark., al- 
most destroyed by a tornado .,.'22 — British member* oT 
Joint High Commission arrive In New York 27— Com- 
mission begins its sessions in Washington, D. C — Marck 

3— Riota in Peniisvlvania coal mines 5— Chinamen'* 

riotin San Francisco Cal 27— Senator Sumner denoun- 
ces Santo Domingo .scheme. . . 30— Colored parade in New 

York in honor of Fifteenth Amendment April 7— Coal 

riotsin Scranton, Pa... 10— Celebration in New York of 
German Unity and end of war between Pru«iia and. 
France. .. .Mav 1—U. S. Supreme Court sustains conati- 
tutionality of Legal-tender act . . 3— President Grant i»- 
sues proclamation for suppression of Ku Klux Klan — ( 
—Joint High Commission concludes Washington Treaty 

15-16— German peace celebration in Philadelphia 

24— Treaty of Washington ratified by Senate . . . 29— Natu- 
ralization Treaty between Austria and United State* 
ratified by the Reichsrath.. .30— Dei oration Dav — 
June 1— American naval force, making a survey of th* 
coast of Corea, Asia, fired on Irom masked hatteries. t 
—Minister Low demands an apology, and is answered 
that "the Corean civilization of 4,000 years brook* n» 
interference from outside barbarians." 10,11— U. K. 
naval forces land on the island of Kang Noe, Corea. and 
destroy a fort and the Citadel — 17— lion. Clement L. 
Vallandingham dies... 28— President GrantanpointsCivil- 
service-reform Commission — July 3—^ aval forces, hav- 
ing attained their object, retire from coast ol Corea — 
4 — President Grant proclaims complete ratification of 

Treaty of Washington 12— Orange parade and riotin 

New York 19— Massachusetts' Centennial Committee 

arrive in Philadelphia. .. .Sept. 24— Chiel Justice McKeoa 
of Utah decides against Mormons serving as grand )ui- 
orsin Federal courts... Oct 2— Postal money order ar- 
rangement between United States and Gieat Britaia 

oesinto effect Brigliam Young arrested for Mormou 

ties 7— Firstgreat fire in Chicago breaks out 



proclivities 



.10— Electioa 



. . .8-9— Second and greatest fire in Chicago 
riot in Philadelphia between white roughs and negroes, 
and attempts to destroy the oftice ot The I'rett — 26— 
Gen. Robert Ander.son dies, Nice, France; Hon. Thoma* 
Ewing.Lancastar, ().. ..27— Arrest olVViUiani M. Tweeil, 
New York City Dec 17— Internationalist luneral pro- 
cession in New Y'ork City. 

1872. 
Jan. 10— National Woman-suffrage Convention, Wa.eh- 
ington Feb. 28— Congress sets apart Yellowstone Val- 
ley as a national park. .. .April 2— Prof S. F. B. Mor.-* 

.,„..u ... ..w^.,,.., , . ...-^v.,..^.... ^„™., dies— \ew York City. , . ,16-Prof Morse memorial servi- 

Amendment. Kansas is the first State (Feb. 27), to rati-!ces in various cities and also in Hall ol L nited State* 



fv 'it,"~though iniperle'ctiy, and Delaware ihe first to|llouse of Representatives May 10--Wonian-suffrage 
.March4— Gen. Grantinaugurated as President Convention in .Ni'w Yciik iioiiiinates Mrs. \\ uodliull lor 



reject it. 

25— Pennsylvania ratifies Fitteenth Amendment. 

April 13— Senate rejects Alabama Treaty with Great : 

Britain May 13— \.'oman-suffrage (Convention in New i 

York City 19— President Grant proclaims that tht-re 

fihallbeuo reduction in Government Laborer's wages 
liecause of reduction oi hours — June 18— Hon. Henry' . 

J. Raymond, N. Y. Times, dies Julv 13^i;oinplelioii of]17— Monster Peace .hilnle 

Atlantic cable from Bre.^ti.. St. Pierre ; thence to Dux- Convention at Haltim. 



.dent and Fi-eilerirk Doiiu'lass for Vice-President. . . 
22— Congress passes Aniiieslv bill Uine 1— James Gor- 
don Bennett, A. 1'. Uerahl, dies. . .5-6— Gen. Grant nomi- 
nated for President at Philadelphia, and Henry \\ ilson 

i lor Vice-President 15— Board of Arbitration, iindor 

• Treatv of Washington, meet at Geneva, Switzerland... 
Boston ...lulvy-I'einocratic 
iiiumites Horace (Jreeley tor 

bury, Mass.\..3(>l^'Hon'lsaac toucey dies Aug. 16-|Pre.sident. . . .Nov. 5--Grant re-elected ''r'^>',''l,<;"{;-- ■*- 

National Labor Convention, Phihulelphia. . . .Sept 1- Great fire in Boston, Mass 29— Death of Hon. Horace 

National Temperance Convention, Chicago — 8— Hon. Greeley. 

Wm. Pitt lessenden dies.... 10— H(m. John Bell dies... . , „ ^ . ^^'r , n „™ -„<• r „„:«!«.,.- 

l6-Hon. John Minor Botts dies. . . .Oct. 8-Virgiiiia rati- Jan. 6-McEncrv inaiignrated fJovernor of Lomsiana 
ties Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments .. Ex-Presi 'hIm,, Kelloi/g. .Jan. 2t)-Sanguimiry <e eat ol United 
dent Franklin PK. .■ dies. ., .Nov. 4-Geo. Peabody diesStales troops by the ^''"'"r'; • ■.,,.-^T^ ""f, j"": f,'''i','pM , 

6— Admiral Charles Stuart dies 24-National!tlie Iranking l\nvilege.^. .Kb. 2l.-Akx inder ir hiepii 

Woman -suffrage Convention. Cleveland, O.. and Henry enselected to Congress from KigliU Disliul ol Gt'>rK'» 

Ward Beecher chosen President Dec. 10-Xational'... .March 4-second maugimiti I ^. i.r iiit as 1 re> 

Colored Labor Convention. Washington. . . .24-Hon. Ed- idem April 1 -t.enera. < anliy and I>r. Tl on a.s mur 
wiuM StantoPdies. dered by Capt. Jack audthe Modocs -u-L nile.l sut»« 
'*'" ° 1870 troops surprised and slaughieied by the Modi.cs in ti.e 
• - - -K 1, , ' ,. .... 7 r Orr, United .swU'f 



Jan, 26-Virginia rcadmittfcd into the Union,...Fet).9,lavabcds May o-- Hon James LOrr, Unit. I StaUi 
-U. S. Signal Bureau established by Act of Congress. . .Minisier to Kus.-in dies-st '/■li''"'^,'''\^t--,../7,V/',''^'_r",;; 
17-MLssissippi re-admitted into tlie Union. .. .§3-llon., ice Salmon P. Chase dies -^ -'""^^ '-\ JP'",,?"!,' Pi^,'S 
liiigamedies.....March28-Mai -Gen. George II .lack and the last ol the Modoes . l^^T"^^,,-^"'""^".; 
fs 29-Texas re-admitted to representation liepanment in the ^ letina hxposuioii lonnally op«ned 
>, thus completing the work <.f rec.Mistrueti.in ... 27 ---ioinpleti..iM.f the new A, lanuc.yibe. .. July » 
sident Grant announces the adoi.lion o, the -Capt Hud.lington and P««y.r'>cuc|.l i the Ar lie ^^ 
Amendment lulv 12-Admira; John a W the wb» er Havenscraig. , -'^^'^'^i".' "^ '" a,\!, j^ 



Anson Burlingamedies March28— Mai -Gen. ( 

Thomas dies 29— Texas re " -■ ■ - 

in Congress , thus completing 
.. .30— Pre ■ 

Fifteenth , , 

Dahlgren dies Aug. 14— -Admira; David (J. Farrucrui .vid.. 

dies 15— National Labor Congress, (.Cincinnati. .. .Zii— 



De.sinielive fire in Norlolk, Va AuK. 

'..\ruie in Portland, Oregon • »— Disastrous tonll» 



152 



cni:oyroLo&Y. 



f&twTL \n VQTt\tinA. Me Sept. IS-Snspension of Ja 

tooke & Co., aud beginning ot a financial panic 30- 

trana Masonic parade in Philadelphia. .. .Oct. S— Capt 

.., .Jack and three accomplices hanged. First session p 

Krangelical Alliajice, N Y. City. .. .31— Spanish gunboa 

Twnado seizes American steamer Virginias on tlie higf 

,. .seas...4— Uen Burriel of Santiago de Cuba .shoots Gen. K\ 

xoand others. . .7— He butchersCapt. Fry of the Virginiu 

. sod his crew — 28— A protocol, arranging the difference 

ictween the United States and Spain, agreed upon. . 

, ^c. 24— Death of Prof. Louis Agassiz 16— Celebratioi 

. m Boston ol the centennial of the "tea-party " in tin 
Jwrbor of tlin.t city . Spain tormally surrenders the 
, Virginias to the United states. . . .26— The Virginius, ii 
I *Br 01 United States steamer Ossipee, sinks off Fryin^ 
. . jan Shoals. •' =■ 

' ' » = r, '1874 

.. Jan. 8— Repeal of the Salary Act, save with respect ti 

, , rresident (irant .9— Board of Centennial Supervisor^ 

. J'iMladelphia, adopt plans and specitieations lor perma 

su;nt exhibition building. . .21— President Grant sign 

Jew salary bill .Feb 24— Women's n;ovemcnt againsi 

. isiuor-sclling begins in Ohio and si)reads to other States 

, ....26— Ucreatin the House ol the bill reviving the iranfc 

»ig^ privilege. .. April 3— A cremation society formed ii 

Jiw York . .14— Congress passes the Inriatation or cur 

. T3icy bill ...March 8-Death of e.\. President Millard 

laimore. 11— Death of Hon Charles Sumner. .. .22- 

3^sident Grant vetoes intlution . May 13— The Brooki 

l«ces surrender in Arkansas, and quiet is restored.. 2: 

—Senate passes Supplementary Civil-rights bill 26- 

T*nate passes bill inviting loreign nations to take partii 
STieCentennial at Philadelphia ...JuneS— U S. Steamei 
Iwatara, with party of scientists, sailed Iron? New Yorli 
•mobserve transit of Venus . . .10— Senate passes Sloietj 
3vilf — 13— House defeats Compromise Currency bill 



1876. 

Jan. 1 — Centennial year ushered in with rejoicings 

iAA',^,'^^'®''"' '^^ Herzegoviiiian iiisurgent.sby Turks, 

600 killed 7— A Second dih-iit ot the Hi-r/i-o-ovini- 

ans,maiiy lives lost. . ..Shijis Harvest yiicen and 
Cape Comorin collided off the British Coa.-t all on 
board lost. .. ..S— (>8 military recruits burned to death 
in Russia by btirning of railroad cars. .. .11— Over 
300 Soldiers frozen to death in Douza, Turkey 14 
-Defeat of Amnesty BiUin U. S. House of Repre- 
sentatives. .. .15— Earthquake in Maine. . . .17— Trede- 
irJSmn ^"/k.s Richmond, Va.. failed, liabilities, 

S^l.-mijUOO 18— Herzegoviniansrout 6b:itt;ili:iiis of 

Turks, SOOTurks killed.... 22— Two davs hi;htiii<' be- 
tween Herzegovinians and Turks; 4a)Tuiks killed 
. ...25— E. D. VVinslow, Boston journalist, Ae., tied 
1 ^iJJ.' committed forgeries to amount ot $250,000. 



TE-I8— Government ol District of Co umbia abolished 
»«-President Grant signs the Compromise Currency bil 
Jt^Ay 4— Formal opening of the groat bridL'e over the Mis 
wsKippiRiver, atSt. Louis. Ground brokni atFairmoun 
T^k, Philadelphia, for Centennial hiiildings .7— Henri 
»srd Beecher demands an investigation of the charge- 

atcsinst him — 14— Great fire in Chicago Aug. 28— H 

■W. Beeeher acquitted by the investigating committee o 
flymouth Church. . . .Sept. 14— Overthrow of the Kellogg 
iOTernment at New Orleans.. . .17— The McEnery gov- 
«»nment, in obedience to a proclamation from President 
Grant, surrenders to the United States Army 19— Kel 

Aigggoverinnent reinstated 26— Victory of the Ameri 

wiiRiflc-team in the into-nationalmatch atCreedmoor, 

**'■. Oct. 16-^ational monument to Abraham Lincoln 

icdicated at Spnngfleld, 111. 

1875. 

Jan. 8— Beginning of the civil suit of Theodore Tilton 

w- Henry Ward Beecher. .. .7— House of Representatives 

fusses Sherman's Specie-resumption bill. . .14— President 

jL-ant signs it. . . . Feb. 8— President Grant denounces the 

government in Arkansas, and recognize? 

IS— He issuesa proclamation con 



b— Postage on third-class matter reduced to one 
centfortwoounces...WritsservedonGen. Schenck 
Am. Mini.sterto England, on account of his connec- 
tion with the Emma Mini- Matter 29— Destructive 

overflow of the Ohio River Feb. 2-Portu-iie^e 

House of Peers voted the Abolition of Sla\erv in St.- 
Thomas, Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea... .4— Fire 
m a Colliery in St. Etienne, Belgium, 156 men killed 
....8— Large fire in New 'York, $3,000,000 property 
destroyed; 4 firemen killed. . .11— Centennial appro- 
priation jiassed the Senate 15— Winslow, the Bos- 
ton forger, arrested in London. . . .17— Gen. Schenck, 
y. S. Minister to England, resigned ...18— Maine 

Legislature abolished Capital Punishment 23— 

President of San Domingo resigned. Provisional 
Government e.stablished. .. .27— Sinking of steamer 



Mary Belle " on Missi.ssinpi River; loss, $500,000. 
28— CarlistWarin Spain declared ended. .. .29— An- 
nouncement of anne.x.ition of Kliokand to Rus.sia 
March 1— Discovery tliat (ieu. IK-lknap, Secretary oi" 
War, had sold Post Trailerships and i)oeketf>d pro- 
ceeds. . . Belknap resigns. . . .2-8(10 Turks slain in Her- 



iCarland ._ 

Brooks as Governor. 



tening the Senate in extraonliiiary session March 5 
«arch 1— President Grant.apijrovestbe Civil-nghts bill 

2— Pranking privilege partially restored 13— an- 

««nnceinent from Rome that Arclihishop MeCloskev ol 
Sew York, had been created a <;ardinal... 24— Extr.'ior 
.linary session of Senate terminates. President G 
jrdersall available cavalry into the Black Hills e 

Irjv to remove trespassers, etc April 18-i'eiitenriial 

■>! the Battles ol (Concord and Lexin'ton Mas^ cil,-- 
Irnted in those places... 24— Spain navsStS (kkj ol tlie 
iMl.OOO agreed upon as the Virginius inilemnitv ''7— 
T«rdinal McCloskey receives the benita. .Vlav'll- 
ifirst iiiternational Simday-.sehool Conventi(m a.s.sjmbles 
-ii:«allimore,Md....L-Ex.Vice-presidentJohnC. Breck- 

na-idge dies June 17— Celebration at Boston oi 

i»e Bunker Hill (Centennial. ..William M. Tweed re hased 
.*om Blaekwells Island, rearrested, and consigned to 
iadlow street jail on a civil suit. . . .29- The Ainerieun 
Team win the iiilernational rifle-match at Dollvniount 
Creland- •. July 2-Jury in Tilton Beecher c.-i-;- tail to 
tgree .. ..9-(ien, Francis P, Blair dies. . . .27-I)unean 
Jdjernnui & Co., N. Y. Bankers, suspend, and the failure' 
u»-)ollowetl by others. . . .31— Ex-President Andrew Jol 



zegovina. . . .7— Alfonso Taft, of Olii 



iplioiiited Sec-. 



retary of War. . . . A Home of the Aged, in Br(Joklvn, 

N. \., burned; 18 old people perished 8— .lury lu 

the S6.000.000 Tweed suit found a verdict lor the neo 

pie of $6,537,117.38 Japan declared war agains* 

Corea A great battle between Egyptians ard 

Abj-ssinians; 5,000 Abvssinians killed II— Daniel 

Drew failed. . . .13— Lieut. -Gov. Davis, of Mississippi 
impeached and found guilty of high crimes and 
misdemeanors, and on the 23d removed irom office 
...16— Terrible inundations in France, Belgium and 
Germany. . .-Jl—Ci-e-at battle between Mexican Gov 
eminent troojis ami Revolutionists; Government 
defeated; UXX) killed... .25-The dvkes at Herzogen- 
bosch, Holland, give way, floodiie-' the town, hun- 
dreds of horses swept a wav and 0,i»O0 persons made 
homeless. .. .28— 500 Persians lo.st bv a shipwreck iif 
the Arabian Sea 29— Gov. Adelbert .■Viiie>, of Miss- 
issippi, resigns, and J. -M. Stoiii.-, President of Senate, 

succeeds liim April 4— Siiceesstul and bloodlesi' 

revolution in llavti. . . .5— U. S. Senate organized a>- 
ii High Court of Inipeachmentin the Belknap case 
— lu-12— Tlie bill to issue silver coin in place ot 
traetioiial currency iiassesboth Houses of Congress 
... .13— Turks sueeessful in a battle iie.-ir Kievais;30l^ 
insurgents killed — 1.")— Horn Pedro 11, Emperor ol 

Brazil, arrived in .New York 17— Is>iie of silver 

eurrc^ncy began. . . .27— Helkiuip's (rial began 28— 

Queen \ letoria assinned tlieadditional title of "Eni- 

l)ress ot India." .M a v 6— 20,1 n K) charges of "rend 

k pow.ler" exploded on Jiisev Cit v lleight.s, lio- 

iMuiieiise damage 8— The House- of l;,presen- 

lali\ es passed tb,. Hawaiian Treaty Bill O-Gr.-iiul 

lury ot (Criminal Court of lii>lriel ol C.luuibia, 

loUTid a true bill against Ex-Sc-ei-eiarv Helkna|i 

P. N. Kiibenstein, the condemned nuinlerer of Sarah 
.Vlexandi-r, died in )irison — I'J— .\ battle between 
Turks aiul Ibrzcgovinians this da v and another on 
tli^ " 



J., -1., ,„,.-." VT" -. ; ' " •■ •"■■•■■ :■■■■ . .,.,ks (leieated m both, losing 700 in the 

j»n dies..... Nov. 22— Vice-President Henry WiLson d;,-.s llrstand .'•.00 in the .second. . . .Ui-i;re,-n ('lav Smitli 
...Dec. 7— President (irant, in his annual message, noiiii . . - 



■^commendsfree ai:d nonseetariaii schools, sepiiraticii 
i< Ch lire h from State, i.ixation ot i-bureb propertv arul 
BKound curreiiry ,. .S— Compress is mem.irializ.-d'to au- 
«ODriate $i,600,'»W for the ( 'entenuiul Exhibition, 
♦-e.wai,,. „i Wiiliaiu .M. In , ,,1. . . .U-nvnamite explo- 

«nn nt HremerliaveM. (ill prrsons killed 12-.Sarah 

i"'"','- ' " J''"ess, brutallv murdered at East New 
. „ •,N"'«'V,'" • '^ '^'"'-J^-'^I'l'"*'"" i'l " coalmine 
■KBelcium, 110 persons killed . 17-West.,M. Tbo(n],son 
•B* Ellis executed in the Tombs for the murder ot the 
gNIIar Weisbcrg :i^-m per.-.ons killed at llelekon, 
£w1t2erl iiid, at .1 ciiristmas festival . ...2ft-Destruc- 
*TP hurncrno in (he PhiUippiue Islands. Itti lives 



d fur Pn-sidcney bv I'roliihitioiiist'.- 



.18- 



ter Cooper nominated forVresideiiev bv lllllation■ 
ists...L'o— SirEilmuud HriekU'V,Hart..iniinulaeturer, 
declared bankniijt, liabilities $2,.MKl,(iui 3-.'— Ed- 
wards Pierreiiont appointed -Minister to lOie.-land; 
.•lllonsoTalt,Attornev-(;eneral;,I.l)onal.l Cameron, 
Secretary ol War. .. .29— Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Tur- 
key, deiiosed and Mtirad lOllemliileelared bissucces- 

sor lune—Tbe Turks weri' defeated in encounters 

with the ller/eg,,\ inian insurgents 011 the 1st, ,3d, 
4th, isth and L'dtli, 1.. sing in all .3.4.SU men. .. .3— 14,000 
barrels ot crude jHlroleum oil were struck by light- 
ning and burned at Oil City, Penn. . . .4— Abdul Aziz 

committed suicide in Constantinople A special 

train ran from Jer.scy City. N. J., to San Francisco. 



CHROXOLOGY. 




liiver.MontaSa . 27^'.'i^D\;:"f «" >''^. Little Horn 1 
vention met at St Lmi.!;,,,,'-?'^' •'*''■ -National Cun- 



•iicat fire in T, l',, i^ '^^ I'i'lian odges 
..,. ..> ... >n iokio. Japan; 5,(J00 houses 



urk . 



-TildenforPresiJent ;' VtI, "^'''''."''''•''■'^'''' I'^IJ • "-i'-.^rTat «,■ '■■'''''' 
Jipainst Turaey, and on thT^ I ,V* '''-'''''"■*^'' >*-ar Miiiistrv. . i-ofeelpv ,» /.T'*''"'"''"" o'' "'^ French 
leated near Luzcar lo^in^^nm,*. "^"^ "","•>' "nscie-hvood CVnioferv ^'^«''''''''''''''^'''l<><lin(ireen 

powder magazine atfirniouseevni 1 <5o^<^r"uienfshiission report in (iivorm^Th! l''."'nH.s Canal Coni 
loss of ]iie 29— Tho f1- vV exploded, with ereat K ontiuenoe ,,f V,,- . <J' the ^K■araKua route 

to Spain . ;30-VT\1rf ;>v'?<!'/e\"u?,tf '^^ ret.ti'm^"^. . -^i-Terrib c^ra' l''roa"d d'^^sai^,'"^. "' <^''>.' a^nt" fopie 
Hesm Bosnia,3,000C uistian, XV l/°'^^^"'a'ro"- I""' '^'•eaks tlirXh a hH il '^"^ "' Ashtahula, 8 
all manner of outrages com"^!'-''^*'"'^'''"^'^ '""^' ^"'^ '""• "'*"' """"' 

y^I^defeated by the So rvfa ,"""}" ^.lii'^r trooPS! IP77. 

Rio 




victorious. . .15-Yc"lowr?.vr ';"•"•• '^'""''■•'" T.vJin Ak xisand rnn^'""'"" ""'• "'"• »l'o Or nd Dnk 
l^ully blown lip ; 5U,UWp,u;j",-V"V,V„f'^H'''''""A'-''^-'S- -'f-" ''-^ " il" and' ,r /"^^*-'"fg?""Ohio Klver ■ 

West Virginia and Oh o- ieu oim,!''' "' Indiana. 's;i2,500,0(iO. 8 Ta/v ,■""""" •'"•^•'"''■«''i^'''«t 
""•^t^Of'J ^-PiiblieaVis in ihe a^t ''.V"^'''' '" 'rain and kills 2(1 nKn^W.sofVhe'Mi''"'''''- V"*-'"" 

S.^;S$^i^i!^-;;^;:i-f«-^^l^din'i^!;:l:t 

.... Montenegrins d,, eat inrr'"''.^^ ^- "'^ **'• -'"t'ns.N.R losi 

....17-S..u>h^ra?o,Ua^J^",^'',^«'!J^lvirii,6w ^l^'l 

f^liiiliS^piiiiii^^ 

by the Turks. -^'-About 2li .« ■ •^N"-'''"'*'"'*^'' of SantanderSi.aininrtLr^^'r '"''''.''''"• ^^^'IshM, 
About 215,u;0 j,eople perished land m ^^^'^^'n^'Tani^n^^^ 



154 



CBRONOLOQJ. 



1 BOO bankers and brokers, asking for repeal of all Iclared br coroner's jury to have been unsafe, and 
special taxes on National banks, presented to I'on- Lake .-~hore K R. Co. censuretl. . . H. Kxpiosion in 
cress 28 MoodyandSankcymeetingscummence Worcester, Eng., coal mine and death of a large 
in Boston. Signor Blitz, pi estidigitateur, dies at iiumber of miners. ...9. Montenegro and Turkey 
Philadelphia, 67.... 29. First meeting of National [cannot agree upon a peace basis... 10. Tenement 
Sunday School Congressinl.'hicago.... 31. Electoral house in New York burned with three inmates.. 
Commission (bill signed 28th) organized with live (-'abinet nominations conhrmed. . .>enator Simon 
Senators, five Repre.sentatives, and five Supreme Cameron resigned.. Rev. E. O. Hovey, ITofessor of 
Court Judges.. First Mexican installment ($300,000) Chemistry and Geology, 76, died at CrawtordsviUe, 
naid Keb 1. Keeper Custer, of Auburn State Ind... .11. 250 Communists (convicts) pardoned in 
I'rison murdered by Wm.Barr,a convict. .Servia France.. . .13. Chas. Oowden Clark, Eng.author,91, 
and Turkey agree upon a preliminary treaty of died at Genoa, Itaiy..Mme. Octavia Le vert, auth- 
peace S A Spanish vesselboarded by pirates off oress, 67, died at Augusta, Ga.. Henry M. Stanle; 



North Guinea.. Midhat Pasha deposed from Grand 
Viiiership of Turkey ; Edhem Pasha his successor 
6. BurningofS.S. Bavaria, en route from N.O. 
to Limerick. Rev. W. M. Daily, D.D., LL.D, form- 
erly President Louisiana State University, Method- 
ist, 65, died at N. Orleans.. Outbreak among Apache 
Indians in Arizona. . Rear Admiral James Alden. U. 
S. N.,died at San Francisco. .Col. J. O'Mahoney, 
Fenian leader,67,N.Y.City.. British Str.Ethelashore 
onLundy Island, Wales, and ten personsdrowned.. 
The Electoral Commissionbya voteolS to7 decides 
not to go behind the returns. .Crazy Horse's band 

defeated by Gen. Miles, near Tongue River 

a Henry B. Smith, D. D.. LL. D., Protessor 
Union Theological Seminary, Presbyterian, 61, died 
in N. Y... Rear Admiral Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N.,76, 
diedWashington. D.C. . .Opening of English Hout-e ot 

Parliament 10. Gunpowder explosion at Adher- 

nahed India, kills 50 and wound sl.OOO persons. .R'r 
AdmiriilTheodorus Bailey, U.S.N., 74, died at Wash- 
ington D.C 11. Sir Wm. Ferguson, President of 

Royal College of Surgeons, 69, died in London. . .12. 
Rinderpest spreading throughout Germany.. New 
insurrection in Bosnia .... 13. New Stock Exchange 

organized in New York 14. Receiver appointed 

for New Jersey Central Railroad. .Aime de Picliot, 
French writer, died in London. Gen. Changarnier, 
84, died in Paris, France 15. Attempt to assassin- 
ate Gov. Packard, in New Orleans. .Col. Gordon, Af- 
rican explorer, appointed governor 01 the Province 
of Soudan, Africa.. Coal mine explosion atGraisses 
soc, France, and 55 miners killed — 16. L. D. Pils- 
bury confirmed as Supt. of N. Y. State prisons. 
Midhat Paslia arrives at Naples. .. .17. Cfen. Diaz 
elected P es, and Ignacio Vallaste, Chief Justice ot 

Mexico 18. Attempted assassination of the Arch 

bishop of Mexico. .Rear Admiral Chas. H. Davis, U 
S.N.,70, died at Washington, D.C... .19. Judge H 
W. Williams, a justice of the Supreme Court, died at 

Pittsburgh, Pa 20. Rear Admiral Louis Golds- 

borouuhi U. S. N., 72, died at Washington, D. (;. 
Rinderpest at Mull, Eng... 21. British bark Marie 
•wreckedoff we.stconstof Atrica; 12 men lost. .Boiler 
explosi' n at Middleton, Ohio, killing 4 and injuring 

12 persons 22. Train thrown from railroad track 

near Lowell, Mass., by train wreckers. Str. Fran 
conia wrecked off Point Sim Bias. .Maj. Gen. Anio; 
B. Kiiton, Ciiiiimi';sary Gen. U. S. A., died at New 
1 1, ■! veil. Conn . . .24. Submarine volcanic erujition al 
Kalak;iu;i Bay, Hawaiian Islands — 25. Puriuu^ 
storm on the coast of Long Island; sevei al vessih 
and crews lo<t....26. 229 Sioux Indians surrcnd 1 
attheCheveiine Agency... 27. Whaling Str. Spitz 
bergcn, with 20 persons, lost near'Keru'en, Ndpuav. 
Ex iliiv. ,In-;ei>li Jolin.-.t(Ui,'.)2,ilie<l;itBri(lgeiiuit, \'m 

The Klerlniul Ciiiiiinis.sidn decide all the dnubtlul 
Statesfor llayesand Wlieel.Tby a vote of 8to7. 
March 1. Fonuidable nitjb disjieised in Cliarlest 
S- C. . .(iov. Uayesleaves Ci.Uunbus. ( ibi,,. lor \\:\ 
iU'.'ton. .The Miriilites take up aniisa'.'aiii>t Tin k 
and besiege the Puka li.rtres.^ The liiiti>h Medit 
raiiean sciuadron order, d to eonienlrale at .Malt 

2. The eli-cl(iral cnunt coinpleliil, and .Me-;- 
Hayes and Whec Ur deilared duly elected l're>iilent 

ann Vicel'residentof Ibe V. S 3. .loel ')'. ll.irl. 

sculptor, 67, died at h'b.rence Italy.. Chief Ju.^tiee 
Waile administers the oath ol' olli c to I'res. ll.nyes 
cnTurkev and Sei 



announced the survey of Lake Tanganyika 14. 

Six Chinamen murdered in Chico, Butler Co.,Cal., 
by a gang of white ruffians. .The Khedive presents 
Cleopatra's needle to Great Britain . . Fred. Douglass 
appointed United States Marshal for the District of 

Columbia 15. Diaz recognized as President of 

Mexico by U. S. ..Stephen S. Jones, editor, Chicago, 
Bhotdeadinhisofflceby Dr. W. C. Drake.... 17. U. 
S. Senate adjourns.. Six hours fight between Bos- 
nians and Turks near Orezgonia 18. Str. Russ* 

land from Antwerp for New York, went a-hore at 
Long Branch. .Iglesias, late President of Mexico, 
but deposed by the Diaz revolution, issued a pro- 
clamation from New Orleans.. England demanded a 
modification of the Russian protocol. Sir Edward 
Belcher, Rear Admiral, commander of an expedition 
in search of Sir John Franklin, 78, died in London 

19. ExGov. Emory Washburne, of Mass., 77, 

died at Cambridge, Mass. .J. Donald Cameron, late 
Secretary of Treasury, elected U. S. Senator from 
Penn. .Saigo begins a formidable rebellion in Japan 

20. Congress appropriates $200,000 to complete 

theWashington Monument — 21. Leipsic fixed upon 
as the seat of the Imperial Court of Germany. Death 
of Prince Charles of Hesse Darmstadt. President 
Haves' cabinetdecidc upon a Louisiana Commission 
...."22. Labor crisis in Germany — 23. Jno. D. Lee, 
one of the Mormon murderers at the Mountain 
Meadow massacre, was executed there ; his confes- 
sion implicates many leading Mormons. .. .24. 'Vil- 
lage of Madrid, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., almost des- 
troyed by fire 26. Walter Bagehot, publicist, died 

in London. Prof Jno. S. Hart, teacher and author, 

67, died in Phila 27. Dam of the SlafTordsville, 

Conn., rese voir gives way; two personsdrowned ; 
$1,000,000 loss. One editor kills another in Topeka, 
Kansas Sir J. F. Fitzgerald. Field Marshal British 
Army ,91, died in Tours, France . . .28. Prince Antoine 
Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I, died in Florence, 
Italy.... 29. Mexican au.horities imprison U. S. 
Consul Sutton. . . .30. Revolt in Pashalik of Diarbe- 
kir, Armenia.. General Chareite presents Cardinal 
Simeoni with an album containing the signatures 
of overSO.COOvolunte. rs, who are ready to fight lor 
the tcmiioral power ot the Pope... 31. The Cabinet 
decides to withdraw the U. S. troops from South 
Carolina. .Russia amended protocol, incorporating 

Kngland's suggestions, accepted by the powers 

April 2. First telephone concertat Steinway Hall. 
.N Y. City. Bismarck tenders his resignation as 
ciiancellor of Germany — 3. Capt. Fred'k Lahr- 
liusli, formerly ot British Army, iii, diediiiN. Y. 
City 4. Prospectsof war in the East increasing; 
Kuisia determined to figlit. . . ■;. Orville D. Jewett 
kills his uncle and himself by ex| loding a liand- 
i.'rena(le in bis store in Front St., N. Y. . . .6. The 
Louisiana Commission commences its session at 
New (irleans. Insuruent Gen. Triijillo defeats con- 
s, ivatiN e ii.rees in l'. s ot Colombia, S. A., and the 
Slab- of AntioNiiia is siu reiidend tohiin. . . .8. Rev. 
I lederick A .M iilib nbeTL', D U. all eminent philan- 
Ibroiiistand louiuler of St. Luke's Hosidtal, and St. 
.lohhland f<o die ,1 in New York; and John Conant, 

also a idiilaiitbidpist,87.died at Jaftray, N.ll 

10 T' S troops withdrawn from the stale House 
in Columbia, S.C; (iov. Clianiberlin gives up the 
contest II. Southern Hotel in. St. I.ouis burned, 
and lu lives lost.. Prof Sniiih,oi Kocbesu-r,discov- 
rs a new comet near Cassiopeia Koss W mans, an 



..Diplomatic relations 

restored 5. Bateiiian House at Kansas, Pa , — -„ - y. :, v „ ,. mi 

burned; 6 persons perish. .XLIVth Congress ad eminent inventor, 80, died at Biiltiniore Md 12. 
journs»in«r7;, . . Presiilent Haves and Vice-President .Joseph, chief ol N( z Forces, in Oregon deelnies to 
Wheeler publicly in. lugurat'ed. Special s.-ssion oligoonthe Lapwaireservation. Russiantioopsinove 

Scnateopenc-d , Maninisde (■oinpi.--'ne. distiiiL-nisb n.ward the Itoiinuiiuan frontier 13- '^■^- V°' 

ed African tiayeler, killed in a duel at Cairo, l-.-ypI ISavannah to Na.vsan, burned at sea; 3 P'*S''*^"^\" 
..Austria concentrates troops on the irontieis ol land iH of cn-w lost . Damn exploring^ expedition 
Dalmatia and Croatia. C. I). Conipton, Maronis ol icuirns to Panama . .ij. I.oreiuo Sabine, ex-. m.o. 
Nortlmmplim, 61, died in London... .6. Franklin .1, and author, 7^, died at Boston. •^'"*<! ■.o«' J '',-," 
Moses, Sr.,Ch.Jn.s. Supreme Court of S. Carolina. Koiiiaii Nose's band, with their chief, siirrendt i to 
72, died in Columbia, S.C. .Destructive fire in Hond Cen. m.okat Sp.. tied Tail .\uency. ^rurkey re.iect3 
street, N. Y. (Robbins 4 Applelon buildingr.l ss, flu- f.rins ,d the pi .d.K'olol the (.ri'atlowcrs,: panic 
81,661,lK)(i,..Ioe Coburii, notorious pneilist, .sent lo|"" the Vic-nna Hoiiise. . i.; Grand Duke Nicholas 
SingSinglorten vears....?. The President noiiiin)nyie\ys Russian army ol the Pruth. .17. Japan- 
atcs his cabinet. ."Matilda A. Heron, actre.s.s, 47, died ese insurgents defe^i ted and put to Might. 50,000 peo- 
InN. Y.. Panic In the St. Francis Xavier Church, N. pie in London make a demonstration in favor ot 
y 1 several persona killed. . .Ashtabula bridge de-|Tichboriie claimant.. Russia and Turkey making 



CHRONOLOGY. 



155 



energetic preparations for war.. Tweel delivers a 
statement to the Attorney General i8. The Mur- 
phy temperance movement spreading throughout 
Pennsylvania and Ohio. An insurrection breaks 
outin Spain 19. The Louisiana Commission re- 
ports in favor of NichoUs for Governor, and his 
Legislature 20. Twelve oil wells and tanks des- 
troyed By lightning in Butler (Jo., Pa... The Roman 
governmentdeterniines to dissolve all Republican 

and International Associations in Italy 21. Eight 

lodges of Cheyennes, comprising 550 persons— 8t; 
fighting men, surrender to Gen. Crook. .Brig Roan'- 
oke, Wylie, Philadelphia to Porto Cabello,lo3t at 
sea; 11 persons drowned.. Emperor of Russia arrives 



wood, Dakota, te take steps for organiiing the new- 
territory of Lincoln. .Prince ('assaii, the Khedive's 
son, left for Constantinople witli 6.uoo Egyptians. . . 
ExOov. Sent, of Maine, 7S, died at Btingor, Me. . . 
Count H. de TocquevUle, ale Senator, died in Paris, 
France — ji. Ruumania declares her independence 

and proclaims war against Turkey 32. Accident 

at launch of S.S. SaraH)ga, at Chester, Pa. ; - men 
crushed to death and 2 injured. .Sir M. D. Wyatt. 
architect, died in London. . .Gliivet burned bv Rus- 
sians: Adler tiombarded by Turk.i; Ports Tahmaz 
and Kara Ungh, outworks of Kars, bombarded by 

Russians 23. W. H. Hosmer, poet, died in Avon, 

N. Y.. .Don Carlos leaves France for Linz. Austria. 



at KischeneflF.. Revolt in Paraguay; a brother oil Russians repulsed at Batoum 24. Reiigious war 

the President assassinated, but the conspirators proclaimed in Bosnia. .Ten Broeck, at Louisville 

routed 23. Russiadeclares war against Turkey jraces, makes the fastest one mile on reconl— time, 

..Jassy (inRoumania) occupied by Russian troops: 1.39?^ 26. <ien. and Mrs. Graiitarrivi- nt Queens- 

the Montenegrins occupy Kistar. Russians cross the town. The Russians blow up a large monitor on the 

Pruth at three points 24. Withdrawal of U. S. Danube with torpedoes 28. Lieut, l.awton leaves 

troopsfrom Louisiana State House. End of the Red Cloud Agency for the Indian territory with 972 

Packard government 26. Atrocious murder of Cheyennes and Arapahoes. ..The Russians carry 

Judge Chisholm, his son and daughter and Mr<. Gil .Sanielia Heights 29. The Turks defeat the Rus- 

mer, by a mob in De Kalb, Kemper Co., Miss. .. Isians near Kutari 29. Fletcher Harper, last sur- 

Firsibittle of the war near Batoum, on the Bluck!vivor of the original Harper Brothers, 71, died in N. 

Sea; Russians lose 800 20. Str. Sidonian. Glasgow iY.. .John Lothrop Motley, historian and diplomat- 

toN.Y., explodes a boiler, 7 killed. .Montreal Novelty list, 63, died in London ji. Moukhtar Pasha dis- 

WorksDurned; 9 killed, 10 injured. .Battle before, mis.sedanddisgraced June i. Gen. Ordinstructed 

Kars. Bus-sians under Melikoff defeat Moukhtar to follow marauding parties of Mexicans across the 
Pasha.. Ex-Senator and Gov. Wm. G. Brownlow Rio Grande^. .Gen. Grant given a reception by the 

(Parson Brownlow), 72, died at Knoxville, Tenn 

31. Roumanians, Montenegrins and Herzegovinians 
join Russia against Turkey Mayi. Queen Vic- 
toria issues a proL-lamation of neutrality in the East- 
ern war. .Partoftheroofof the N.Y. post-offlce falls, 

killing 3 men 2. Diaz declared elected President 

by the Mexican Congress. . . Russian troops capture 
Bayazid in Armenia. Montenegrins hold the Duga 



Prince of Wales at Marlboro Hou.se, London 2. 

Fire caused by lightning near Millerstown. Pa.; 
$85,000 worth of petroleum destroyed. .. 3. Fiftieth 
anniversary of tne consecration of Pius IX as a 
bishop observed at Ron\e. Sophia Frederica Matilda, 
Queen of Holland, 59, died at the Hague, Holland. .. 
Mrs. Elizabeth F. EUet, authoress, 59, died in N. Y. 

4. Tornado visits Mt. Carmel, 111. ; 11 persons 

Pass, blockading GoranskoandNicsics. the Presskilled and many injured... Waterspout does great 

lawof 1865 suspended at Constantinople. .Col. Johnidamage in Iowa, N. W. of Burlington c,. Over 

Forsythe, editor, 66, died at Mobile 3. Great land lm,ooo million feet of standing pine timber destroyed 



slide in Canada on banks of river Veillett; 5 per 
sons killed. .The Porte Issues a circular denouncing 

Roumania's treachery 4. Kev. Mr. Miller sus 

pended for heresy by New Jersey Synod.. Turkish 
monitors bombard Reni..Pre.«ident Hayes calls an 

extra Congressional session for Oct. m 5. Spanish 

government offer amnesty and pardon to all Cuban 

insurgents who will lay down their arms 6. 

Crazy Horse and his band of 900 Sioux surrender. . 
Russians bombard Kars 7. King of Abyssinia de- 
clares war againstthe Khedive of Egypt. .Transvaal 
Republic, South Africa, annexed to British Empire 
8. Expiration of sewing machine patents.. Pos- 
tal convention with Italy signed by President.. 
Turkish monitors bombard Russian batteries at 
Ibrail, and with the fortress at Widin.boiubard Kala- 
fat also. . Cossacks cross the Danube — 0. Explosion 
in Wadesville mine, St. Clair, Pa., killing 7 and 
wounding 2.. A fanatical outbreak In the Tcnelo- 
hantse country, in consequence of the Turkish war, 

put down by the Russians; 100 killed, 250 wounded III, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, dies at Durm 
..Commodore B. S. Totteii " " " "-' -^- -■ -^^' -■ t,..:..^^ j ., „.-tj„ i„..i,.. .:., 

Bedford, Mass 10. Op 



by forest flresin Michigan and Wisconsin. ..K Greek 
patriarch, in a pastoral letter, counsels loyalty to 

Turkey... The Czar arrives at the front 6. A 

bridge falls at Bath, Eng., and nearly 200 persons 

thrown into the Avon; 12 killed and 50 Injured 

7. Cleopatra's needle, destined for England, ex- 
humed 8. A hat shop burned at Bridgeport, 

Conn. ; 11 men killed by falling walls. . Destructive 
fire In Galveston, Texas; $1,500,000 of properU' des- 
troj-ed. .New levy of 218,000 men ordered in Russia 
...The Turks try to force the Duga I'assin.Montine- 

gro and lose 4,000 men 9. Fastpassenger traffic 

inaugurated by the Penn.s^'lvauia and connecting 
Western roads. ..Persia ai)piies for admission into 

the Postal Union 12. Collision on Bait. 4 Ohio 

R.R. near Point of Rocks; 6 personskilled 13. 

Corner stone of a Soldier's Home laid at Bath, N. Y . 
. .Mustapha Tewflc Pasha appointed commander at 
Kars. .Suleiman Pasha, after a blooily battle, forces 
the Duga Pass and advaucoson Nicsics. . .Ludwig 



5. Totten, U. .S. N., 71, died at New'stadt 14. Prince Louis of Hesse, under the title 

10. Opening of permanent exhi-'ofLudwig IV, becomes Grand Duke. Russians rc- 
hitionat Philadelphiaby PresidentHaves..I(iuique, 'pulsed before Kars niter three days fighting. . Cov- 
andi5othertowns and villages in Perupartlyor ered bridgeoverConnccticut riverat Iladley, Mai^s., 

-■ ■ ■ ' '- ' blown down. . .i^elebration in Boston of the looth 

anniversary of the adoption of our present national 
Hag. .Adam bursts near Belvidere, N. J., killing 6 



wholfy destroyed bv an earthciuake; 600 lives and 
20 millions of property lost.. Rev. F. X. Schenhous, 
founder of the Redcmptionist order in America, 68, 




men..Turkisn iron-ciaa suiik by - .,., ... , , , ,, -,, ,, . ., - 

batteries near Ibrail.. Russians defeated at R:itoiim authoress, died in Hnstol. Lady .Maxwr 11 (11. 'ii .Mrs. 
with heavy loss, in an 8 hours battle — 12. Japanese 
Empire admitted to i'ostal Union from June i — 13. 
Diaz recoguizedbv (iennany . .L.J.E.Picard, French 
statesman, 56, died in Paris — 14. Poisoning ot 



miners at ^trcator. III. . Burning of villages ol Clin 
ton.Mills, Edinburgh and Forest in iiortliern N. V 
..Six Turkish iron-cl ad shomhardSuku 11) Kaleh.bnt 
are defeated. .President Haves attends the b;i liquet 
of the Chamber of Commerce — 15. Unveiling of 
statue of Fitz Greene Hallock at Central Park, NY 
Five foot tidal wave in Lake Erie. .The Mimlitis 
drive the Turksfrom Oroschi. .Mexii an aullioritiis 
at Acapulcoapologi.sc for imprisoning (■■nsnl .'but- 
ton, and salute his flag 16. Tli Legislature ol 

Illinois attempts to make silver coin a legal tender 
for all debts in the State. .Commodore E. W. Car 
penter, U.S.N.,, o, died atShrewsburj', N. J., .('risis 
in the French cabinet. .Destructive forest fires in 
Michigan. .TonuuloatFulton, Mo, destroys 10 huild. 

ings and part of railroad depot 17. Dedicaliouol 

revolutionary inoMiinieiit on Dorchester Ihigliis, 
Mass. ..Ex-President Grant sails for Euroiie in the 
Str. Indiana. .Ardahan with 22 cannon c.iptured by 
the Russians... Terrible famine in Shan-tung and 
Cbib-li provinces.China 19. Con venlion at Dead- 



Norton), 70, London 16. Severe ballU 

Turks and Montenegrins at Rasiioglnvika ; Turks 
defeated with a loss of 2,000 dead and Avoundcd... 
James Russell Lowell accejits the mission to Spain 

17. Str. Lizzie burned in the Gulf of >li xi n, 5 

lives lost.. Kev. , John S. C. Abbott, author, 71, died 

in New Haven, Conn 19. MoiiUlitar I'asha s riglit 

wing defeated 20. Tliree-foiirths of St. .lolui's. 

New Brunswick, destroyed by lire; 30 iiersons killed 
..Cha.s. F Brigg.s, author ami iournalist,b7, die<l in 
hro.klvn. N. Y'. . .Admiral Rous, 82, died in l.oiiili.u 
..C. II. "Upton, U. S. C.MiMil at Geneva, Switz.died 

there 21. Ten " Mollie Ma." in s " hung— six at 

I'ottsville and loiir at .Maneh ciniiik Jiulge Hilton 
excludes Jews IViim the tiiaiid Union Hotel, Sara- 
toga 22. President 11 yes issues anoiderpro- 

hibiting office-holders from taking an active pan in 
politics.. Iowa Republican Convention refu.scs to 
indorse the President's Southern policy. .Commo- 
dore John W. Goldsbnrough, U. S. N., 69, died in 

l'liila(le!]iliia. Pa 23. Tho Turks inarch on Cet- 

linic, capital 01 Montenegro, having effected a Jtino- 

tiou after six days flghtinj; 25. Largo fire at 

.M:irblehead, Mass. 72 buildings destroyed.. .Presi- 
dent McMahon pardoned 844 Commumsts...(jucea 



io(; 



CEROXOLOGT. 



Victoria received Gen. Orant at Windsor Castle... 
Robert Dale Owen, author, died at Peerless Point, 

Lake George 26. Harviird defeats Columbia in 

an eight-oar boat race at Sprint;tlelil, Mass 28. 

Monumentin honor of tlie (lelenders ot Fort Moul- 
trie in 1776, unveiled in Charleston, S. (" A revolu- 
tion breaks out at Puerto Plata, San Domingo... 
Giovanni San tini, Italian professor of Astronomy, 
<lied at Padua, Italy July i. The celebrated trot- 
ting mare. Lady Thorne, died. .Gt-neral reduction of 
■iva^es on railroads; lears of strikers... Battle at 

Sistova. The Turks victorious 2. Fight between 

Col. \Vhi|]|ile'scommaad and Indianson Clearwater 
Kiv(;r, Idaho.. The Pan-Pre.sbylerian Council began 
its .sessionin Edinburgh, Scotland. .Prcsidunt Mac- 
Mahon called on the army to sustain him through 

the crisis 3. The British Mediterancan licet 

arrived in BesikaBay. .Inundations in the ))rovince 

of Murica, Spain ; 22 persons drowned 4. Capt. 

J. A.Webster, seniorotliceriu U.S. Revenue Service, 

died in Baltimore, Md 5. The Turks driven out 

of Montenegro... Louisiana Returning Board mem 

bers tried on charge of forgery 6. Gen. Grant 

arrives at Brussels. .120,000 Russians cross the Dan 
•ube. .Russian cainjiaign in Armenia a failnvc. .F.W 
Hacklaniler, traveler and author, died in Munich 

7. C. S troo]is cross the Kio (iranUe in jinrsuit 

•of Mexican marauders . .Destructive storm in Pen 
saukee. Wis.; almost the -whole town levelled; 6 
persons killed . . Russians capture Tirnova, capital of 
Bulgaria.. .Khedive of Egypt offers a fleet totl 

Porte 8. Russians forced to -withdraw from Kar 

■^^■ith heavy loss 9. Hurricane at Springfield, 

Mass. . .Export of liorses from Germany prohibited. 
. . Prof.Sanborn Tenney, of Williams College, 50, died 

in Buchanan, 10. Chief Joseph ,s Ncz Perces 

kill3i Chinamen in Idaho 11. Six miners killed 

in a mine explosion at Wheatland, Pa... Fight 
between U.S. troops and Nez Perces at Cotton-wood ; 
Capt., Lieut, and 11 men killed ; 13 Indians killed. . 

Meeting ol Georgia Const. Convention 12. Attack 

on Orangemen in .Montreal, i killed, 4 -«'Ounded 

Eus.sians routed and driven from Plevna Gen. 

Grantin Germany.. Gen. Sir Geo. Bell, K.C.B., died 

"in London 13. Baron W. E. von Kctteler, Bishop 

of Mayence, died there 14. Boiler explosion at 

Macurgy, Pa., 3 men killed 15. British Str. Eton 

■wrecked otT the coast of Chili, and overiooliveslo.st 

16. Great railro.id strike on Bait. & Ohio R.R. 

. .$68,000,000 subscribed to date of the U.S. 4))ercent. 
loan. .The RussianscaptureNikopolison the Danube 

17. Strike continues on Bait. & Ohio KR. The 

Tvhole line blocked... Ex-Gov. Tilden and Hon. J. 

Bigelow, .Sec. of State of N. Y., sail lor Europe 18. 

Gov. Matthews, of W. Virginia, calls for government 

•aid to suppress the riot; 250 re.uulars sent iq. 

The strikes become general over all the roads 
managed by the Bait. & Oliio and Penn. Central 
..Suleiman Pasha appointed commau<ler ot the 
.army olKoumelia. .Hon. D. A. Lapham, author and 

.scicnti.st, 68, died at Milwaufcie, Wis 20 to 26. 

The strikes become general on most of the trunk 
roads, though very slight on New York Central — 
•21. Terrible riot and conilagralion at Pittsburgh, 
Pa., more than $3,lKlil,ii()U ol |iroperty destroyi'd . . 
Collision between State troops ami rioters; many 
hilled and wounded .I'ittsbmgh rioters surrender 
•on 23d. .lliotous deuioust rations against Chin<'.so in 
San Francisco. .On the 2=;th riots in 1 hicago, Louis- 
ville and St, Louis; ma I'y killed and -Wounded 

.26. Another riot in Chicago; 21 killed and many 

->voundecl. .liloody liot in itea<ling, Pa 27. Affairs 

<|Uieting in all quarters. . .N. Y. militia ordered to 
their homes. .. .29. All trunk roads open again, but 

great disorderin the coal regions Foreign, 20 to 

29. Russians attack Osinan Pasha, but are repulsed 
-\vith heavy loss.. Su'eiman Pasha is defeated by 
Russians at Karahunar. .The Russians destroy six 
railroad Ijjidgcson tlie I>aiiul>e. ..Montenegrins ti 
bard Nic^n-s. .On t le 2yth the C/Mrowjleh's fo 
delcatcd the Turk.s near Rustcliuk, taking *,ooo 
pri-souers, 31 guns and 10 standards.. On the 24th 
Escobedo, the Mexican insurgent general, was ar 



the emplovees of the N. Y. Central who had not 

joined in the strike August i. Gov. Robinson 

pardons young Walworth, the parricide . .Riot at 
Scranto)! Pa Schr. Florence, of Howgate'sexpedi- 
ticm.s.iiled for the North Pole.... 2. The town ot 
Coueio, I'aiiama, burned ,,,3. Wm. B. Ogden, first 
ayor ol Chicago, 71, dieil at Fordham Height.s, N. 
Y. . . Box factory in Cincinnati burned ; several girls 
burntto death. .Great fire at East Saginaw, Mich. ; 
$200,000 destrovcd ... .4. Poorhou.se a t Simcoe burn- 
ed, I7imiialesperislied. .Fi Id Marshal Von ^tein- 
metz, 71, died at Laiideck, Silesia ... .5. Eaton, Wis., 
burned; several lives lost. .Russians de lea ted south 
ef the Balkans 6. Centennial celebration ot bat- 
tle ol Oriskanv 7. General order prohibiting the 

ale ol arms and ammunition to Indians. .Repulse 
ol Russians at Lovatz.... 8. Kiotsat Belfast, Ireland 
..Gen. (Jrant in Switzerland — 9. Gen. Gibbon 
tights the Nez Perces in Montana, a drawn battle. . . 
A train tell through a drawbridge at Oceanport, N. 
J. ; 6oi]ersons iojured. .Dr. A. B. Crosby, professor 



rested.. On the 26th eight men -were killed by a - . 

boiler explosion near Tunstall, Eng.. 30. Centennial lighting . ■;• "• razy Ho 
anniver.sury ol the adoption of the New York ccjii- to escape Iroiii the guard 1 
stitutioii ccdebrali-d at Kiu'^slon. . .The Russians. . 7 
were defeated near Pleviui. . .(ien. (Jlujurka won a for a 



in Belfevue Med College, 45, died in Hanover, N H. 
... 10. Political troubles increasing in France; 

many Republican papers there' suspended 13. 

Mexican outrages on the Rio Grande : Mexicans 
cross the river, murder Judge Cox and anothernian, 
release Mexican murderers from jail and escape 

across the river Chauncey Rose, an eminent 

philanthropist, died in Terrc Haute, Ind. . . .15. The 
stnmule between the Russiansand Suleiman Pasha 
lor .Sliiidia Passcommenced. .Win. Longman, Lon- 
don puljlisher, 78, died in London 16. Rev. Asa 

D. Smith, D.D., LL.D., president of Dartmouth Col- 
lege, died at Hanover, N.H.. .Prof. Asaph Halldis- 
covers two satellites ot Mars. .Centennial celebra- 
tion ot the battle of Bennington attended by more 

than 60,000 pe(iple 18. Gayvillc, Dakota, almost 

eniirely destroyed by tire, 2^0 buildings consumed, 
loss$6o,ooo 19. Mbukhtar Pasha repulsesa Rus- 
sian attack 20. Consolidation of Western Union 

and Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Companies.. 
Great strike in Pennsylvania coal regions, 50,000 
men out. . . .21. Meeting of National Board ofTrade 

at Jliiwaukec, Wis 22. Insurrection in Crete.. 

Another revolt in Bosnia 24and2S. Sharp and 

continuous fighting in Shipka Pass.. The Russians 
gain and hold some important positions. .The Turks 
capture Kiziltope, but are defeated at Kuruk Dara 
... 26. Dr. H. Draper and Prof. C. S. Uoldcn dis- 
cover a third satellite of. Mars. . .Hon. E. P. Noyes, 
.Minister to France, reaches Paris,.. 27. The Knights 
Templars ol the U. S. hold their 2otli triennial con- 
clave at Cleveland, tHiio^ .strike ended in the 
Lehigh Valley coal regions. .Seiior Costello and his 
son, leading Cuban insurgents, surrender to the 
Spanish authorities 28. t'onference of State Gov- 
ernors at Philadelphia. .Ben De Bar, actor, 61, died 

at St. Louis, Mo 29. Railroad accident near Des 

Moines, 20 persons killed. .Brigham Young, the Mor- 
mon prophet and chief, 76, died at, Salt Lake t'ity, 

Utah 30. Monument to John Brown, of Os.sa- 

watomie, Kansas, dedicated in presence of 10,000 
people .Raphael Senimes, ex-comniander of the 
Conlederate cruiser Alabama, 68, died at Point 
Clear, Ala. .The village of Karahas.senlar captured 
liy the Turks alter a severe battle, Turkish loss 3,000 
killed and wounded, Russian loss 4,000. . .Rus.sians 
delealeiU>ii the Loin, Pojikoi abandoned, and the 
Rus.sian position completely turned — 31. Fire at 
Paris, Texas, 10 Imsiiiess blocksdestroycd, loss$2so,- 
ooo..Osman Pasha gains a signal vi lory at Plevna 
. . . .Se)iiember 1. Tornado at Maysville, Ky. .Meet- 
ing of Am. Association for Advancement ot Science 
at Nashville, Tenn. . ..Alvau Adam.s, founder of 
.\damsK.\pressCo ,73, died at Wat' rtown, Mass.. 
E. L. Davenport, actor, 61, died at Canton, Pa 

2. Insurrection in china unujiig intericu' tribes 

3. Louis A(lol|ihe TIners, e.xpresident of France, 
80, (lie(l in Pans, Frauee. .Hake's pi.'Uio factory, N. 
v., bnrni (I and several jiersons kill.d ..\ house in 
Cincinnati undermimd and tails, killing 4 women 

4. "Crazy Horse" arrested at Sjioltcd Tail 

Agency lor attempting to iiuluee tlu> Indians to go 
to war .Russians capture Lo\aIz alter 12 liours 

is kille I while trying 

I' at Camii Robinson 

bnl Haves and j)arty leave Washington 

I to Ohio a'iid other .stales 8. Rev.Edv 



victory over the Turk< at Yeiii Sagra, Roumelia. ... Hall, D.D., professor ol Iheology at Auhurii, died 
Onthe2^th (;. (irge W. Mats<H, expolicc superin- there. .Tho Catholic Bishop, Anudeus died at St. 
Icndentiind conunissioner, died in New York .. .On Albans, Vt. .. 9. Nicsies surrenders to the Moiitene- 
the asth I'rol. Isaac \V. Jackson, M.D., of Union «'ol- grins .The deaths 1. om famine In Madras, India.re- 
Icge,72,dicd at Schenectady, N. Y.. . On the 29II1 ported to be about one million. .. .11. bellow lever 
George Ward Hunt, Lst Lord of tho Admiralty of appears at Feruandina, Fla. .. .12. The Uriiish ships 
Great Britain, died in Hamburg. .. .On the sotli Avalanche and Foster collide off Portland, hng, lod 
Commodore J. W. Swill, U S.N. .died atOeiicvii, .\. nersons drowned. .Ganibetta sentenced to llneand 
Y., and same day Samuel Warren, un eminent uiiprisoument lor a political speeih.hiit the case 

English author, died in London 31. W. H.\'ander-|appealed and the sentence never earned out.. 1 lie 

biUordered$ioo,ooo lobe distributed ralablvaniongiRussians ag.ciu repulsed at Plevnu with terrible 



CRRONOLOGJ. 



157 



loss .HprculanodeCarvaitio, Portutriiosehistorian.lcclobrntioii ofsurrondor of Burpoyno atSchnyler- 
67 died ii t Lisbon . .14. Kev. Beiiluiiiiii Scliiu'id.r, villc, N. Y. . . . 19. Ili'iivy (l^liUnt; lU Kars 20. Fire 
anemim-nt inist^ionaiy to Turkf v. died in Hoston, in I'ortland, N. n. ; 25c bin diiiys burned; 2.500 per- 
Mas< .i<;. Tlie American ride team will the int.■r-l^(lIls li..iii.lesv, . . .22. Colliery oxploMon at HinU 
national matcl: at Cre.Mlm.ior. . Four p-rsons nii.r , Hl^tntyre, Scthuul ; joolivos lost .23. (...nmnssion 
deredby t'hinanien n. ar Koekion, I'lucer e..uiuv, |iiitii\ i.ued Miung Bull at Fort Walsh. ( an.ula.but 
California, ConstantineCaiiaris, prime minister 01 ; were Ullsueee^^lld.. .24. Geor^eL hox.Pantomim- 
the Kingdom ot lireeee.Su, died at Athens, <;recceist, ■;2, died at Cambridge, Mass..lrof. Jas. Ortoii, 



Tlie Presidential jiarty cordially received at 
Louisville, Ky.l'liinese (luarters at tJrass Valley, 
C'al., burned. .Soldiers' and Sailors' monument at 
Boston dedicated. .Queen i'omare, ol'tlic! Society Is- 
lands, died there... .18. Eastern biuind express 
train on Union Pacific K. R. robbed by thirteen men 
at Big Springs, Neb. ; 878,000 taken. . H. M. Stanley, 
the African traveller, reaches St. Paul de Loanda 
(west coast of Africa), havingcros.sod the Continent 
and traced the Congoor Livingstone river Inmi its 

source to the sea IQ. Centennial ceU'brat on of 

tlie battle ofBemis Heights . . 20. Louis V. BoLiy, 1'. 
S. Senator from Missouri. 64, died at St. Louis, Mo. 

21. Collision on N. Y. Central It. R. near Rome, 

N. Y., three killed and several wounded. .Sir Olga 
sailsfroin Alexandria, Egypt, towing the caisson 
containing the obeli.sk. .(ireat battle of Biila,in 
which the Russians are deleated, losing 4,000 killed, 

8,000 wounded 22. W. H. Fox Talbot, the father 

ofphotography,77, died in London, Eng 23. The 

famine in India subsiding, heavy rainshavingfallen 
in many of the districts.. .Urbaine J.J. Leverrier 
astronomer, 66, died in Paris — 24. Patent Office at 
Washington partially burned.. President Hayes in 
Va. .Japanese insurgent leaders slain and rebel" 
ended.. A hurricane in Curagoa, \V. I., destro; 
two million of property and many lives 
fever raging at Vera Cruz; 140 deaths in August 



25. The Montenegrins capture Goransko, Pina and 
Fort Grivica, and Vum Belek andsurrou'iding vil- 
lages 26. Lieut. BuUis crosses the Eio Grande in 

pursuitof .Mexican raiders. Commodore J. M. Frai- 
ley, U. S.N.. 69, died in Philadelphia, Pa ...28. Con- 
ference at Washington of Sioux Indians with the 

President 29. Osman Pasha again defeats the 

Russians at Plevna. .Henry Jleiggs, the great South 
American railroad contractor, 66, died in Peru — 
JO. Village of Putnam, Conn., nearly destroyed by 
nre..Wm. C. Gilman, a wellknown business man in 
New York, detected in forgery and swindling to the 
extent of 8236,000.. Unsuccessful attempt at revolu- 
tion in Hayti. .Russians defeat 4,000 Daghestan in- 
surgents October I. Sioux delegates at Wa.sh- 

ington consent to removal to the new reservation 
recommended by the President. .Heavy but inde- 
cisive battle in Asia Minor between Ru.ssians and 

the Turks under Moukhtar Pasha 2. The Sultan 

confers the title of Ghazi (conqueror) upon Osman 
Pasha and Moukhtar Pasha. .Woman suffrage prop- 
osition deleated in Colorado. Lewis Lillie, inventor 
and manufacturer of safes, died at Elizabeth, N. J. 

3. Carshopsof New York Dry Dock R.R. Co. 

burned, loss $500,000. .Boiler explo.s'ion at Shedder- 
town, Ohio, three men killed and .several others 
fatally injured. .Spanish troops defeat 2,000 insur- 
gents oil the Looloo Islands. . .Railroad accident 
between Woren.seh and Norstoff on the Don ,400 
Abchasian priscjners killed... J. R. Bayley, D.D.. 
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore, 63, die'' 
inNe wark,N. J... Mme. Teresa Titjiens, prima (Ton na. 

43, died in London 4. Centennial of battle of 

Germantown, Pa. .Severe cyclone, doinggreatdam 



ofVassar College, scientist, 47, died in Bolivia, S. 

America 25. The Turks re|iulse the Russians at 

I'hrygos . 2(1. I>niail Pasha effects a junction with 
Moukhtar Pasha Ku Klux outrages in Clark Co., 
Ohio. .91 deaths iroin yellow feverin Fern.indina to- 
date .28. Edwin Adams, actor, 42, died in Phila- 
delphia, I'a... Julia K.'ivanagli, novelist, 53, died in 
Nice Italy. Joseph Durham, sculi)tor, dud in Lon- 
(hjii ' .29. N. B. Forrest, ex-C'onlederate geiufral, 
^6 di«il in Memphis, Tenn ..Meeting of National 
Liberal League at Kochesti/r. .E. \\ . Sioughtou 

nominated as Minister to R.issia 30. John Walsh 

nominated Minister to England. .Gold>niith Maid, 
t.imous trotting marc, 21 years old, withdrawn iroin 

the turf .Ndvemheri. Collision bet we. n dt-ight 

and express trains on rhiladeli)hia and Kiie K. R. ; 
Smen were killed. .. .Wm. (;ale,pedestnan. London, 
completed 4,000 (juarler miles in 4,ajo eonseculive 

periods of 10 minutes each, beginning Oetijber 20 

President McMahoii givesa dinner to(ien. Grantat 
Elysee, Paris... Oliver P. Morton. U. S. Senator 
from Indiana, and former Governor. 54, died at In- 
dianapolis Field Mar.^hal Fred(rick\ onWrangel, 

,. , ^., ... 93, died in Berlin, Prussia 2— Chiel J nsiiee, W. K. 

ebellion Draper, C. B. 77,died in Toronto, Canada. 4 Earth- 
itroV^ng quake shocks throughout northern New York, New 
.Yellow England, and the Eastern British Provinces, at 2 A.. M. 
..5— hland Silver bill passed the House ...6— 
Elections held in 12 States. . . .Gustav Brioii, French 
painter, died in Paris... HcavybattlenearErzerum ; 
Russians repulsed. . . .7.— Amelia, dowager Queen of 
Saxony, died in Dresden. .. 9— Insurgents in San 
Domingo increasing in numbers. Alarmalthe Cap- 
itol 10— Schooner Magellan wrecked on Lake 

Michigan; 81iveslost. . . .Forty ofEx SultniiMurad'S 
servants strangled, lor aiding in a eonspira<'y to re- 
instate him. . . ..Martin Paine, M. D., LL.l), protessor. 

Ac., 83, died in New York City 11— Rio tin El Paso 

County, Texas 12— Suit commenced by Cornelius 

J Vanderbilt and his sister Mrs. LaBau, to break 

his fathers will Prof. Watson of Michigan Lni- 

crsitv discovers a iilanet of the nth magnitude, 
(irea't Storm on the British Coast; loss Si. 200,000. 



tire 

Ga .'".'!p'assage\)f the Army appropiiation bill by 

the House 13— Henry Peters Gray, artist, 58, died 

in New York City. .. .14— Burning of Field, Leiter 
A Go's dry goods house, Chicago; loss, S^si^.ooo — 
Billiard matchforthe world's cliainpionsliip,Saxtou 
beatsCvrille Dion. . . Trans-Pacilic Cable i;oii.pany, 
organized to lay a Cable from Calilornia to Japan, 
via Honolulu, Capital stock, $10,000,000 — is— Explo- 
sion of tire-damp, in Jermvu Colliery, near Scran- 
ton, Pa.,anumberkilledaiidinjnred — Eartluiuake 
shocks in Iowa, Nebraska, and in the N. W. general- 
ly, and S. to Tennessee — Army appropriation bill 
amended and passed by Senate. . .16— Pierre Lan- 
frey. Republican Senator of France, died at \Tr 

sallies 18— Russians capture Kars by a brilliant 

nightassanlt 19— Fort Edward Institute burned. 

...20— Julius Kircher of New York, cremates his 

dead intant 21— The Roumanians after a three 

John V. L. Pruyii, 



Josepl - - , 

6. Greatnuniber of Cuban insurgents surrender 70 drowned 

..Wm. Gale walks 1,500 miles iu 1,000 consecutive 
hours, beginning Aug. 26 — 7. Senator L. O. Bor- 

deau died in Paris, France 8. First suit under 

the timber depredation laws, in Minnesota, is de- 
cided for the government... Severe eartliQuake at 

Geneva, Switzerland 11. Explosion in a colliery 

atPemberton, Eng., 40 killed. .Spanish government 
pays$57o,ooo indemnity to Mini.ster Lowellforlosses 
oy American citizens in Cuba 12. Win. C. Gil- 
man (referred to in Sept.) surrenders himself and is 
sent to State prison for five yi-ars 14. The "Cleo- 
patra's needle" encounters a heavy .storm en route 
to England, and is abandoned oft' Cape Fiiiisterre ; 
is subsequently picked up and taken to Ferrol, 
Spain. Republicansgain an overwhelming victory 

in the French elections 15. Prof. Peters, of Clin 

ton, NY, discovers a new planet of the eleventh 
magnitude. .Extrasession of Congress opened at 
Washington; Samuel J. Randall chosen speaker of 
the Hou?c.. Antonio Scialoja, eminent Italianlaw 

verand publicist, dies at Rome 16. 4,oooN. Y 

cigar maKers on a strike. .Theodore Barriere, dram 
atic author, died in Paris, .(ieo. Hadley, M.D., Proi 



Diaz orders Trevino with 2, vjo troops 

to the Rio Grande, to re)iel invasion by V . S. troops 
...Canadian Fisheries eoniinissioner.-, one di>-<nt- 
.ng, decides that the C. S. shall pay Great Britain 
$5,500,000 for lishing in Canadian waters — 24— The 
revolution in Eeiiador collapses... .U. S. Steamer 
Huron wrecked at Kittv Hawk, N. C. ; i.xj lives lost 
26— All night session of U. S. Senate .27— 
Steamer C. H. Northam burned in N. Y. Harbor, 
th ree lives lost..., 27— Tw<'nty colored people drown- 
ed and 30 horses swept away by a Hood at linekban- 
iion,Va....29— Workingmensdemonsiratioiiagainst 
the Chinese in San Francisco; Kearney comes to the 

front The insurrection in San Domingo spreads 

overtheentire country. ...:io— The Senate pass the 
ParisExpo-sition bill... Thin V mile Oil Pipe between 
(ireat B.lt and Pittsburgh, I'a. completed .. .Com- 
modoreC, N. B. Caldwell, U. S. N ,died at Waltham, 
Mass .. .December 2— Messrs. Moody 4 Sankey com- 
mence their labors in Providence, R. I — The lead- 
ing merchants and manufacturers of Paris, appeal 
to Pnsident McMahon to yield to the maiority, in 
the interests ol trade and cd' the International Ex- 
2— Sleaniboat Lotos burned on the Mis- 



ofChcuiistry,64, died in Buffalo..., 17. Centenuiallsissippi, near Waterloo, La. , 11 lives lost.... Extra 



158 



CHROXOLOOY. 



f^ySlZ^ in Conprress clowd and recular spssion 
openert.. .Attorney Qcn. Connor of S. O., resigned 
thpuT/p''^i'^''P;^"'"^ Elena.... Robert Tyler, son of 
VJ^r? „ J?''"'^'"*'"'^*"*''''*''' '" ''a"'niore..<;onsuiaen. 
^iBrz a German philanthropist, died in Berlin, Prus- 
nnti;,nV„ ."^''^l"** Prof-^ts againsi Servia's partici- 
ferVtn Jn 'J''v","'"'l;^"'''^'''h war. , . .6. Fire in Mil- 
ih»il^ "■• '^^ y.- '"ssfcoo.oco .French ministry tender 



DnfJ,r.*if'^'""""Ii^' "'"^ McMahon accepts them 
Cah?n„,h^'':''K ";.'' ny'-f'-ct liberty in forming a new 
in R,Xl^^ *''* President. .Rcportsof terrible famine 
iS A Ll/„'", ■••.I •'''''" A- «-ollinsn/m» Thorpe hung 
cknai^i " ".'■ ^'].'' murder of a fellow convict. . Erie 
fh* p„ r'^*^ .^^'■•^'^'^ °'"t''e Steamer European in 
ine fcnglish channel, no llve.s lost. . Rev. Dr, A. T. 
A^f?'''*^^'""'""<l author, 6q.died in Alexandria,Va. 
I2f¥¥i ■ i*^^"'P,«*rance crusade in Baltimore, over 
1^,000 sign the pledge.... 9. $800,000 fire in Louisville, 
w?;^- ■"* surrendered unconditionally to the 
nissians by Osnian Pasha, 30,000 pri.soners and 77 
fhni r''*i"^''i'''' • ■ ■ '°- «en.John M. Harlan, takes 
u e oath ot otbce as Associate Justice of the U. S 
atp^n'",*' '^'^"'■t .12. The Grand Turlci.sh Council 
i,V. ! "M"'Ji'l« resolve to carry on the war to the 
i»f„5^"T!""^' ■'"''6 Czar visits Osman Pasha, and 
fil rtfrn •'?» SY"'"'^- •'■ t!ogswell Perkins, author, 
fr'v on.,"' Salem, Mass.. 13. A new French Minis- 
reL?i^'""J'"'v^*^- Samuel Spring, D. D., Cong- 
regationalist author, 85,died in East Hartford,Conn 
Tna.i;„T" °S ^"^ceola. Mo. taken po.ssession of by £ 
tho T,f5i,™^°''- •^^'■''■"* <3cclares waragainst Turkey 
in fhi? ^ burn and evacuate Elena.. An insurrection 
A. ♦J""^^'"'=® °f'^'nyre,Crete....l5. The Porte 
f,i„« i-uropean powers to mediate. The Ser- 

vians cross the Turkish frontier at Pirot, and march 
^Mnwf ^■°'A"'* O" "'8 i6th fortify the heights of To- 
Nw?„l*"fl^''f "'"'"*• commanding the defence at 
R n \v>,-'°- .President Hayes nominates cxOov. 
va'iV;, ;k^?.™.'<=^' of Arizona, Commissioner Gene- 
Ifin h,. ® PansExposition. . .17. Ardanitzsch car- 
Ir^,. V "p^aiilt by the Russians. .All the powers ex- 
cept England refuse tointerfcre between Russia and 
i urKey. .D Aurelle de Paladincs, corps commander 
,5 "'-'t^'' ^'^i life Senator of France, died in Paris. 
«o„ f ,?^^? "'ate troops surrender to the mob at 
»an Ulizario. .Orders given in Russia for the imme- 
n„,i mobilization of So.ooomore troops.... IQ. Ja.s. 
■Bailantine,author,69, died in Edingburgh, Scotland. 
..Reports of famine in Nothcrn China.. Six pcrsmi.s 
sunocated with coal gasat Randolph, Mass; twochil- 
dren burned to death at Newport, N. Y,..! .20. Ex- 
plo.sion in Greenfield & Son's confectionary factory 
in New -iork, 15 lives lost. .Cabinet crisis in Ger- 
m.-iny. .Riis.sian Joss by the war to date, officially 
siutea at 80,412 men ..Mercy B. Jackson, M. D., Prof, 
of dLseases of children, Boston Univirsity, yS.died 
in Boston.... 21, The famous racing mare Flora 
Jemple died near Philadelphia, aged 32 years.. 
t mice CharlesofRoumania.receivesthelronCros! 
Jrora the Emperor William.... 22. American Mu- 
seum of Natural History at New York, formally 
■opened by President Hayes. .Excise Commis.sioner 
Murphy of- New York, absconds with $5o,ooo of the 
public lunds.... 23. The Porte ineffectually attempts 
to depose Prince Milan of Servia. .Henry M. Stanley 
arrnesat Aden, Arabia, on his way home. Tirrilile 
snow .storm in Roumania; hundreds of Russian sol- 
fliers and Turki.sh prisoners perish. . . .24. Robert P 
larrott,(Parrott's rilled cannon,) inventor, died at 
(old hpring, N. Y.. Mrs Hatli.ld and thrte children 
drowned through the ice near Yarmouth, Nova Kco- 
.";• ■ ''0 insurgents at Crete convoke the Nation- 
al Assembly to establish a Provincial government. 
"«■, „ , T'"*"^ '""" repulsedat Yaiic, but capture 
Ak-Palanka after eight hours fighting.... 26. Thirty 
thousand Servians with 120 guns invest Nitzsch.. 
Montenegrins defeat a Turki.sh force near Dulcigno. 
..tlcorgc; A. Hail, y, publisher of the Congressional 
Globe, (iMdatO.eriiig, Me....27. 'I'l'C Servians are 

repulsed at Novi Bazar and Pirot by the Turks 

28. Lxplo.sion in the Stanton sliiiit near Wilkes- 
barre....3o. The British,! h.-innel llr.t and all com- 
nii.s.sioned ships uiRl.r nimir, onlncdtobe reailv 
(or .sea by January m .ti. Uodiic, M. It, lor 



Report of the tnassacre of K,eoo people in Kashgar 
"y 'he Chinese.. Stanley welcomed at the court o( 
the Khedive.. U. S. steamer Kearssrge driven ashore 
'"Portsmouth harbor. .John Orton Cole. 84, died in 
Albany. .Gen. Alfonso de la Marmora, Italian soldier 
andstatesman, 73, died in Florence, Italy. 8 Oc- 
cupation of Stalitza and Petricherobv the Russians 
. Retreat of Chakir Pasha . . Don Francisco de la Gu- 
erra, Mexican statesman, died in Mexico. Count de 
Palikao, French statesman and Senator 81 died 
in Paris.... 9. Russians under General Rad'etskv 
capture entire Turkish army at Shipka Pa.ss Reso- 
lutions introduced in the Massachusetts Legislature 
tayoringagoldstandar(l,andcon(lemiing the Bland 
.SilyerBill..\ictorEmanuel II. King of Italy 57 died 
in Rome. . . .11. Fernando Wood's investigation res- 
olution passes the House . . Nissacaptured by the Ser- 
vians after a five davs' battle. .EskiSaghra and Ye- 
ni-Saghra occupied by the Rus.sians.. Demetrius 
Bulgans, Greek Statesman, died in Athens.. r2 
Great fire in London, loss over$i,cco,cco. 13 Cen- 
tral Superintendency of Indian affaiisdiscoii'tiniied 

by order of Secretary Schurz 14. Thirteen lives 

lost by the wreck of the schooner Little Kate oft 
Duxbury. Mass. ...IS Sixteen persons killed and a 
large number injured by a railroad accident near 
Tariffville, Conn. .$300,000 voted fortheu'w State 
Capitol at Albany. .General McClellan inaugurated 

Governor of New Jersey 16. Lead City, Dakota 

capiured by border ruffians.. Samuel Bowles, jour- 
nalist (Springfield Republican), 61, died at Spring- 
field, Mass — 17. Four negroes killed by a mob at 
Lexington, Ky . Treaty of commerce and friendship 
between the United States and Samoa signed 18 
Commodore George W. HoUins, U. S. N., 79, died at 
Baltimore — 19. The Ohio Senate passes a joint 
resolution favoring remonetization of the silver dol- 
lar and passage of the Bland bill.. Turks evacuate 
Adrianople. .Banquet to Stanley at Paris.. Insurrec- 
tion at Thessaly and Macedonia... 21. Cleopatra's 
needle arrives in England. . Servian troops occupy 
Pristina and Kar Shumli..Widdin completely in- 
vested and bombardment commenced. .E. K.Col- 
lins, founder of Collins' line of Steamships.76,died in 
New York city... 22. Russians occupy Adrianople 
23. Marriage of Alfonso, King of Spain, to the 
Princess Mercedes The Austrian Cabinet resigns 
Gen. Aug VVillicli,68, died at St. Mary, Ohio. 24 
Earlsof Derby and Carnarvon, of the British Min- 
istry, resign.... 2S. The U. S. Sen .te passes Mat- 
thews Silver resolution — 26. Terrible famine re- 
ported in China; 9, cco.cco people starving. William 
Gale completes a walk of a quarter of a mile everv 
ten minutes for thirteen con.secutivc days. .Dr.Jno 
Doran, anoted English author, 70, died in London 
— 27. Three islands in Lake Scutari, captured by 
Montenegrins. .George P. Gordon, inventor of the 

Gordon printing press, 67, died in Norfolk, Va 28 

Defeat of the Turkish army at Raschasink by the 
Servians. Revolt in Athens — 29. Turks defeated 
by Thessalian insurgents on Mount Pelion. .Sir Ed- 
ward S. Crea.sy, English historian, 65, died in Lon- 
don — 30. Joseph Hildebrand, German philosopher 
72, died in (iermany... 31. Str. Metropolis. Phila- 
delphia to Brazil, driven ashore on Currituck Beach 
N.C., and wrecked, nearly 100 lives lost. .Armistice 

signi d between Russia and Turkey February i. 

storm <m the ..Mlimtic Coast, many ves.sels wrecked 
l':niicin Coiistiuitinople. .Russians occupy Kazan 
Stranding of British steamer Astarte at Castillos 
and 30 lives lost . .George t'ruikshank, English art- 
ist and designer, 8s. died in London 2. I'ostal 

convention signed between the I'liited States and 
Australia. .. .3. gcoRid Cloml Indians po upon the 
warpath. . .Gov. Wells of Louisiana, suireiulers 
Chas. Thomas, brevet M;ii-(ien. IT. S. A., 80, dies at 
Washington, PCErzeioiim surrenders to the Rus- 
sians ,An asylum in Tien-Tsin, China, burned with 
2,oco persons — 5. Prefeitof St. I'etersburgshot by 
Vera Sa<siiliteh — 6. Russians take fiossession ot 
fortiliratioiis at Constantinople.. .7. iJiovanni 
M. M. lirrelti. Pope I'iuslX, 8s. (liesat Rome. .(;on- 
lusion of Louisiana trial; Andir.son convicted 




Inniinr,/! I, i,„ a n i „ . .. . , . <olUile oft .'^aiidy Hook ; several lives lost... Gideon 
«,,?niV^ -^ . .''" S. Randall noted entomologist Wells, e.x Sec. of Naw. 75, died in Hartford, Conn. 

f »i„ • .?"^'•"^;''"■''"" ^"'"•^ ■*■ -• Alba ! diaries M. (^iiirad, <x H. S. Senator aiidex-Sec. 

Hn^r .,. < -^'^ '*"Viil;"'-giins.,rurk8deteatedat;of\Var, 73. .lie.l in N, w Orleans, La...Wm. Welsh, 
uogroN .Seven imn kille.l by u nitro gly<-erine ex-iphilaMtlir.ipisi, 7(,. .lied in i'hiladelphia. ..12 Rccep- 
. IM leli Kmile Lanihinet, French tion by l'uii;;ress ol larpeiiter's picture of Abraham 
' "" -' The British ilcct entered the Dar- 



plosionat Nega . . 

artlsl,73. died in Paris :(. Ru.ssians capture So- 
phia in Central Turkey .Communication between 
Servians and the Russian army of the Vld.. Re- 
treat of Suleiman Pashaon Stalitza....4. Marquis 
WUopolski, Polish statesman, died in London....;. 



Lincoln... 13. 

danelles. .Rev. Dr. Alexander DufT, missionary, 71, 
died at Lidmouth, Eng. . .Mother Teresa (.Miss Mary 
Hannah Sewcll), founder ot a religions order. 87, died 
in Baltimore 14. Turkisli Parliament dissolved 



CHRONOLOOY. 



159 



IK. Opening of the Spanish Cortes.. Bayard Tay- 
lor nominated Minister to lioimany . 16. Pa^s'^v-'f 
of the Bland s.lver bill.. Withdrawal of the Bntisli 
fleettoMadaneaBay...Hev. Wm.GoodoU, pioneer 
abolitionist. gs, died at Janesville, W 's. • ■ • '7- ^ <';'i": 
teen persons drowned by the sinking of the steamer 
C R Palmer.. Disastrous fire in New York, two 
churches and six stores burned ; loss, Si.ooo.oco. .... 
18 Russia persuaded not to occupy Constantinople 

20 End of the ten-years' Cuban rebellion.. Car- 
dinal Pecci elected Pope, and takes the name of Leo 
XIII 21. Concurrenceofthe Housointhe Senate 
amendments to the silver bill, and tiie measure sent 
to the President. . . 22. National Greenback party 
organized at Toledo, Ohio. . Prot. Albert bmi' h, M.D.. 
LL.D., 78, died at Peterboro, N.H . . . .23. Passage of 
anactby the Utah leyislature disfrancnlsing Gen- 
tiles 24. Collision of a ferryboat and a schooner 
in the Hudson river; several killed... 25. «• W. 
Taylor first Comptroller of V. S. Treasury, di'-d in 
Washincton . . Hon. Townsend Harris, ex-U.S. Consul 
to Japan, died in N. Y.City. .Gen. Duplessis. French 
soldier, died in Paris.... 26. Destructive floods in 
California, causing the loss of many lives, .bather 
Aneelo Sacchi, Italian astronomer, 60, died in Pisa, 
Italy 27. The Bland silver bill vetoed by the 
President .The Archbishop of Rennes died there. . . . 
28 Passage of the Bland silver bill over the Presi- 
dent's veto, .reorganization of the New York State 

Military Association March i. Excitement in 

England, and preparations made for a conflict with 
Russia 2. Duel between M. de Cassagnac and M. 
Thompson, the latter wounded in the throat. . Benj. 
F Wade ex-Vice-President of U. S. and ex-U. S. 
Senator, 77, died at Jefferson, O. . . .3. Signing of the 
treaty of San Stel'ano between Russia and Turkey. . 
Coronationof Pope Leo XIII.. Great demoiistration 
at Pottstown, Pa., in opposition to the Tariff bill 
4. Tornado in Casey cou ^" o„Hc«-^erfli, 



lunty, Ky., and several per- 
sons killed.. Mr. Por'ter, of yidianapolis, nominated 



I 



for first compiroUer of the Treasury . .Confirmation 
of Bavard Taylor as Minister to Germany. . . .5- Hot 
Springs, Ark., nearly destroyed by fire. . . .6. Judge 
Asa Briggs, ex-M.C. and cx-U.S. Senator from N. C. 
68, died in N.Y. City. . . .7. Opening of Italian parlia- 
ment. ..Count Paolo F. Schlopis, one of the Ala- 
bama" arbitrators, an Italian statisman, 79, died Iri 
Italy .The Archduke Francis, uncle ot Emperor of 
Austria, died in Vienna... 8. Colliery explosion near 
Glasgow, greatlossof life....?. Printing of one and 
two dollar greenbacks resumed by theTreasury de- 
partment .Terrific wind and snow storm in the 
west- snow isfeet deep in the streets of Cheyenne, 
Wyo ..10. Outbreak of cholera in Arabia.. Burning 
of the transport steamer Sphinx near Cape Elia, 
7,000 Circassians perish... Overthrow of President 

Baez in San Domingo 11. Disgraceful hazing 

affair at Dartmouth College. . . .12. Colliery explo- 
sion near Bolton, Eng., 40 lives lost. . . .13- J«fl.?''f°" 
county W. Va., swept by a terrific storm. .A. \ loUet 
le Due, architect, landscape painter and author, 
died in Paris . . .14. Commodore Robert F.Pinknty, 
U S N.,66,diedatBaltimore,Md....i5. Commodore 
John H.Graham, U.S. N., 84, died at Newbury, N. 
H England commences a war with the « attres in 

South Africa 17- Treaty of peace rntlfled at St. 

Petersburg . . Robbery of the Lechmcre bank, Boston 
18. Greatstrike of weavers in England . .19. 
O'bonovan Rossa riot in Toronto, Can... Anderson 
released by order of Supreme Court of La. . .20. l^na 
of the Hay ti rebellion... Prince Bi.smarck'3 ultima- 
tim to Nicaragua... Paul Boyton .^"''"S '''^ Mrait 
of Gibraltar . . . .22. Five persons killed by a bmler 
explosion at Richmond, Va. . . .23. SUamer Magenta 
buFsts a steam pipe near Sin? Sing, N.Y., six persons 
k lied O'Leary wins the Internationa walking 
match in London.. 4.C00 houses d^'st'oyed by flrein 
Tokio, Japan. . .John Al i»on. Register of the Treas- 
ury and ex-M. Cdied in \Vashington,_D. C... 24 
Sinking of the British naval training slup Eur.v<lic< 
off the Isle ot Wight, 3oohvc3lost^. .25. * million 
dollar fire in Philadelphia. . . 26. Fire in New ^ ork, 
loss $wo ceo. . . .27. Forty persons killed by a colliery 
explosion in North Staarordshire,En^;.. .28. Glenni 
W.Scoflcld confirmed as Register ot the Treasury 
■JO. Ex- President Grant received by the Pope. . . . 
April I. Opening ot the Mexican Congress ..Marnuis 
of^Salisbury becomes .Secretary of |t«te in KuKi's ' 
Cabinet. . .2. Assassination ol the Earl ol I; ■'tn • 
clerk and driver, in Derry, Ireland^.. S- Mob jio- 
lence in Rho.le Island ctton nulls, Kent county 



Chief Justice T. Bigclow. 68, died 'p.^*"*""- "f.**- • • 
Rev. George Putnam, DO., 71, died m Boston, Mass. 
.... 12. Portions of Kansas swept bv a tornado great 
lo.<soflile and properly.. Wm. F. tweed ^5. died in 
New York E. 6elafleld Smith, JX^U >. Di.strict At- 
torney, died in New York. Dr. J. Behrcndt, ethnol- 
ogist, died in Guatemala. Central Aineru^a. .George 
Tyler Bigelow, LL.D., 68. died in Boston, Mass. ...13. 
Fifteen acresof Clarksvillo, Tenn. , burned ovej-,k)M 
$soo,ooo,. Oxford winsthe boat race with Cambridge 
on the Thames 14. Canton, China, devastated by 
a hurricane, accompanied by two w;ater-spouts... 
Town of Goa. Venezuela, destroyed by an earth- 
quake...!-. Three inurdererslvnclud a Hunts ille. 
Ala .18. Collision between white and black minors, 
and a number killed, at Coal Cre.k. l"''. ■ '9- A 
general strike in the manufacturing districts of 
England. Riots in Montreal. ..Geo. W. Blunt Pilot 
('ommi.s.sioner and author. 76, died in New York.. 
Rev. P. F Lvnden.CatholioVicar-general of Boston. 
66.died the're. . . 20. Rev. J. P. pubr.uil,D.D.,\ icar- 
general of Baltimore, Md., 63, died there. . . 21. The 
Azorsailsfrom Charleston. S.C, with 2so colored 
emigrants for Liberia... .22. Promulgation of the 
Pope's encyclical a.sserting temporal power.. Nihil- 
ist troubles in Russia... Wm. Orton, President Wes- 
tern Union Telegraph Co.. 54. died in New York.... 
2^ Destructive tornado in western low-a... 24. Prot. 
Malaguti, chemist, 78. died in Sevres, France.. .26. 
Geo. Grant, founder Victoria Colony, Kansas, died 
there. . . .27. The Barclay street explosion in New- 
York City. loss$i.5oo,ooo. .Delegation of distingulsH- 
ed Southerners entertained at Boston. .. .28. Gen. 
Todlehen appointed to succeed the Grand Duke 
Nicholas in command of the Russian arm v in Tur- 
key. .Twenty persons killed bv a boiler explosion at 
Dublin, Ireland. . . .30. First coniingent ol British 

troops sent to Malta May i. Opemng of 1 aris 

Exposition. .John Morrissey, gambler, Niate Senator 
andex M.C..47,died at Saratoga... 2. Hour mill 
explosion at Minneapolis, killing >7„P>'rson«. .\V^ S- 
O'Brien, "Bonanza King," died at San Ralael Cal. 
4. England transports native troops from India 

tooperate against Russia 5- <^ount Schouvalofl 

sets off on a mission of peace.... 6. 'a'-kard nom- 
inated for consul at Liverpool. . . 7- An insurrection 
in Central Turkey, 21 Mohammedan villages des- 
troved....io. The Canadian parliament pn.rogued 
..s:s. Sardinian burned at harbor of Londonderry, 
three killed and forty injured.. .Troubles with the 
Mexicans on the Texas border... The bankrupt act 
repeal bill passed. . . n. Attempted as.sassi nation of 
Emperor William by Hoedel... 13-. Sevente.n Am- 
erican vessels chartered by Russia... Catharine B. 
Beecher, educator and author, 77, died in tlmira ». 

Y ..13. Prof Joseph 8. Henry, LL.D.. scientist, 
secretary Smithsonian Institute. 80 died in Wash- 
ingtou, l").C...Mrs. John Bright, wi(;e of Hon. John 
Bright, died at Rockdale, Eng.. . .Maj.-t,en. 'Thos. S. 
Dakin, cchbrated rifle shot, 46, died in Brooklyn N. 

Y 16. Cottonstrike riots atPreston, Manchester 

and'Burnly, Eng 17. The Potter investigation 

ordered by the House of Representatives. . .Message 
from President Haves on the fishery award. .. .18. 
Meetingof the American Social Science Association 
in Cincinnati. . . .19. Forty persons burned to death 
in a Calcutta theatre. .Rev. S. M. Isaacs. Journalist. 
74, died in New York. . . .22. A iileasure steamer cap- 
sized in Grand river, Canada, and nine persons 



drowned. . Francis IVralto rode 305 miUs in I4hr8 
and3i min. at Fleetwood Park, N \'. . 23. An Indian 
outbreak in Montana. . . 24- Greatstorm in W iscon- 
sin att.nded with loss of life ....25. Duchess of 
Argyle die.l at Edinburgh. . John A. Bolles, naval 
Solicitor-general. 69, died in Washington J no.Scott 
Harrison, e.\-.'*l. C.dii-d at North Bend, Ind. . 28. 
Invitations to the Berlin Congre.-s isMied by Ger- 
many Earl Ru.-sell (Lord John Kn-M-li), formerly 
Brili'sh Premier,86,died in London, Eng. So. Severe 
drought on the Island of Jamaica . .SmKing ol the 
German naval vcs.sel Gros>er Kiiriiirst 111 th.' Eng- 
lish channel, and nearly ■}o liv.s lo-t rheluidyot 
the son of ex-President Harris. mi loniul in an Ohio 
medical college. . . .June 1. lpri>ing of the Bannock 
Indians . .2. A tornado destroys ico hou.-es al Rich- 
mond, Mo. .Wreck of the str. Idaho on the coastof 
Ireland. ..Nobeling attempts the a-^sassination of 

Emperor William 3- vera Sassuliteh escapes 

irom the Russian authorities.. .400 Russians mas- 
sacred in Roumelia. . . .6. The Pope appeals to the 
powers to protect Catholics in Turkey. He V. Nath I 






X6u 



CSROXOLOGt. 



vers fight with the Bannock Indians... Amnesty ...31. R.itiflcation of the treaty of Berlin.. Hanlon 
granted to Cuban patriot prisoners. . .Turkey selects defeats Ro.^s in a boat race at Riverside, iN. B. . . . .31. 

two Christians to attend the Berlin Congress. .Bui- Yellow R-ver brc ks out at New Orleans August 

gai ians burn ig villaL es and commit horrible atroc- i. Arrival of Chinese embassy athan i rancisco. . . 
ities Earthquake in Lisbon, Fortugai. .John A. Mc-('ardinul Alessandro Franchi, sg, ditd at Rome. . .2. 




Downfall of the Catholic .-Miiiistrv in Belgium. .Wm. ling match in Kngland. . 7. Beginning of the Aus- 
Cullcn Brvant, poet and joiini:ilist, 83, died in Newitro-Bosniiui war .Collision on the panhandle R. R., 
York Ex"-King&eorge(,filanov,-rdiod....i3. Meet-i lear S.eubenviile O. ; is per.sons kil ed ami 40111- 

ingoftlieBei-UnCo'it'ress .Prof.O.W.Keeley.LL.D., jured 8.. Powder magazine explodes at Fratesi, 

in^oiuit ccuun J . .-■!... lu vx jjpg^|.^/pp,,,^„^iji„s:jja_ killing 45 persons g. Terrihc storm and 




man, poet and author, 75. died in Providence, R.I, 
28 Harvard defeats Yale in a boat race at New 
London, Conn.. Centennial of the battle of Mon- 
mouth in New Jersey.... 29. Tunnel caves in at 
Schwelni, Ger.,burving25 persons. . . .July i. Inde- 
pendence of Ronniania and Montenegro acknowl- 
edged 2. Twenty five thousand men out of 
emploVmcnt in the Schuylkill mining regions. . . .3. 
Centennial anniversary ot the massacre ot Wyom- 
ing Dr. J. C. Aver, chemist and patent medicine 
manufacturer, died at Winchendon, Mass. . . .4. Ten 
persons killed and fifteen injured by lightning at a 
picnic near Pittsburgh. .A New London picnic party 
struck by lightning... Rev. Johu Bowling, D. D., 
clergyman and author, 70, died at Middletown, N.\ . 
5 Victory of the Columbia College crew at the 

iieniey regatta in England 5. Indian fights in 

Oregon .7. Batoum ceded to Russia.. Kesigiiation 
of the Austrian Cabinet. .4.700 houses destroyed by 
fire in Mamhilav, Burinah. ..French elections tor 
deputies, and lai-ge Kepulilican gains. .Explosion in 
apetrokum factory in France, and 3o lives lo.st. . .. 
8 Battle with the Indians at W illow ^priii'-'saiid 
Bea-lcTs .Mills, Oregon. . .Geo. S. Appleton.book 
publisher, i;^. died at Riverside, N. Y'. . .g. Announce- 
ment of a .secret treaty between England and Tur- 
key 10. Gen. Howard fights a severe battle at 
Head Birch Creek ...12. Capt, Webb swims about 
ic miles in g hr.s. 57 min., Thames river, England. . 
13. Berlin treaty signed by all the plenipiitentiaries, 
and Congress adjourns... Harvey J. Eastman, edu- 
cator, mavur ot Pouglik.'Cpsie, died there.. 14 
Canadian"troops fire into a mob at .-^t. Hemi J mu- 
tion ...i^. Removal of Arthur and loniell lioni tlu 
New Yorkcustoui-liouse...i;o cases.il suiistnikeat 
8t Louis. ...18. A train ot 22 cars tall thnnigha 
bridge at a height of 90 feet near Mcmtlcell.., Iml 

killing several persons 20. Gen. MerrittlieCdines 

collector, and (Jen. Graham surveyor ot customs at 
New York...(;ei>. F. Sliepley, judge of First L nited 

States District <'mirt, Maine, 67, died in Bangor 

31. Grand Arniv eneaijipineiit at Gettysburg — -•2. 
Lord Beaconslleld made a knight of the garter.... -';<. 
The orderof tint garter conferred upon the .Marquis 
of. Salisbury... Meeting of tlie National Greenback 
Convention at Svracnse. .Riot at East t>t. Louis, .Mo. 
.."Minnie Warren" (Mrs. .Newelli, a very beautuul 
dwarf, sister of Mrs. Tom Thumb, 28, died m Ma-sa 

chu.s';tts 25. British ship Loch Ard lostwitlKi; 

lives.. Rev. Samuel C.Jacksou, I).n.,l ongregation 
alisl clergyman and aiitlior, 7''', died m Ma~s . jn. A 
bouteap-i/es near hlaekwater, Ireland ; ]4cliihlren 
and s ti'a hers drown.il, , Unit ons denionsl rat loiisin 
Wasliinut.Mi,]).C....i ol. Forsyth roiUestlie Indians 

near Sharkie's ranclie 28. Grand bainiuet to 

Beaconslleldand Salisbury in London. ..Austrian 
army enters Bosnia... Mar<|Uis of Lome appoint!-. 
(Jovernor Cetii'rnl of Canada. . .20. Total eclips<. .11 
the Bun, obs.rvalions being made at Deiiv.r ami 

otliir point- Four negroes hanged by a mob jit 

Monr..e la (j derniaii parliamentary elecli.>n 



at Newark. .Ex-Queen Maria Christina de Bourbon 
of Spain, 72, died at St. Adresse, France. .Wni. Niblo, 

founder of Xil.lo's Garden, 89, died at New York 

22. P.iw.l.-r mills explode at Negaunec, Mich., and 
several enipl.)yees killed , . . .27. Ex-Gov. Padelford. 
ofR.I., 71, died at Providence, R.I — 30. A pardon 
to the Fenians Melody and Condon granted by the 
English government... -Mi.skolez, Hungary, almost 
entirely tieslrove.l bv a storm, and over =,(xi persons 
drowned , . .V ni'tr.j-.-'l vceriiie explosion at Xegaunee, 
Mich., with gr.atl.>ss of life. .. .31- Ageneralrush 
intobankruptcv, owing to the expiration of the 
bankruptact. .Judge Thomas B. Dwight, 41, died in 

Andover, Mass September i. J. G. Dickerson, 

LL. D ,Judge of the Supreme Court ot Maine, 6;, died 
in San Francisco. . . .2. Anniversary of Sedan cele- 
brated in Germanv. British Columbia wants to 
withdraw from the Union. . Forest fires on the shore 
of Lake Michigan, extending over 160 miles — 3. 
Bish.ip McC.iskrv, of Michigan, deposed trom the 
Epise.,pate.Sinkingof the steamer Princess Alice in 
the Thames, causing a loss of over 500 lives.... 6. 
Gen. J. T. Spragiie, U. S. A. , died in New York City 
7. Albanians murder Mehemet All, the Turkish 
general, and 20 of bis suite. . , ,8. Trebinje surrend- 
ered to the Austrians. . . .9. Meeting of the Germail 
Reichstag... Maine election, and large increase of 
Greenback vole.... 11. Two hundred and eighty 
lives lost bv a colliery explosion in Wales... .13. 
Russians evacuate Erzeronm .Greatstorms in the 
west causing much destru.-tioii to railroad prop- 
er! v 14. The Porte accepts the Eughsh pro- 
gra'mini- ofrelormsfor Asia .Minor. .. .i6. Deteatof 

t!ie Canailian Government in the elections 17. 

The Buller-Oemocratic-tlreeMback Convciitum at 
Worcester.. Rev. Parre P. Irving, D. I)., Episc(ipal, 
neplnw of Washington Irving, and autliorw2, died 
atN.wBri.hton,S. I„ New York. .. . . .18. Ex Gov. 

\ (■liarlel,ofIil.,78, died at Di.xon, III 20. Ar- 

rivaloftlie Chinese Embas.sy in Washington. (.hey- 
enne raid in Kansas. .Col. Thomas B. Th..rpe, author. 
63, died in New York.. 22. . Whole to»ns swept 
away by a tornado in Hayti British missi.ni to 
.\fgliaiiistan refused permission to ei'h'r I abnl... 
"l Russians evacuate San Stelano, Eruptmn 01 Mt. 

Vesuvin'- Tuzia surrendered to the Austrians 

>l Sni.i.le of Ex-Coiigrcssman A. H. Lafiin, at 
Fi'tchbiirg Mass. .Treaty betwien the Viiit. d States 




>,..r of 1812, yo," Jersey cily,...ExJu(ige B. K. 

TIn.mas, Ex-M. C.died atSalein, Mass .Dr, August 

11, I'.tcrmann, eminent geograjdier. bv sunide.sb. 

Ilia, Germany. 



Betr.itiialof the ol.l Kihs 



of Holland, ,30 Y'<llow lever at its height at 
Menit>his ami New Orleans; more than 300 deaths 
,,,'r . lay . .October 2. Failure of the . City ol Glas- 
■liowBank. Austrian ministerial crisis.. Mounglon, 



GHROSOLOGY. 



161 



Kinpt of Biirmah, probably, died Sept. 12, but not an-isian Gen. Kauffinan's extraordinary assurance to 



noiincod Ull Oct, 2. Cyrillc Dion, champion billiard 

player, 35, died at Montreal, Can 3. Hiinlon de 

leats Courtney in a sculling race at Lachinc, Can. . 
4. Insurrection in Santa Cruz.. Turks nias.sacre 



the Ameer. Briti.sli success in Kliyberpass 23. 

Arrival ofthe Sarmatianat Halilax with the Mar- 
quisand Marchinnessot'Lorcie un board — 24. L'n- 

veiling of the Humboldt statue at St. Louis 25. 

Sadi Fasha, and is6 offlci r< and menat Podtioritza'Sinkiiii; of the steamer Pommoruniaby a collisiun 

5 Austria conquers tlie Bosnian insurgents inear the Eni;.isli coast, with the lossof twenty lives 

Sir Francis Grant, Pr.sident Roval Acndemv, 7^,1. .27. Khiirum Fortoc<;upied by the Briti>h. .Flicht 

died in London, Ens. 6. Lord t'helmsford died in'ofthe Afghan garrison to Peiwnr Kilty per.>ons 

England. .Rev. Nehcmiih Adams, D. D., 72, died in jiinip offafcrry boatat Liverpool, and aredrowned. 
Boston.. Advance ofthe Afghans to the Khyber owing to a panic. .Robert Heller, magician, 4;. died 
pass. .Disaster on the Old Colonv Railroad heartin Philadelphia. .28. Louis A. Go<Uy, proprietor 0/ 
Boston; 21 persons killed and alargenumbcr in-j"Godey'sLadv'sBook,'' 76,died in Philadelphia. . . 
jured 9. The Portes circular to the powers ar- English forcesentor Khyber pass.in Afghanistan. 



rests Austrian cruelties in Bosnia and Herzegovina 29. Riot in Breathitt county, Ky 
Kt. Rev. Thomas Galheny, D. D., R. C.|Ex-M. C. and Ex- Attorney-Gene 



Lyman Tremain, 

_. ral of N. V.,60, died 

Bishop of Hartford, 4=;, died there. .".'11. Panic in al in Albany.. Col. Robert C'hustre Buchanan, U.S.A., 

Liverpool theatre, q2'persons trampled to death 67, died in Washington, D. C. .Conimod'ire William 

Archbishop Felix Antoine Dupanloup, of Bordeaux, T. Spicer, U.S.N., t;?, died in Washun-ton . ..Decem- 

meraberol French Assembly, died at Bordeaux Iber i. Collision on the Mississipiii between the 

The town of Edinburgh, Pa., reduced to ashes., steamers Charles Morgan and Cotton Valley; sink 



Five negroes lynched at Mt. Vernon 14. Myste- 
rious murder of Policeman Smith, at Jersey City... 
The jury in the Biilings trial disagree, and are dis- 
charged. .Meeting held at Rheimsin favor of the 
Franco-American commercial treaty. .Pierre Soute. 
Ex-Minister to Spain, rebel Commissioner, died in 

New Orleans, La 15. Commodore Scnufeldfs 

cruise to Aiiica.. Baron Von Pretis Cognoda in- 
trusted with the task of forming a new Austrian 
cabinet 16. Convention signed between the Cre- 
tans and the Turks. .Nine persons killed by a panic 

in a colored Baptist Church, at Lynchbui'g, \ a 

Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, Mexican war and rebel Gen- 
eral, died at St. Helena, Ark 17. A New Bedford 

whaler capsized and 73 fishermen drowned i9. 

Passage ot the German Anti->ocialist bill Benja- 
min H. Latrope, Jr., eminent civil engineer, 71, died 
in Baltimore, Md 20. Rear Admiral Hiram Pauld- 
ing, U.S.N., 81, died at Huntington, L. I... .20. The 
German Socialists leave the Reichstag in a body. . . 
Railroad collision in Wales.and 12 persons killed and 

20 injured 21. Fifteen villages inundated by the 

Nilc.Rt Rev. S. N. Rosecrans, R. C. BLshop of Co- 
lumbus, and brother of Gen. Rosecrans, 51, died at 
Columbus — 22. Resignation of the whole Italian 
cabinet 23. Pennsylvania visited by a wind 



ing ofthe latter with the loss ofaolivcs. .George H. 
Lewis, author, husband of "George Eliot," died in 
London. .AllredWigan. an acto;,dicd in London... 
2. Oiiening of the International Dairy Exhibition 

in New York citv Congress convenes. . Kt. Rev. 

Joseph P. B. Wilmer, Prolessor, Bishop of New 

Orleans, died there 3. Evacuatien of Jelallabad 

bvthe Ameer's forces; twenty villages burned and 
niost of the inhabitants massacred by the Macedo- 
nian insurgents.. 4. Opening of the English Parlia- 
ment. .Formation of a mw Turkish Ministry. .Gen- 
eral Roberts wins a victory in Peiwar pass 5 

Ovation to Kmperor William on his return to Ber- 
lin Capt. Whvtc Melville, novefist, died in Eng- 
land . . Sinor Rivero, chief ofthe progressionists and 
democrats in Spain, died there — 7. Arrest of an 
American, Rmier.in Constantinople, charged with 
conspiracy against the Sultan. ...8. Failure of the 
West of England Bank. ...9. Publication ofthe 
Ameer'sreplv to the Viceroy of India British Con- 
sulate at Adrianople raided by the Russians 10. 

Banishment of Mahnioud Daniad Pasha to Tripoli.. 
Heavy floods in New York and various other States 
..James H. Monahan. Chief Justice of Common 

Pleas and privy councillor, 7^, died in Dublin 

.J. ._.. „^ „ Henry Wells, founder of Wells College, and Wells 4 

storm, and many people killed and injured.. .Cardi-jFargo's Express, 73, died in Glasgow, Scotland 

nal Paul OuUen, 75, died in Dublin. ...25, Loss 01,11. Discovery of rich silver fields at Leadville. 
the steamer City ot Houston, on the Florida coast. .(Jolorado. .12. A general uprising reported against 

Moncasi attemp'ts the assas.sination of King Alfonso, I the authority of the Ameer in .\tghanistan The 

of Spain.... 27. Robbery of the .Manhattan Bank, commandant of Fort Ali-Musiid blown from the 
New York... 28. Strike of so.oooClvde iron work- mouth of a cannon. .The Alghans plead lor peace... 
ers.. Bulgarian insurrection spreading. .Arrival in 14. Abdul Kerim and Redif Pasha banished to 
Irelandof Lord Dufferin. .. .30. Resignation of the Rhodes. .The PrinccssAlice Maud -Mary, ot England, 
Grecian Ministry.. .3I. Terrible ravages of cholera Grand Duchess of Hesse Darmstadt, died at Darm- 
in Morocco.. Steamer Helvetia, from Liverpool to 
New York, runs down and sinks the British coa.st- 

guard crui.ser Fanny, and i7 lives lost November 

I. Great contlagra"tion in Maynooth College, Ire- 
land. .Extensive strike in English cotton-spinning 
district.. Garnier Page, French statesman and his- 
torian, died in Paris 3. Christopher R. Robert, 

philanthropist, founder of Robert College, Constan. 

tinople, 77, died in Europe 6. Jean Jaques Fazy, 

Swiss statesman, died in Switzerland 7. Rob- 
bery of A. T. Stewart's grave in New York ..Appeal 
of Mormon women in Utah again.st polygamy.. .H. 
W. Bache, U. S. coast survey, died in Bristol.R. I.. 
Robert Howell, artist, engraver of " Audubon's 

Birds," died at Tarrytown, N. \ 9. Principal 

part of Cape May, N. J. .destroyed by an incendiary 

Are II. Midhat Pasha appointed Governor of 

Syria N. B. Judd, Ex-M. (;., and Ex-Minister to 



stadl of diphtheria, aged ^s years 16. Cholera 

and famine carrying off thousands otjeople iii Mo- 
rocco. .Severe business depression In England — 17. 
Gold at par in New York city for the flrst time in i7 
years. .John H. Almy, iournalist and former army 
agent, 48, died in New York — 18. Execution of 
Jack Kehoe, leader ofthe Molly Maguires. .Steamer 
Bvzantin sunkin the Dardanelles, and too lives lost 
..'Formation of a new Italian Cabinet 19. Bay- 
ard Taylor, author, traveller and poet, American 
Minister to Germany. SI, died in Berlin... 20. Jelal- 
labad occupied by Gen. Browne Flight of the 

Ameer from Cabul to Turkestan 21. Reported 

loss ofthe brig C. R. Burgess, bound from Bo.-.ton to 

England, with all on board Rev. Dr. McCauley, 

principal of King's College, Windsor, N. S , died 

there 24. Accident 011 the Lehigh Valley Rail- 

„,..„ „. , „ „.^. „ road, and five persons killed.. American steamship 

Berlin, 66, died in Chicago.... 12. Switzerland gives State of Louisiana founders upon the rocksof Lough 
notice that she will withdraw from the Latin Union Lame, Ireland. .Rear Admiral llort, U.S.N. ,69, died 
..End ofthe yellow fever in the southwest..Total at Washington, D. C....Kev. Jos. B. CHatjaii, S. J.. 
number of deaths from the scourge, 20,000. .Memphis] President of College of the Ilolv Cross, \\ i.rcester. 
the greatest proportional sufferer; 5,000 deaths outi. Mass., died there — 26. Rev. Leonard Woods. D. 
of 12,000 people... 14. Gen. Grant received with p., LLD., Ex-President of Howdoin College, died in 

great honors in Madrid.. Great flood in Italy... John Mass Submission of Yakoob Khan, son ot the 

S. Sleeper, "Hawser Nightingale," former proprie- Ameer, and virtual ending of the Afghan war.. The 

tor of Boston .Aourjio/, 84, died in Bo.ston 17. Pas- capital of Northern Brazil devastated by sniall- 

sanante attempts the lite of Humbert I . , of Italy. ... pox ; 600 deaths daily 27. Arrival ol the Ameer 

Publication of Lord Salisbury's re plv to S cretarvof Afghanistan at Tashkend News received of 

Evartsonthe fishery question 18. " Political mas- the loss ofthe steamer Emily B. Souder.iwo days 

saere at Lemberg, Germany. .Destructive inuiula- out of New York, on the loih instant, with the losa 
tion in Norwich, England. .Assassina. ion of Don of 36 lives. .. Gen. 1). C. Colluin, Sup<rinten.lcntof 
Manuel Pardo.Ex-President of Peru .Serious loss ot Railways and Army Transportation, during the 
life by inundation of the river Save, at Pesth, Aus- war, and former Superintendent ol Erie Railway, 

tria 20. A reward of Sso.ooo oflfered for the re-'died in Brooklyn, N. Y. .Rev. George Thacher. D.D.. 

coveryofA. T. Stew.irt's body and conviction of Ex-President ofthe University ol Iowa, died in 
the thieves. .War begun between England ami Hartford, Conn. . Ex tiov. Onslow Stearns, ol New 
Afghanistan.. Duel between M. Ganibetta and .M . Hampshire, died in Concord, N. H. .Nitro-plycerine 
de Fourtou: neither injured ...21. Explosion at a explo.sion at Upper Preakness, N. J., killing three 
coal mine at Sullivan, Ind., fourteen men killed and men... 30. Harriet Grote, widow of George Grote. 
a number injured. .Payment of the fisheries award authoress, died in London, 
under protest by Minister Welsh in London, Rus- 



162 • POLICE STATISTICS. 



POLICE STATISTICS IN VAKIOUS CITIES. 



New York — Number of officers 2,600; Patrolmen's pay $100 per 
mouth; Sergeants' pay $133 per month; Captains' $1G6 per 
month; latest census, 1875, 1,046,037; number of arrests 78,451; 
average per officer 37; square miles 41; Superintendent, G. W. 
Walling. 

Philadelphia — Number of Patrolmen 1,200; 1876, arrests 44,919 
Patrolmen's pay $2.25 per diem; Captains' pay $125 per month 
Sergeants pay $90.20 per month; Population 1876, 817,488; K. H, 
Jones, Chief of Police. Square miles 125i^o*o; square acres 82,803 
Park Police 114; number of Buildings Jan. 1st, 1876, 145,001 
4 Captains; 26 Lieutenants; G2 Sergeants. 

Brooklyn — Number of officers 567; Patrolmen's pay $100 per month; 
Sergeants' pay $133 per month; Captains' $166 per month; offi- 
cial census, 1870, 396,099; number of arrests 25,558; average per 
officer 45; square miles 25; Superintendent, Patrick Campbell. 

St. Louis — Number of officers 439; Patrolmen's pay $75 per month; 
Sergeants' pay $100 per month; Captains' $150 per month; official 
census, 1870, 310,864; number of arrests 19,082; average per 
officer 51; square miles 5. 2 ; Superintendent, James McDonough. 

Boston — Number of officers 630; Patrolmen's pay $90 per month; 
Sergeants' pay $100 per month; Captains' pay $150 per month; 
official census, 1870, 250,52(1; number of arrests 25,261; average 
per officer 51; square miles 104; Superintendent, Wm. Savage. 

Baltimore — Number of officers 592 ; Patrolmen's pay $78 per month ; 
Sergeants' pay $82 per month; Lieutenants' pay $86 per month; 
Captains' pay $92 per month; official census, 1870, 267,354; num- 
ber of arrests 26,365; average uer officer 47; square miles 16, 
Superintendent, John T. Gray. 



rOLICE STAIJSIICS. 1G3 

New Orleans — Number of officers 585; official census, 1870, 191,418; 
number of arrests 21,286; average per officer 50; square miles 
150, Superintendent, W. F. Loan. 

Ohicago — Number of officers 507; Patrolmen's pay $850 per year; 
Sergeants' pay $1,220 per year; Chief's pay $1,615 per year; 
population 298,977; square miles 40; Superintendent, M. C. 
Hickey. 

CiNcinNATi — Number of officers 332 ; Patrolmen's pay $66 .67 ; Lieu- 
tenants' pay $75 per month; official census, 1870,216,289; num- 
ber of arrests 4,517; average per officer 26; square miles 24; 
Superintendent, L:a Wood. 

CpLUMBUs, O. — Number of officers 37; number of arrests 4,031; 
average per officer 109; Superintendent, Samuel Thompson. 

Buffalo — Number of officers 203; Patrolmen's pay $66.67 per month; 
Sergeants' pay $75 per month; Captains', $100 per month; official 
census, 1870, 118,000; number of arrests 8,858; average per 
officer 44; square miles 27; Superintendent, John Byrnes. 

AiiBANY — Number of officers 112; Patrolmen's pay $68 per month; 
Lieutenants' pay $85 per month; Captains' pay $116 per month; 
official census, 1870, 69,422; number of arrests 6,373; average 
per officer 56; square miles 22; Superintendent, John Maloy. 

San Francisco — Number of officers 150; Patrolmen's pay $125 gold, 
per month; Sergeants' pay $150 per month; Captains', $175 
per month; official census, 1870, 149,473; number of arrests 
20,108; average per officer 134; square miles 37.5; Superintend- 
ent, H. H. ElUs. 

Washington — Number of officers 232; Patrolmen's pay $90 per 
month; Sergeants' pay $100 per month; Lieutenants' pay $150 
per month; official census, 1870, 109,099; number of arrests 
14,226; average per officer 62; square miles 14; Superintendent, 
A. C. Richards. 

Cleveland — Number of officers 171; Patrolmen's pay $825 per year; 
Sergeants' pay $930 per year; Lieutenants' pay $1,020 per year; 
Captains' pay 1,400 per year; official census, 1870, 92,229; squai-e 
miles 29; Superintendent, J. W. Schmitt 



164 POLICE STATISTICS. 

Toledo— Number of officers 52; Patrolmen's pay $720 per year; 
Sergeants' pay $800 per year; Chief s pay $1,700 per year: offi- 
cial census, 1870, 31,584; square miles 16; Superintendent, J. C. 
Purdy. 

MiLWAUKiE— Number of officers 62; Patrolmen's pay $66 per month; 
Sergeants' pay $75 per month; Captains' pay $80 per month; 
official census, 1870, 71,440; square miles 13; Superintendent, 
Wm. Beck. 

WoBCESTER — Number of officers 50; Patrolmen's pay $820 per year; 
Captains' pay $900 per year; Chief's pay $1,600 per year; popu- 
lation 41,405; square miles 12; Superintendent, Ansel Wash- 
burne. 

Chelsea, Mass.— Number of officers 22; Patrolmen's pay $2.25 ^er 
day; Sergeants' pay $2.50 per day; Captains' pay $3 per day; 
official census, 1870, 18,547; square miles 1.8; Superintendent, 
Wm. P. Drury. 

Jersey City— Number of officers 150; Patrolmen's pay $840 per year; 
Captains' pay $1,500 per year; Chief's pay $2,000 per year; pop- 
ulation 82,546; number of arrests 56,000; Superintendent, Ben- 
jamin Champney. 

Charleston, S. C— Number of officers 138; official census, 1870, 48,- 
956; number of arrests 2,705; average per officer 20; square 
. miles 16; Superintendent, H. W. Hendricks. 

Newark, N. J. — Number of officers 177; official census, 1870, 105,059; 
number of arrests 6,752; average per officer 38; Superintendent, 
Jno. Mills. 

Salem, Mass.— Number of officers 42; official census, 1870, 24,117; 
number of arrests 1,682; average per officer 40; Superintendent, 
HiU. 

Indianapolis, Ind.— Number of officers 62; Patrolmen's pay $900 per 
year; Captains' pay $1,200 per year; official census, 1870, 48,244; 
Superintendenv, A. C. Dewey. 

Covington, Ky.— Number of officers 20; Patrolmen's pay $720 per 
year; Lieutenant's pay $1,200 per year; official census, 1870, 24,- 
502; Superintendent, P. J. Bolan. 

Lowell— Number of officers 52; Patrolmen's pay $900 pei- year; 
Captains pay $1,200, Chief's pay $1,800 per year; population 
40,928 



POLICE STATISTICH. 165 

Alleghany — Number of officers 57; Patrolmens' pay $803 per year; 
Captains' pay $900 per year; Chief's pay $1,000 per year; popu- 
lation 53,180; number of arrests 2,641. 

OswEOO — Number of officers 11; Patrolmen's pay $60 per month; 
Captains' pay $960 per year; population 20,910; number of arrests 
1,117; Chief, Nathan Lee. 

Pbovidence — Number of officers 191; Patrohnens' pay $1,080 per year; 
Captains' pay $1,300 per year; Chief's pay $1,250; number of ar- 
rests 8,964. 

HiOHMOND — Number of officers 84; Patrolmens' pay $900 per year; 
Captains' pay $1,200 per year; Chief's pay $2,000 per year; pop- 
ulation 51,038; number of arrests 6,800. 

XJtica — Number of officers 20; Patrolmens' pay $720 per year; Assist- 
ant Chief's pay $960 per year; Chief's pay $1,200 per year; pop- 
ulation 28,804; number of arrests, 1876, 1,200; average per officer 
60; square miles 8; cost Dept. $16,000; Chief, James Dwyer. 

iSUfEACUSE — Number of officers 34; Patrolmen's pay $75 per month; 
Captains' pay $1,200 per year; Chief's pay $1,500 per year; popu- 
lation 60,000; number of arrests, 1876, 3,360; arerage per officer 
33; Chief, Thomas Davis. 

NoBFOLK — Population, 1870, 19,256; number of force 44; Chief's pay 
$3 per day; Assistant Chief's pay $2.75 per day; Patrolmen's pay 
$2 per day; 18 hours' duty in 48; number of arrests, 1876, 1,977. 

Beading — Number of officers 28; pay $45 per month with uniform; 
Chief's pay $950 per year; population 33,000; Chief, Peter Cullim 

Haerisbueg— Population 30,000; Chief, Christian Cilley; pay $900 
per year; Lieutenant's pay $780 per year; Officers' pay $600 per 
year; square miles 3^. 

ScRANTON — Population 35,000; Chief, Jack Breese; number of officers 
11; pay $75 per month. 

Dayton— Population, 1870, 30,473; number of force 35; Chief's pay 
$1,440 per year; Sergeants' pay $900 per year; Roundsmen's pay 
$850 per year; Patrolmen's pay $800 per year; 11 hours' duty 
every 24; Chief, Amos Clark. 



166 POLICE.— ROTAL FAMILY OF ENGLAND. 

London, Eng. — Number of officers 8,833; population in 1878, 3,533,- 
184; number of arrests 42,951; average per officer 8; square 
miles 122; Superintendent, J. T. Willmayer. 

Liverpool, Eng. — Number of officers 1,018; population in 1878, 527,- 
000; number of arrests 32,243; average per officer 32; square 
miles 12; Superintendent, Anthony Jones. 

Manchester, Eng. — Number of officers 682; population in 1878, 400,- 
000; number of arrests 31,158; average per officer 46; Superin- 
tendent, W. H. Palin, Gh. Con. 

Dublin, Ireland — Number of officers 2,085; population in 1878, 314,- 
666; number of arrests 32,243; average per officer 16; square 
miles 5 . 



THE QUEEN AND ROYAL FAMILY OF ENGLAND. 

THE QUEEN.— Victoria, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, Queen, Defender of the Faith. Her Majesty was born in Kensington Palace, 
May 24, 1819; succeeded to the throne June 20, 1837, on the death of her uncle, 
King William IV.; was crowned June 28, 1838; and married Feb. 10, 1840, to His 
Eoyal Highness, Prince Albert. Her Majesty is the only child of his late Royal 
Highness, Edward, Duke of Kent, son of King George IIL The children of Her 
Majesty are — 

Her Eoyal Highness Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess Royal of Eng- 
land AND Prussia, born Nov. 21, 1840, and married to His Royal Highness William, 
the Crown Prince of Germany, Jan. 5, 1858, and has had issue, four sons and four 
daughters. One son (the third,) died June 18, 1866. The eldest daughter, V. E. 
A. Charlotte, was married Feb. 18, 1878, to Hereditary Prince of Saxa Meiningen, and 
has one child. 

His Royal Highness Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Born Nov. 9, 1841; mar- 
ried, March 10, 1863, Alexandria of Denmark, (Princess of Wales), born Dec. 1, 
1844, and has had issue. Prince Albert Victor, born Jan. 8, 1864, George Frederick 
Ernest Albert, born June 3, 1865; Louisa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born Feb. 
20, 1867; Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, born July 6, 18G8; Maude Charlotte Mary 
Victoria, born Nov. 26, 1869, and Alexander J. C. A., born 6th April, died 7th 
April, 1871. 

Her Royal Highness Alice Maud Mary, bom April 25, 1843; married to H. R. H. 
Prince Louis Frederick of Hesse, July 1, 1862, and has issue five daughters and one 
son; second son killed by accident May, 1873; Youngest daughter died of diph- 
theria, Nov. 15, 1878, and H. R. H. died of the same disease, Dec. 14, 1878. 

His Royal Highness Alfred Ernest Albert, duke of Edindurgh, born Aug. 6, 
1844; married Her Imperial Highness, the Grand Dutchess Marie, of Russia, Jan. 23, 
1874, and has one son and three daughters. 

Her Royal Highness Helena Augusta Victoria, born May 25, 1846; married to 
H. R. H. Prince Frederick Christian Charles Augustus Schleswig-Holstein-Son- 
derburg-Augustenburg, July 5, 1866, and has had issue three sons and two 
daughters. The youngest son died when seven days old. May 19, 1876. 

Her Royal Highness Louisa Carolina Alberta, born March 18, 1848; married to 
the Marquis of Lome; eldest son of the Duke of Argyle, March, 1871. The Mar- 
quis is now Governor General of Canada. 

His Roval Highness Arthur William Patrick Albert, bom May 1, 1850, Duke of 
Connaught, married March 13, 1879, to the Princess Louisa Margaret, grand niece 
of the Emperor of Germany, and daughter of Prince Frederick Karl. H. R. H. has- 
recelved the appointment of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 

His Royal Highness Leopold George Duncan Albert, born April 7, 1853, H. R. H^ 
ifl expected to take orders in the Anglican Church the present year, (1879). 

Her Royal Iligliness Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, bom April 14, 1857. 



FOBEIGK yATIONS. 



167 



FOREIGN NATIONS. 



PRESENT RULERS, POPULATION, SQUARE MILES, ETC. 



Abyssinia 

Afghanistan 

Anam (Cochin China) 

Aratiia (Muscat' 

Argentine Republic. 

Austro-Hungary 

Baden 

Barbary States 

Bavaria 

Belgium 

Beloochistan 

Bolivia 

Borneo 

Brazil 

Burmah 

Cambodia 

Canada, Dominion of 
Cape Colony 



China 

Chili 

Colombia 

Corea 

Costa Rica 

Dahomey 

Denmark 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

France 

Germany 

Gt. Britain & Ireland 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Hesse 

Hayti 

Honduras 

Italy 

Japan 

Liberia 

Madagascar 

Mecklen'g Schwerin. 
Mecklenberg Strelitz. 

Mexico 

Montenegro 

Morocco 

Netherlands 

Nicaragua 

Oldenburg 

Orange Free States.. . 

Paraguay 

Persia 

Peru 

Portugal 

Prussia 

Roumania 

Russia 

Saxe Coburg AGotha. 

SaxeMeitiingen 

Saxe-Weiuiar 

Saxony 

Sandwich Islands ... 

San Domingo 

San Salvador 

Servia 

Siam 

Spain 

Sweden 4 Norway... 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Tnited States 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Wurtemburg 

Zanzibar 



Magdala 

t'abool 

Hue 

Muscat 

Buenos Ayres. 

Vienna 

Carlsruhe 

Tripoli 

Munich 

Brussels 

Kelat 

Oruro 

Borneo 

Rio de Janeiro 

Mandalay 

Panompin. .. 

Ottawa 

Cape Town 

Pekin 

Santiago 

Bogota 

Kingkitao 

San Jose 

Abomey 

Copenhagen . . 

"uito 

Cairo 

Paris 

Berlin 

London 

Athens 

Guatemala 

Darmstadt 

P't-au Prince. 
Comayagua... 

Rome 

Tokio... 

Monrovia 

Antananarivo 

Schwerin 

Strelitz 

Mexico 

Cettigne 

Morocco 

Amsterdam... 

Managa 

Oldenburg . . . 
Bloemfnntein . 

Asuncion 

Teheran 

Lima 

Lisbon 

Berlin 

Bucharest 

St. Petersburg 
Gotha AC'b'rg 

Meiningen 

Weimar 

Dresden 

Honolulu 

San Domingo. 
San Salvador. 

Belgrade 

Bangkok 

Madrid. 

Stockholm ... . 

Berne 

Constantinopl 
Washington.. . 
Monte Video. . 

Caracas 

Stuttgart 

Zanzibar 



Dabri Pasha 

LouisII 

Leopold II 

Khodadad 

Gen. H. Daga 

Abdul Mumein 

DomPedroII 

Thebo 

Ong S'dctchN'd'm 
Marquis of Lome. 
Sir H.B.E. Frere.. 



JohannesIIfKassa King . 

Shere Ali Shah . 

Tu Due King .... 

Seyd B. Bin Said.jimaum 

Dr. N. AvellanedaiPresident.... 

Francis Joseph I. Emperor 

Frederick I iGrandDuke. 

Pasha 

King 

King 

Khan 

President — 

Sultan 

Emperor 

King 

King 

Gov.General 

Governor 

Emperor 

President 

President... 

King 

President 

King 

King 

President.... 

Khedive 

President 

Emperor 

Queen 

King 

President... 
Grand Duke 

President 

Pn sident — 

King 

Mikado 

President.... 

Queen 

Grand Duke 
Grand Duke 



Kuang Su 

Anabal Pinto 

Aquileo Parra 

Zung-Che 

Dr. A. Esquivel. . . 
Adahaonzim II. . . 

Christian I.X 

GendeVeintimilla 

Tewflk Pasha 

J. de Grevy 

William I 

Victoria I 

George I 

J. Ruflno Barrios. 

Louis IV 

Gen. B. Canal 

Marco A. Soto 

Humbert I 

Mu'suHito 

A. W. Gardner... 

Rana' ol'> II 

Fred'k Francis II. 
Fred'k William I. 
Gen. Porfirio Diaz. [ President.. 

.Nicola* jHospodar — 

Muley Hassan Sultan 

William III King 

P. J. Chamorro. .. Piesident.... 

Peter I Grand Duke 

J. H. Brand President.... 

J. Baptista Gill... President.... 

Nassar-ed-Din Shah 

Gen. Prado President.... 

Dom Luis I King 

William I King 

[Karll Domnu 

Alexander II Emperor — 

Ernstll Duke 

(Jeorge II Duke 

CharlesAlex'nder Grand Duke 

[Albert I King 

David Kalakaua.. ;King 



L■|vsse^TE^I)ainel ['resident.... 
RalaclZalilivar . President... 
.Mil'nOliic iKivioI V , llospodar — 
P. S. Paraniinthra First King .. 

Alf(in.>ioXII [King 

Oscarll King 

Dr.K. Schenck ..President... 

Abdul Haniid II . Sultan 

RutherI'dB. Hayes President... 

L. Latorre Dictator ... 

Gen. F. Alcantara ! President.. . 

Charles I I King 

Seyd B.Bin Said.. . Sultan 



3.000,000 
7,600,000 

IO,000,COo 
T.SOO.OOo 

1,877,500 
7.700,49, 

I,So7,ooo 

I,200,00o 

5,412.231 
5.253.821 

I,000,00o 
2,O0O,OOo 

I,750,cOr 
10,196,328 
3,400,000 

l,020,OOo 

3,873,000 

720,984 

425,000.000 

2,300,000 
2,85i,8?8 

8,OOO,0Co 
200,OOo 

300,000 

1,950,400 

1, 100,000 
5,250,000 
36,905,788 
42,727,260 

33,895,023 
1,457.894 

1,180,000 
881,218 
708.500 
3^0,000 

27,769,47'; 

33,110,825 

820,000 

3,000,000 

553.897 

9';,682 

9,158,250 

no,ooo 

3,750,000 

3,924,792 

250,000 

319,314 

50,000 

300,000 

t;,ooo,ooo 

3,374 000 

4,367,882 

25,742,404 

5.376.000 

85,68 1;.94? 

i82,i;99 

194,494 

292,4 3 

2,760,586 

62.000 

150,000 

600,000 

1,720,000 

5,700,000 

•23.262,000 

0,303,395 

2,770,035 

28,165,000 

49,185.000 

446,000 

1,784.194 

1,815,057 

150,000 



S<t Milks 



158,000 
500,000 
600,000 
175,000 
838,600 
240,940 
5.824 
344.400 
29,2921 
11,372! 
140,000' 
500,870 1 
290,000' 
3,288,oool 
192,000 
33.524 
3,620.510 
222.308 
4.540,000 
126,060 
320,750 
90,360 
•6,040 



i=;,2i8 
248,380 
212.600 
204,096 

20,S, 44 
I 1,115 
19.35.3 
40,776 
2,965 
29,828 
47.090 
114.406 
IJ5.525 
06,000 

228,i;7ol 
5.'38! 
'•'3"t 

743.820 
I,7.o| 

2tX).OOOi 
12,680' 
58,170: 
2,470 
42,470 
56.700 

636,aoi 
503.38; 
35.812 

137. ';6o 

49,2(>2 

8,325.3^3 

760 

9.\3 
1,421 

■;.-88 
7.028 
2o.i;96: 

18,787 

309.000 

320,975 

293,260 

15,991 

1,742.874 

3,603,844 

73. ^<8 
403.276 



Coptic. 
Monam'daiL. 
Buddhist 
.Moliam'daiu 
R. (Catholic 
K. Catholic 
R C. 4 Prot 
Moliam'dan, 
R. Catholic. 
K. Catholic 
.Moham'daiu 
K. Catholic 
Pagan. 
K. Catholic 
Buddhist 
Buddhist 
Protestant 
I'rotcstant 
Bud. A Pagan. 
K. Catholic 
K. Catholic. 
(JunlucABud, 
R. ("aiholic 
Pngiin. 
Lutheran. 
R. Catholic 
Mahom'daTi- 
R. Catholic 
Protestant 
I'riitestant 
lireckctrrck 
R. ("atholic 
Lutheran. 
R. Catholic 
R. C .tholic 
K. i: tholic 
Buddhist 
I'rote-tanL 
Christian. 
Lutheran. 
Lutheran. 
R. Catholic 
Greek Ch'rcfc 
Moliain'dan. 
I'ro(c-tant 
K. <;atholic 
Lutheran. 
I'rotestant 
R. <;atlioiic 
Mohuiu'dan. 
R. Catholic 
R. Catholic 
Protectant 
C.icekCirrch 
GrcckC^irrcli 
Lutheran. 
Lutliernn. 
Lutheran. 
Luth A R. C 
Protc-^tnnt 
R. Catholic 
R. Catholic- 
Greek ('h'rc* 
Buddhist 
R, Catholic 
Lutheran. 
I'rot. 4 R. C 
Moham'd&iu 
Christian. 
R. Catholic 
R. Catholic. 
Lutheran. 
Mohsm'daa. 



•With Us Colonies. 



168 
COMMERCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its dependencies and 
Colonies, has always been our largest customer for our productions, and was for 
many years our largest creditor also, sending us her manufactured goods and receiv- 
ing in return our raw materials in such quantities as she required for home or 
foreign consumption, and thus having almost always a balance of trade against us, 
which we were obliged to pay in coin. 

Of late years, the balance has been the other way, and a large portion of our 
bonded debt, held by foreigners, has been paid from this surplus. 

It will be interesting and instructive to review this commerce for the 89 years of 
which we have record of it. In 1790, we imported from Great Britain, merchan- 
dise of the value of $13,563,044, and exported to her and her dependencies, mer- 
chandise valued at $6,888,478, our exports thus being almost exactly one-half of our 
imports. Our total imports in 1790, were $23,000,000, and our total exports 
$20,205,156. Our total imports in 1878, were $466,872,846, and our total exports 
$722,811,815. In 1878, our imports of merchandise from the British Empire, were 
$157,244,953, and our exports of merchandise to the countries comprising that 
Empire, were $452,032,886. 

The imports aud exports of specie and bullion, which were about equal, are 
excluded in both cases. In other words, our imports are about 12 times as large 
as they were in 1790, and our exports 65i times as large. It will be interesting to 
notice some of the items which made up our early exports to Great Britain, and 
to compare them with the exports at the present time. In this way we can ascertain, 
in part, what have been our principal productions, for, as a general rule, a nation 
exports only those things of which it has a surplus, after supplying its own wants. 
In rare instances, it has not facilities for working up its raw material to advantage, 
and exports it, receiving back that material in a manufactured form. This was the 
case with our cotton, to some extent, for many years, and also with our ores of cop- 
per, zinc, »fec. , and the demand was so great abroad for some of our fruits, that the 
entire crop was exported. The following table gives our principal articles of export 
to Great Britain, in 1790. Some of these were goods imported and re-exported 
by us: 

EXPORTS FKOM THE UNITED STATES TO GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE FISCAL TEAR 
ENDED SEPT. 30, 1790. 

Quantity. Talw. 

Tobacco, hogsheads 73,708 $2, 754,493 

Cotton, raw, bales 1.403 47,428 

Ashes, pot aud pearl, tons 7,679 747.0(9 

Fiax-seid, cakes 36,917 219.924 

Wheat, bushels 292,042 35o,3(U 

Corn, bushels 98,407 56.205 

Flour, barrels 10-1,880 676,274 

Meal, barrels 1-401 5,43o 

Eice, tierces 36,930 773,852 

Beef aud pork, Barrels 154 8J8 

Bread, barrels 2'^1 610 

Butter, firkins, 384 2,310 

Honey, firkins 151 9')'' 

Tallow, pounds 156,708 l/,2 1 

Oil, whale, barrels 1. '38 H'^^l 

Oil sperm barrels 3,840 60,000 

Ta;,barrel« 71,077 105,5 

TurpeutiDe, barrels 27,800 'i''^*^ 

Pitch, barrels 7,000 13,920 

Seeds and roots t^'o -a 

Staves aud heading 17/,Jb» 



COMMEKCK WITH GJiEAT BJiJTAI^, 160 

Quantity. Value. 

Lumber • • $35,204 

Timber, scantlings, shingles, &g 27,402 

Leather, pounds 8,650 2,316 

Snuflf, pounds 4,100 1,394 

Wax, pounds 87,294 21,852 

Deer-skins 25,642 

Furs 35,899 

Ginseng, casks 529 32,424 

Pig-iron, tons 3.258 78,676 

Bar-iron, tons 40 2,936 

Ladigo, pounds 532,542 473,830 

Logwood, tons 216 3,019 

Lignum vitse, tons 75 750 

Mahoganj- 16, 724 

Wines, pipes 45 4,425 

Merchandise • • • 8,041 

Unenumerated ■ • • 10,330 

Total $6,888,978 

The indigo, dye, and cabinet -woods and -wines were of foreign production, as 
■was also, without doubt, the bar-iron and a large quantity of pig-iron. It will be 
observed that the great Southbrn staple, tobacco, soon to yield the supremacy to 
cotton, was of the value of $2,750,000, or 40 per cent, of the whole export. 

We should notice, also, that cotton, before the invention of the cotton gins, was 
but a very small item, its value being only $47,428, nearly S34 per bale, though the 
bales at this time weighed only 150 pounds. The exports of cereals, wheat, corn, 
flour and meal, -were about $1,092,000, a small amount as compared with our present 
export, but almost one-sixth of the whole export to Great Britain at that time. 

The amount of provisions exported is very trifling, in marked contrast with our 
present immense export. There was no marked increase in the export of cotton 
until 1796, when 5,628,176 pounds were sent to Great Britain, valued at aboui 
$1,407,000. Seven years later, the export to that country was 27,760,574 pounds, 
worth $6,107,326, or almost as much as the entire exports to that country 13 years 
before. The same year (1803), 50,274 hogsheads of tobacco, worth $4,524,660, 
were exported to England. These two items making more than five-eighths of the 
whole export. From this time till 1860, there was a steady increase in each decade, 
of the cotton export. In 1860, though the price of cotton had fallen to 10 or 12 
cents a pound, the export of it to Great Britain and its dependencies, amounted to 
1134,929,000, while the total exports to that country, amounted to $168, 960,000, only 
$34,000,000 being for all other articles. In 1866, the price of cotton being high, 
our cotton exports to the British Empire amounted to $218,772,000, against 
$287,516,000 of our total exports to that Empire. During the 12 j'ears since 1866, 
our exports of cotton to the British Empire, have aggregated $1,445,064,000, an 
annual average of $120,442,000, against $3,445,037,000 of exports of all kinds of 
merchandise to that Empire, or an annual average of $287,089,083; cotton being 
nearly 42 per cent, of the average exports. The following table gives theaggre- 
gate by decades, of imports and exports, and of exports of cotton to the British 
Empire, for 58 years- ^ 

Periods. Imports. -^=^'"''f-..>^ *f{-'^Q07"nrtn 

1821-30.... $290,831,000 $242,482,000 $18o.397,000 

1831-40.... 475,194,000 462,146,000 ^^^'i^'^'^ 

1841-50.... 464,358,000 570,651,000 ^!^'^I?'^ 

1851-60.... 1,166,322,000 1,193,350,000 ^^^'^^^^^^ 

1861-70.... 1,343,702,000 1,748,307.000 , J^^'^ ^'^^ 

1871-78.... 1,386,576,000 2,^88,377,000 1,106. 846,000 

Total for 58 years... $5^12679837000 $6,8057313,000 . $3,689,250,000 

Annual average... 88,396,000 117,333,000 63,608,000 

Our trade with the United Kingdom during the last 58 years aggregates, in round 
numbers, $5,127,000,000 in imports, and 6,805,000,000 in exports, an excess of ex- 
ports over imports of $1,687,000,000, which has been used in paying balances to 
creditor nations. .,,.,-,-• j i 

It was not, however, till 1847, that our export.s to the United Kingdom, began aa 
^ rule, to exceed our imports. Since that date there has been but six years out of 



170 COMMEBCE WITH GHEAT BRITAIN. 

31, in which we imported more merchandise from Great Britain than we sent her; 
these years were 1850, 1852, 1853, 1854 and 1855, and 186-i, aud as we have said, 
the excess of our exports in the 58 years since 1820, amounts to $1,678,000,000. 

Let us now give a list of our principal exports to the British Empire in 1878, by 
way of comparison with those of 1790, on a preceding page. 

PRINCIPAL DOMESTIC EXPORTS TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1878. 

Values. 

Agricultural Implements and Machines $1, 102,293 

Living Animals of all kinds 4,396,453 

Bread Stuffs 146,304, 119 

Carriages, Carts and Railroad Cars 685,022 

Clocks 591,425 

Coal 1,871,277 

Cotton, raw 117, 014, 743 

Cotton, manufactured 3,299,405 

Drugs and Chemicals 967,488 

Fur and Fur Skins 2,014,594 

Hemp and manufactures of 825, 135 

Hides and Skins 673,615 

Hops 2,122,983 

Lron and manufactures of Iron 4,266, 740 

Steel and manufactures of Steel 681, 761 

Leather and manufactures of Leather 6, 164, 904 

Musical instruments 557,562 

Naval Stores 1,125,856 

Oil Cake 5,076,550 

Oils, mineral 10,001,528 

Provisions » 82,374,578 

Sewing Machines 611,509 

Spirits of Turpentine 1,776,216 

Refined Susrar aud Molasses 3 ,360, 879 

Tallow 3,240,469 

Tobacco, manufactured and unmanufactured 12,317,788 

Wearing apparel 270, 863 

Wood, Timber and manufactures of Wood 3,464,287 

Total exports $452,032,886 

A comparison of these two lists will show that while the exports of most of the 
articles which then were staples, have increased enormously, a few have dropped out 
entirely. We do not export now, pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, rice, wax, (nor till 
the present year, honey, ) whale and ?perm oils, and very small amounts of seeds 
and roots, ginseng, or indigo, logwood, lignum vita^ or mahogany. We do export 
some wines, but they are of our own luanufactiire. 

Tobacco, cotton, bread stuffs, provisions, tallow, furs, aud naval stores have been 
sent to England the past year, to the amount of nearly 310 millions of dollars ; while 
mineral oils, which were unknown in 17'.)0; wood in manufactured forms, oil cake, 
living animals, leather and its manufactures, iron and steel and their manufactures, 
refined sugar and molasses, hops, agricultural implements, sewing machines, musi- 
cal instruments, clocks, carriages and railroad cars, manufactured cotton goods, 
coal and hemp, are among the new articles which figure most largely in our exports, 
even to Great Britain, after the great staples. 

A considerable jjortion of these new exports are the result directly and indirectly, 
of our Centennial Exposition here, and that of Paris in 1878 ; and if we are care- 
ful to encourage our agriculture and our manufactures, and to make known our 
products to the world, it is not too much to hope that before the dawn of the twen- 
tieth century, wo shall be the leading commercial nation of the world, and New 
York will be, what London has been for so many years, the financial Capital of the 
world. 



BRITISH AMERICA. 171 

BRITISH AMERICA. 

The territory claimed by Great Britian in North America, includes all that por- 
tion of the continent lying north of the northern boundary of the United States, 
except the territory of Alaska. 

Its sub-divisions are : 

THE DOMINION OF CANADA, THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Netvfoundlant), though not a province of the Dominion of Canada, is i)artially 
in accord with it, and may be treated under the same general head. The Labka.- 
DOE and Hudson's Bay region are Territories, occupied at wide intervals, by trad- 
ing posts or forts, and under the Government of the Dominion. 

THE DOIIINION OF CANADA 
consists of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec — formerly Canada East and Can- 
ada West, or Upper and Lower Canada — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, 
British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. The North-western Territories are 
controlled by the Dominion, but not represented in its Parliament. These Prov- 
inces were united under one Government, by the Act of Imperial Parliament, 
passed in March, 1867, and which took effect July 1, of the same year. 

The seat of Government of the Dominion is at Ottawa. 

The Executive Officers of the Dominion Government are a Govomor-General and 
Privy Council of thirteen members, who also constitute the Cabinet of the Gov- 
ernor-General. The present Governor-General, who is the direct representative 
of the Queen, and answers to the Viceroy of India, though with somewhat more 
restricted powers, is most Hon. John Douglas Campbell, Marquis of Lokne, K. 
T. G. C. M. G., born in 1845, and married in 1671 to the Princess Louise Caroline 
Albeeta, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. The Marquis was appointed Gov- 
ernor-General July 28, 1878, and arrived in the Dominion with the Princess, on 
the 23d of November, 1878. 

His salary is £10,000 ($50,000) per annum, and a residence. 
His civil establishment or personal Staff consists of : 

Gov. -General's Secretary — Major J. De Winton, R. A. 

Military Secretary, V. C— Col. J. C. McNeill, C. B. 

Controller — Hon. E. Moreton. 

Aides de Camp— Capt. V. Cater, 91st Foot ; Hon. C. Harbord, Scots Fusilier 
Guards. 

Dominion Aides de Camp— Lt. -Col. Hewitt Bernard, C. M. G. ; Capt. G. R. Lay- 
ton. 

(hmTnander of the Forces— Gen. Sir P. L. McDougall, K. C. M. G. 

Assistant Adjutayit and Q. M.-General—ltt-Col. A. S. Cameron, V. C. 

Aides de Camp— Lieut. J. C. Barher, R. E. ; Capt. Hon. N. F. Elliot. 

Commanding the ifi/«ia— Lieut.-Gen. Sir E. Selby Smyth, K. C. M. G. 

Deputy Governor— Hon. Sir W. B. Ri. hards, Chief Justice of Canada. 

THE QUEEN'S PRIVY COUNCIL 
for the Dominion, are : 

Premier and Minister of the Interior— Sir John A. Macdonald. K. C. B. D. C. L> 
(Oxon.), Q. C. 

Finance Minister — Hon. H. L. Langevin, C. B. 

Minister of Public Works— Hon. C. Tupper, C. B. 

Minister of Agriculture and Statistics — Hon. John H. Pope. 

President of CovncU — Hon. John O'Connor, Q. C. 



172 



liUlTlSn A2IEJilCA. 



Minister of Justice — Hon. J. McDonald, Q. C. 

Postmaster-General — Hon. Samuel L. Tilley, C. B. 

Minister of Militia — Hon. Louis R. Masson. 

Secretary of State — Hon. J. C. Aikens. 

Secretary of Marine and Fisheries — Hon. J. C. Pope 

Minister of Customs — Hon. Mackenzie Bowell. 

Minister of Inland Hevenue — Hon. L. F. G. Baby. 

Receiver-General — Hon. Alexander Campbell, Q. C. 

Without Portfolio— 'Ron. R. D. Wilmot. 

*,*The members of the Council (except the Premier) receive salaries of £1,440 
<$7,200) per annum. The Premier's salary is £1,643 ($8,215). 

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Court of Exchequer for the Dominion — Hon. 
Sir William Buell Richards, Kn't. 

Puisne Judges — Hons. W. J. Ritchie, S. H. Strong, T. Fournier, W. A. Henry, 
Henri E. Tachereau. 

The Chief Justice receives an annual salary of £1,646 ($8,230), and the Puisne 
Judges £1,440 ($7,200) each. 

The Dominion Senate , according to the Constitution, consists of 77 members, viz : 
24 each for Ontario and Quebec , and 24 for the three Maritime Provinces ; 2 for Mani- 
toba and 3 for British Columbia. Provision is also made for the representation 
of Newfoundland when it shall come into the Dominion. The Northwest Territo- 
ries have no representatives or delegates in the Parliament. The members of the 
Senate are nominated for life by summons of the Governor-General, under the 
Great Seal of Canada. Each Senator must be 30 years of age, a born or natural- 
ized subject, and possessed of properly, real or personal, of the value of $4,000, in the 
Province for which he is appointed . The Speaker of the Senate has a salary of 
$4,000 per annum. Each member of the Senate receives $10 a day for attendance 
on the sessions up to 100 days, but nothing beyond. They are also allowed 10 
cents a mile for traveling expenses. There are at present but 72 Senators, whose 
names and residences are as follows ; 



Hon. John Hamilton 'Kingston 

" IJpujamin Seymour Poit Uope 

" Waiter H. Dickson Kiagara 

" James Shaw Smith's Falls 

" Alexander Campbell Toronlo 

" David Christie Paris 

" James Cox Aikins Toronto 

" David Recsor il.arkham 

" Elijah Leonard London 

" William McMaster Toronto 

*' John Simpson Bowman ville 

" James Skead Ottawa 

" David L. Macphersou Toronto 

" Donald McDonald Toronto 

" BiUa Flint Bollevillo 

" George W, Allen Toronto 

•" Jacques O. Bureau Montreal 

*' Luc Lttellier l>o St. Just. .Riviere OuelU^ 

*' John Hamilton Hawkesbury 

*' Charles Cormier ^ Plessi.sville 

" David E. Price Quebec 

" L. Dumouchel Longuouil 

" Louis Lacoste Boucheiyille 

" J. r. Armand Riviere des Prairies 

" Charles Wilson Montreal 

" William H. Chaffers St. Cesaiie 

" Jean B. Guevremont Sorel 

" James Ferrier Montreal 

" Thomas Ryan Montreal 

" T. D. Archibald Sydney, Cape Bret<m 

" Robert B. Dickey Amherst 

*' John Bourinot Sydney 

" William Miller Aricbat 

" A. K. iiotsford Wostcock, Wind 

" William Il.Odoll Frederioton 

" Davi<l Wark Fredorict<m 



Hon. John FergTison, Bathurst, NewBmnswick 

" B. D. Wilmot Belmont, Sunbury 

" A. R. McUlelan Hopewell, Albion Co. 

" J. C. Chapais St. Denis, Kam. 

" James R. Benson St. Catharines 

" John Glasier Sunbury, N. B. 

" James Dever St. John, N. B. 

" A. W. :McLelan Londonderry 

" A. Macfurlane Wallace, N. S. 

" ■Tercmiah Northrup Halifax 

" Frank Smith Toro' to 

' ' Robert Read Belleville 

" M. A. Girard St. Boniface, Manitoba 

" J.Sutherland KeUlonan, " 

•• R. W. W. Carrall. . .Barkerville, Brit.Col. 

" C.F.Cornwall Ashcroft " " 

" W. J. ilcDonald Victoria " " 

" IL A. N. Kaulbach Lunenburg 

" M. n. Cochrane Compton 

•' AVilliain Muirhead Chatham, N. B. 

" Alexander Vidal Sarnia 

" Eugene Chinic Quebec 

" George Alexander Woodstock 

•■ J. H.'Bellerose St. Vincent de Paul 

" D. l^Iontgomery Park Corner 

" R. 1'. Ilavthoruo Charlottetown 

" T. II. HaViland Charlottetown 

" George W. Ilowlan Albertoa 

" F, X. A. Trudel Montreal 

" (Jeorge A.Brown Toronto 

•■ R.W.Scott Ottawa 

" E. (}. Penny Montreal 

" Pierre liaillamgeon Quebeo 

" A. n. Pa(iuet St. Cuthbert 

" Hector Fabre Ouebeo 

" Cliri.stiau n. Pozer Beauca 



Hon. David Christie is Speaker of the Senate, and Robert Lemoine, Clerk of the Parliament*. 



BRITISH AMERICA. 175 

The House of Commons, or Representative House of the Canadian Par- 
liament, is elected by the people for five years, at the rate of one rep- 
resentative for every 17,000 souls. On the basis of the Census of 1871, 
it consists of 206 members, viz : 88 for the Province of Ontario, 65 
for Quebec, 21 for Nova Scotia, 16 for New Brunswick, 4 for Manitoba, 
6 for British Columbia, and G foi Prince Edward's Island. The constituencies 
vary in the different Provinces. In Ontario and Quebec, a vote is given to every 
male subject being the owner, or occupier, or tenant, or real property of the as- 
sessed value of S300, or of the yearly value of $30, if within cities and towns, or of 
the assessed value of $200, or the yearly value of $20, if not in towns. In New 
Brunswick a vote is given to every male subject of the age of 21 years, assessed in 
respect of real estate to the amount of $100, or of personal property, or personal 
and real, amounting together to $400, or $400 annual income. In Nova Scotia, 
the franchise is with all subjects, of the age of 21 years, assessed in respect of real 
estate to the value of $150, or in respect of personal estate, or real and personal 
together, to the value of $400. Voting in Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, 
British Columbia, and Prince Edward's Lsland, is open, or viva voce, but in New- 
Brunswick, votes are taken by ballot. The Speaker of the House of Commons has 
a salary of $4,000 per annum, and each member $10 per day up to the end of 30 
days, and for a session lasting longer than this period, the sum of $1,000 with, ia 
every case, 10 cents per mile for traveling expenses. Eiglit dollars per day is de- 
ducted for every day's absence of a member during the session, unless the absence 
is caused by illness. 

The Dominion Parliament answers to the Congress of the United States, and 
its legislation concerns solely the National or Dominion affairs. Each of the 
seven Provinces has its own Lieutenant-Governor and Executive Council. Ontario, 
Manitoba and British Columbia have only a House of Assembly in addition tor leg- 
islative action ; but Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's 
Island have each a Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly. The Executive 
Council and Provincial Cabinet of Ontario consists of six members, viz : An At- 
torney-General, Treasurer, Commissioner of Crown Lands, Commissioner of Pub- 
lic Works, Minister of Education, and Provincial Secretary. The House of Assem- 
bly has 82 members. Hon. D. A. Macdonald, of Toronto, is Lieatenant-Govemoi. 
The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec was, in January, 1879, Hon. 
Luc. Letellier de Just, but his removal has been requested; there is an Executive 
Council of 7 members, viz ; Premier and Minister of Agriculture and Public 
Works, Commissioner of Crown Lands, Treasurer, Provincial Secretary and Reg- 
istrar, Speaker of Legislative Council, Attorney-General, and Solicitor-General, 
The Legislative Council consists of 24 members, and the Legislative Assembly of 
65 members. The Seat of Government is Quebec. 

Hon. E. B. Chandler, Q. C, is Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New 
Brunswick. The Executive Council consists of 9 members, a President, Attorney- 
General, Provincial Secretary, Surveyor-General, Chief-Commissioner of Board of 
Works, and four members without other oflSce. The Legislative Council consists 
of 17 members, and the House of Assembly of 41 members. The Seat of Govern- 
ment is Fredericton. The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Nova Scotia is 
Hon. Adams George Archibald. There are 9 members of the Executive Council 
(besides 8 retired members who may participate in its deliberations), viz : Trea- 
surer, Attorney-General, Provincial Secretiiry, Commissioner of Public Works and 
Mines, Commissioner of Crown Lands, and four members without other offiee. 
The Legislative Council consists of 19 members, and the Hou.se of Assembly of 
38. The Seat of Government is Halifax. 



174 



BRITISH AMERICA. 



The Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward's Island is Sir Robert Hodgson, 
Knight. The Executive Council consists of 9 members, namely : Attorney-Gen- 
eral, Minister of Public Works, Provincial Secretary and Treasurer, and six mem- 
bers without office. The Legislative Council has 13 members, and the House of 
Assembly 30 members. The Seat of Government is Charlottetown. 

The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba, is Hon. Joseph Edward 
Cauchon. The Executive Council has 5 members. Provincial Treasurer, who is 
also Premier, Provincial Secretary and Attorney-General, and Minister of Public 
Works. The Legislative Assembly has 24 members. The Seat of Government is 
Fort Garry. 

The Province of British Columbia has Hon. Albert N. Richards, Q. C. , for its 
Lieutenant-Governor. Its Executive Council consists of 5 members, viz : The 
Attorney-General and Provincial Secretary, the Minister of Finance and Agricul- 
ture, and the Chief Commissioner of Land and Works. The Legislative Assem- 
bly has 25 members. Victoria, Vancouver's Island, is the Seat of Government. 

The North-west Territories are so far organized as to have a Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, Hon. David Laird, and an Executive Council of 5 members, which includes 
the two Stipendiary Magistrates, and the Commissioner of Police. The Seat of 
Government is at Battleford. 

JtiDiciAKT OF THE DOMINION.— The Dominion has only two Courts. The Su- 
preme Court, or High Court of Appeal, composed of a Chief Justice and five Puisne 
Judges, viz: Hon. William Buell Richards, Chief Justice; Hon. William Johns- 
ton Ritchie, Hon. Samuel Henry Strong, Hon. Jean Thomas Taschereau, Hon. 
Telespbore Fournier, and Hon. William Alexander Henry, Puisne Judges. R. 
Casselles, Jr., is the Registrar of the Court— this Court has appellate, civil and 
criminal jurisdiction within and throughout the Dominion of Canada. It hold«, 
annually, two sessions, in January and June, at Ottawa, at which place the Judges 
reside. The Exchequer Court, presided over by the same Judges, possesses con- 
current original jurisdiction in the Dominion, in all cases in which it is sought to 
enforce any law relating to the revenue, and exclusive original jurisdiction in all 
cases in which demand is made, or relief sought, in respect of any matter which 
might, in England, be the subject of a suit or action in the Court of Exchequer, 
on its revenue side, against the Crown or an officer of the Cro-mi. In each of the 
Provinces, there are Provincial Courts of Appeal, of Queen's Bench, of Common 
Pleas, Chancery, County and Division Courts, more or less numerous, according 
to the population and necessities of the Provinces. 

Area and Population.— The area of the seven Provinces of the Dominion, and 
of the outlying colony of Newfoundland, and their population, in 1871, were as 
follows : 



PROVINCES. 



Ontario 

Quebec 

Nova Scotia 

New Brunswick 

Manitoba and N. W. Territories 

British Columbia 

Prince Edward's I.sland 

Newfoundland 

Totals 



AEEA, 
ENGLISH 
SQ. JULES. 



106,935 

193,355 

21,731 

27.322 

2,947,923 

225,500 

2,173 

40,200 

3.555,149 



POPULATION, 1871 to 1877. 



828,590 
596,041 
193,792 

145,888 



47,121 
75,547 



792.261 
595,475 
194.008 
136,706 



46,900 
70,989 



1,620,851 

1,191.516 

387,800 

285,594 

125,000 

r)0,000 

94,021 

161,389 



3,916,171 



BRITISH AMERICA. 



175 



The population of the Dominion has increased with considerable rapidity since 
1871. About 358,000 immigrants had arrived in the Dominion, up to the close of 
1876, of whom 210,000 are kno^s-n to have actually settled in the Provinces— this 
is exclusive of the natural increase, as well as of persons who have migrated from 
the United States to Canada. The population of the Dominion and Newfound- 
land is now, 1879, probably about 4,500,000. 

The finances of the Dominion of Canada have not been for some years past in a 
prosperous condition, though there are some indications of improvement. The 
public debt of the Dominion July 1, 1877, was £35,892,453 ($179,462,265) ; about 
$100,000,000 of this debt was payable in England. 

In proportion to her population this debt was as great as that of the United 
States, and in proportion to the wealth of the two countries, considerably larger. 
Since 1877, however, while the aggregate amount of the Canadian debt may have 
slightly increased, her means for paying it have largely increased also, and her 
relative financial position is better than it was two or four years ago. 

The public revenue of the Dominion for the year ending June 30, 1878, was 
£4,532,721 ($22,663,605), audits expenditures £4,832,726 ($24,163,630), showing a 
deficiency of $1,500,000. The extravagance and wastefulness of former Adminis- 
trations is not likely to be repeated at present. 

In the year ending June 30, 1S78, the total imports into Canada were £19,125,- 
084 ($95,625,420) ; and the total exports were £16,298,267 ($81,491,335) ; showing 
an excess of imports of $14,134,085. The imports from Great Britain into the 
Dominion in 1877-78 were £7, 584, 480 ($37,722,400), and the total exports to Great 
Britain, £11,186,195 ($55,930,975). 

The trade with the United States was also very large, the commodities imported 
from the United States being of the value of $49,631,700 ; and the exports from the 
Dominion to the United States, $27,971,193. 

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 
The following table gives the exports and imports, from all countries, and those 
from Great Britain and the United States, for the years 1875, 1876, 1877, and 1878: 



June 30, 1875. 
" 1876. 

" 1877. 
" 1878. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



UNITED STATES. 



Exports. I Imports. Exports. Imports 



$48,079,635 
51,923,525 
55.930.975 



$42,070,695 §32,763,870 
34,513.6151 3^.930607 
37,922,400 25,933,467 

I 27,971.193 



$50,805,820 
5i,i8£,5o6 
i;i, 023,461 
49.631,700 



TOTAL COMMERCE. 



Exports. I Imports. 



$77,886,979 $123,070,283 
88,966,43; 98,210,846 
7';,87!;,393 94,-21,180 
8i,49i.33';l 95,625.420 



AM T 10 OTHER COCNTR'S 



Exports. Imports. 



$3,659,936 
6,412,303 



$6,537,898 
13.513.725 
4.075.3'9 



TONNAGE OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
statement showing the nttmbeb of vbssels and kumber of tons on the beg- 
istet books of the dominion of canada on december 31 , 
1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877. 





1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. j 1877. 


Provinces. 


1 


1 


1 
e 


Tons. 
Vessels. 


s 


<£ 

1 


Tons. 
Vessels. 


a 


New Brunswick . . 
Nova Scotia 


1,147 

2,803 

1,842 

681 

280 

30 


277,850 
449,701 
214,04:i 
89,111 
38,918 
4,095 


1,144 

2.787 

1,837 

815 

312 

35 


294,741' 1,133 

479,fi69 'j,78t) 
21f,946| l.f.n 


307,!l26 1,154 
50.'"), 144 2,869 
222,9ti.T 1,902 
114,990 8C9 


324,513 1 1,133 
529,252 2,961 
2-28,502 1.951 


329,457 
541.579 
818,399 




113,008 


8i.3 


123,947 

50 692 

3,809 

178 


926 

349 

43 

6 


131,791 


Prince Ed. Island.. 
British Columbia. . 


48,388 
3,611 


325 

40 

2 


50,677 

3,685 

178 


338 
40 
S 


55,547 

3,809 

178 
















Total 


6,783 


1.07.3,718 


6,930 


l,158.3ti3 6,942 


1,205..565 


7,194 1.260,893 7,362 1,310.760 



176 CARRYING TRADE OF BRITISH AMERICA. 

miles more had been surveyed and concessions granted by the Government A 
railway has been projected, crossing the whole Dominion, from the Atlantic to the 
Pacitic, intended to bind British Columbia to the Eastern Provinces, and the Brit- 
ish Government has guaranteed a loan of $12,500,000 in aid of this enterprise. 

Postal Facilities and Post-Offices. — There were, June 30, 1876, in the Domin- 
ion, 4,893 post-offices. The uniform rate of postage, of three cents, has been 
established all over the Dominion. The number of letters and postal cards sent 
through the post-office during the year 1875, was 34,510,000 ; the number of news- 
papers, 23,500,000. There are in all the principal cities and towns of Ontario and 
Quebec, Post-Office Savings Banks, in which any person may leave a deposit account, 
and may deposit any sum yearly, from SI to $300, the Dominion paying interest at 
the rate of 4 per cent., compounded annually. Depositors may make their deposits 
in any P. O. Savings Bank, and on their removal, may continue at any other, and 
draw the entire amount of deposit from the P. 0. Savings Bank nearest them, by 
applying to the Postmaster-General at Ottawa. 

Banks. — There were, on the 1st of Jan., 1876, 289 Banks and branches in the 
Dominion, and their condition was as follows: 

Total Authorized Capital $68,966,666, of which $64,899,321 had been subscribed, 
and $61,270,220 paid up. The amountof their circulation was $20, 831, 009, of their 
deposits, $64,553,720; their total liabihties $89,271,144; of their assets, $6,276,273, 
or about 10 per cent, of their capital, was in specie, and $30,717,467 was immedi- 
ately available, while their total assets amounted to $167, 155 ,600 or almost twice their 
liabilities. 

Fire IxsuHANCE. — The following are the Statistics of Fire Insurance Companies doing busi- 
ness in Canada, January 1, 1876. Ani't of Policies Ami at Risk, 

Net Cash Prem. written withiu at date. Losses paid, 
the year. 

Canadian Companies |1,64G.654 |168;896,111 «190,284,543 ^1,082,206 

British Companies 1,683,715 166.953,268 154,835,931 1,299,612 

American Companies 264,305 17,357,605 19,300,555 181,713 

Fisheries of the Dominion.— The Fisheries form a very important portion of the industry 
a^jd wealth of the Dominion of Canada. At the close of 1875, the following were the odicial 
6<w.tJ8tics of their yield and value: 

>s'ova Scotia $5,573. 8.)1. 58 

New Brunswick 82,427,654.18 

Quebec §1,594,259.15 

Ontario 453. 194.00 

British Columbia, Manitoba and Xorth-Western Temtories (estimated) . 434,723.00 

Newfoundland and Labrador (exports only) 2,983,485.00 

113,468.166.89 
This total is, doubtless, far below the truth, as many items are not recorded— such as the 
flonio cnnsumption of Newfoundland and Labrador, the yield and value of the rivers, smaller 
lakes and streams of the interior, etc. 

Education. — The School systems of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, are 
quite efficient and furnish ijrimary instruction which compares very favorably with 
tliat of many of the States of the American Union. Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's 
Island and Newfoundland are less complete and effective, while those of British 
Columbia and Manitoba are as yet in an unorganized condition. 

Higher education is very liberally provided for. There are seven universities, 
and fifteen Colleges, (some of them affiliated with the universities) in the Domin- 
ion, and a large number of Collegiate Institutes, Female Colleges, Young Ladies' 
Seminaries, &(i., &.c. Most of the Universities have faculties of Theology, Law 
and Medicine, and several of them Scientific Schools also, presided over by eminent 
scientists. There are two Normal Schools and a model Training School in the 
Province of Ontario, and three Normal Schools in the Province of Quebec. There 
are also similar schools in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. There are County 
High Schools in Ontario, and to some extent in Quebec and New Brunswick. At 
the close of the year 1875, tlicre were in the Province of Ontario, 5,258 educational 
iiLstifutious of allkiud.s, with 494,065 pupils, and $4 ,212,360 was expended annually 
in their support Of these, 4,834 were public schools, with 474,241 pupils. 

Relioious Denominations. —The Roman Catholics are the most numerous relig- 
ious denomination, its adherents numbering, in 1871,1,492,029; eighty-five per 
cent of tliese were, however, in the Province of Quebec, and they had a plurality 
also in Ne.v Brunswick. In Ontario the Presbyterians were most numerous, while 
the Methodists and tlie Aiiglieun Church were not far behind. The Baptiste are 
next ill numbers to these three dcnomimitions, and there are also some Lutherans, 
Oongregationalibts, and a small number of several minor denominations. 




^ FIRE ^ 

Insurance Company, 

OF J^EW YORK. 

Office, No. 346 BROADWAY, 

BRANCH OFFICES: 
Wo. 184 BROAD W A 1% IVew York. 

I¥o. 81 BROADIVAY, Brooklyit. 



Statement, Jan. 1, 1879. 

Cash Capital, - - . _ 

Reserve for Re-Insurance, 

" " Losses, 

" " Taxes, Rent, Commissions, &c., 

NET SURPLUS, 

INVESTED AS FOLLOWS: 

United States Bonds, (Registered) - 

Bank Stock, - - . . 

Bonds and Mortgages, . _ _ 

Temporary Loans, 

Real Estate, - . _ . 

Cash on hand and in Bank, 

Unpaid Premiums, - - - 

Interest accrued and rents, 



$200,000.00 

62,364.09 

399.73 

6,002.73 

161,067 78 

$429,834.38 

$273,781.25 

9,300.00 

25,500.00 

59,500.00 

43,020.96 

9,058.29 

7,909.10 

1,764.73 

$429,834.33 



JOHN M. FTJRMAN. 

E. E. EAMES. 
PHILO C. CALHOtrx. 
WM H. BEERS. 
N. D. MORGAN. 
CHARLES WRIGHT. :m. 1). 
SEYMOUR L. HUSTED. 



1> I II E: < T <> Ft Jisi 

ECKFORI) WEBB. 
JAMES L. BOGEKT. 
CHARLES A. DENNY. 
WM. WATSON. 
MARCUS F. HODGES. 
W F. SHIRLEY. 
A. H. GODWIN. 



JAS. M. DUNBAR. 
S. S. FLSHER. 
GEORGK H .rONES. 
SAMUEL COOPER. 
STKWART L. WOODFORD. 
EVEREIT cr^APP. 
JOHN E. LEFFINGWELL. 



JOHH M. FURMAN, President. 

JOHN E. LEFFINGWELL, Vice-Pres't. 

SAMUEL DARBEE, Secretary. 
CHARLES A. BOCUE, Ass't Secy. 



ATLAIiTIC 

Mutual Insurance Company, 

NEW YORK. 

OFFICE, 51 WALL STREET. 

OSGAyiZELt 1842. 

Insures against Marine and Inland Navigation Risks, 

And will issue Policies making Loss payable in England. 



Its Assets for the Security of its Policies, are more than 

Ten Million Dollars. 



In the course of its Business it Las paid losses amounting to 

$80, 000, 000, 

and has returned to its dealers in Certificates of Profits, bearing 
interest, 

$45,000,000, 

of which amount there has been redeemed in cash 

$37,000,000, 

The Profits of the Company revert to the assured, and are 
divided annnallv, upon the Premiums terminated during the year, 
Certificates for which are issued, bearing interest until redeemed. 

.J. 1>. .JOIN l^::?^, t»i-«'r-*i<lt'ii<. 

<*1I^?S. J>l^::i>JlNIt^, Vioe-I*i-e»si<leiil. 
W. 11. II- MOOR-K, ?^<l Vice-I*res';. 

A. JL. JRAVEIV, 3cl Vi(o-JPre«*'t- 
j. JLI. OMAI?M:a.3V, Seoretttry. 






Pure Whites 



O 











LEAD! 



03 



r. o 

OB O Lh 

Ki ^ bo 



BrownBrothers&Co. 

No. 59 WALL STREET. 

BILLS OF E2COI3:^^3SI"a-E 

ON 

Great Britain and Ireland. 

Commercial and Travellers Credits Issued, 

available in any part of 

the World. 



Telegraphic Transfers of Money 

between this country and 

England. 



Advances made on Cotton or otlier approved Merehan- 
diso to tlie consignment of 

BROWN, SHIPLEY & CO., 

Liverpool. 






^^^V THE GO^,, 

AT 



4/ 



^. 



^ 



-f 



< 



m^ 







JOSEPH GILLOTT'Si 

CELEBRATED \ 

ST EEL P ENS. 

SOLD BY ALL DEALERS THROUGHO UT THE WORLD. 

Every Packet bears 
ihe /ac simile 
Signature, 





THE FJlVOmTE UTJI/TBErLS, 

SOS, SSS, 404, 170, S51, 

With his other Styles, 
WHOLESALE WAREHOUSE : 

91 John Street, New York. 



JOSEPH GILLOTT & SONS. 
HENRY HOE, ,So/^ A<jenL 




-. vr-m m u miirer j n m^ 



^#■1 iM m i»«— <w 



